风蚀水蚀交错区黄土粘土矿物特征及环境意义
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摘要
为理解风蚀与水蚀过渡区黄土的形成特征,采用X射线衍射分析方法,对风蚀水蚀交错区不同黄土剖面的粘土矿物特性及其环境意义进行研究。结果表明:风蚀水蚀交错区黄土粘粒的矿质元素组成以SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3和MgO为主,Sa、Sf和Saf分别变动于3.33~6.83,16.71~35.94和2.99~5.58之间,盐基指数ba大部分在0.5~0.8之间,黄土成土过程中没有硅、铝、铁等氧化物的迁移和富集,土壤风化仍然以由粗变细的物理风化为主,化学风化仍然微弱。水蚀风蚀交错区黄土粘土矿物组合与典型黄土一致,以伊蒙混层矿物为主,占50%~55%,其次为伊利石,高岭石稍低,但由于经常处于扰动状态,剖面不同层次之间具有一定的差异。这种粘土矿物组成预示着矿物的形成处于温带半湿润-半干旱的气候条件,土壤发育过程还处于幼年性阶段,并有局部向脱钾阶段过渡,但未达到黄土高原主要土壤的脱钾阶段。
The clay mineral characteristics of loess profiles from the water-wind erosion crisscross region and its environmental significance were studied through X-ray diffraction method.The results showed that the SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3 and MgO accounted for the predominant proporation of the mineral elements of loess in the water-wind erosion crisscross area.The soil silica alumina ratio(Sa),silica iron ratio(Sf)and silica-sesquioxide ratio(Saf)were ranged from 3.33 to 6.83,16.71 to 35.94 and 2.99 to 5.58,respectively,and saturation base(ba)ranged from 0.5to 0.8.This indicated that there were no oxidational Si,Al and Fe transition and accumulation during the loess formation.Physical efflorescence was the predominant loess formation process relative to chemical efflorescence,and showed as coarse sand grounded into fine soil.The quantitative analysis indicated that the clay mineral contents in the water-wind erosion crisscross region were consistent with the typical loess in the Loess Plateau,and showed as the dominant clay mineral in the loess was I/S mineral,which accounted for 50%~55% of the total,the illite followed the second,and the kaolinite was the least.But significant differences were found among the layers of the profiles because of the disturbance of wind and water.The clay mineral composition indicated mineral formation was in the semi-humid and semi-dry warm climate,and soil development was still in the juvenile stage and in a transitional stage to the de-potassium phase,but it did not still reach the soil de-potassium stage like in the Loess Plateauareas.
The clay mineral characteristics of loess profiles from the water-wind erosion crisscross region and its environmental significance were studied through X-ray diffraction method.The results showed that the SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3 and MgO accounted for the predominant proporation of the mineral elements of loess in the water-wind erosion crisscross area.The soil silica alumina ratio(Sa),silica iron ratio(Sf)and silica-sesquioxide ratio(Saf)were ranged from 3.33 to 6.83,16.71 to 35.94 and 2.99 to 5.58,respectively,and saturation base(ba)ranged from 0.5to 0.8.This indicated that there were no oxidational Si,Al and Fe transition and accumulation during the loess formation.Physical efflorescence was the predominant loess formation process relative to chemical efflorescence,and showed as coarse sand grounded into fine soil.The quantitative analysis indicated that the clay mineral contents in the water-wind erosion crisscross region were consistent with the typical loess in the Loess Plateau,and showed as the dominant clay mineral in the loess was I/S mineral,which accounted for 50%~55% of the total,the illite followed the second,and the kaolinite was the least.But significant differences were found among the layers of the profiles because of the disturbance of wind and water.The clay mineral composition indicated mineral formation was in the semi-humid and semi-dry warm climate,and soil development was still in the juvenile stage and in a transitional stage to the de-potassium phase,but it did not still reach the soil de-potassium stage like in the Loess Plateauareas.
引文
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[15]刘东生.黄土与环境[M].北京:科学出版社,1985.
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[17]曲永新,张永双,冯玉勇,等.中国膨胀土粘土矿物组成的定量研究[J].工程地质学报,2002(10):416-422.
[18]鲁春霞.粘土矿物在古环境研究中的指示作用[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(4):456-460.
[19]秦占杰,袁秦,魏海成,等.老挝甘蒙省晚白垩世农波组孢粉分析及其对成盐环境的指示意义[J].地球学报,2013,34(5):638-642.
[2]张永双,曲永新.黄土高原马兰黄土粘土矿物的定量研究[J].地质评论,2004,50(5):530-537.
[3]谢渊,王剑,李令喜,等.鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系粘土矿物的分布特征及其沉积-成岩环境意义[J].地质通报,2010,29(1):93-104.
[4]吴月英,陈中原,王张华.长江三角洲平原粘土矿物分布特征及其环境意义[J].华东师范大学学报:自然科学版,2005(1):92-98.
[5]安芷生,魏兰英.离石黄土中的第五层古土壤及其古气候意义[J].土壤学报,1980,17(1):1-10.
[6]祖国林,王建国,陈敏,等.承载黄土微结构演变规律研究[J].煤炭科学技术,1999,27(11):46-49.
[7]郑洪汉,Theng B K G,Whitton J S.黄土高原黄土-古土壤的矿物组成及其环境意义[J].地球化学,1994,23(S1):113-123.
[8]彭淑贞,郭正堂.风成三趾马红土与第四纪黄土的粘土矿物组成异同及其环境意义[J].第四纪研究,2007,27(2):277-285.
[9]陈铭,刘更另.不同农业利用方式下湘南第四纪红壤的粘粒矿物学组成与表面电荷特性[J].热带亚热带土壤科学,1997,6(2):88-93.
[10]孙治军,马丽,张民,等.山东主要果园土壤的粘土矿物组成及其吸附特性[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(3):57-60.
[11]邓焰平,洪汉烈,殷科,等.兰州盆地永登剖面晚古新世-早渐新世沉积物中粘土矿物的特征及其古气候指示意义[J].现代地质,2010,24(4):793-800.
[12]唐克丽.黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区治理的重要性与紧迫性[J].中国水土保持,2000(11):11-12,17.
[13]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[14]王秋兵,王慧强,韩春兰.辽宁地区古红土粘土矿物特征及其环境学意义[J].土壤通报,2008,39(4):924-927.
[15]刘东生.黄土与环境[M].北京:科学出版社,1985.
[16]曹家欣,刘耕年,石宁,等.山东庙岛群岛全新世黄土[J].第四纪研究,1993,13(1):25-33.
[17]曲永新,张永双,冯玉勇,等.中国膨胀土粘土矿物组成的定量研究[J].工程地质学报,2002(10):416-422.
[18]鲁春霞.粘土矿物在古环境研究中的指示作用[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(4):456-460.
[19]秦占杰,袁秦,魏海成,等.老挝甘蒙省晚白垩世农波组孢粉分析及其对成盐环境的指示意义[J].地球学报,2013,34(5):638-642.