香港华商慈善组织的形成及其功能与空间扩展(1840-1940)——以东华三院为例
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摘要
19世纪中期,华商阶层在香港兴起,以东华医院为代表的华商慈善组织相继成立。其管理者中汇集了当时重要的华商领袖,成为香港华人社会的权力中心。在百年的发展历程中,为适应慈善服务的需要,东华不断在本地增设医疗机构、新建学校,持续支援香港与内地慈善事业,联系海外华人社团。其社会功能由医疗向宗教、教育、政治等领域不断扩展,辐射空间由本地向内地及海外逐渐扩大,在香港、乃至整个华南社会的近现代史中发挥了重要作用。
Since the mid-1990s,the influence of Chinese businessman has broadened in HK and the charity organizations of Chinese businessman as Tung Wah Hospital have set up in succession.These organizations assembled important Chinese businessman leaders as administrators and became the power core of Chinese society at that time.During the development in the past 100 years,in order to meet the needs of charity service,Tung Wah opened medical institutions and schools,continuously supported philanthropic cause in HK and mainland,and contacted overseas Chinese Associations.It broadened its social function and influence space from medicine to religion,education and politics,and from Hk and mainland to overseas,which played important role in the modern and contemporary history of HK,and even the whole southern Chinese society.
Since the mid-1990s,the influence of Chinese businessman has broadened in HK and the charity organizations of Chinese businessman as Tung Wah Hospital have set up in succession.These organizations assembled important Chinese businessman leaders as administrators and became the power core of Chinese society at that time.During the development in the past 100 years,in order to meet the needs of charity service,Tung Wah opened medical institutions and schools,continuously supported philanthropic cause in HK and mainland,and contacted overseas Chinese Associations.It broadened its social function and influence space from medicine to religion,education and politics,and from Hk and mainland to overseas,which played important role in the modern and contemporary history of HK,and even the whole southern Chinese society.
引文
[1]Dafydd Emrys Evans.Chinatown in Hong Kong:the beginning of Taipingshan[J].Journal of the Hong Kong branch of the royal Asiatic Society,1970(10):69-78.
[2]周子峰.图解香港史[M].香港:中华书局出版社,2012.
[3]G.H.Choa.The Life and Times of Sir Kai Ho Kai[M].Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,2000.
[4]H.J.Lethbridge.The District Watch Committee:the Chinese Executive Council of Hong Kong[J].Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,1971(11):104-129.
[5]王庚武.香港史新编[M].香港:三联书店,1997.
[6]Elizabeth Sinn.Power and Charity:A Chinese Merchant Elite in Colonial Hong Kong[M].Hong Kong:Oxford University Press,1989.
[7]刘蜀永.简明香港史[M].香港:三联书店,2009.
[8]Carl T.Smith.Wanchai,In Search of an Identity,in A Sense of History:Studies in the Social and Urban History of Hong Kong[M].Hong Kong:Educational Publishing Co.,1995.
[9]叶汉明.东华义庄与环球慈善网络[M].香港:三联书店,2009.
[10]邓雨生.省港善堂商会行商平粜总公所[G]∥邓雨生.全粤社会实录初编.广州:广州调查全粤社会处,1910.
[11]蔡荣芳.香港人之香港史[M].香港:牛津大学出版社,2001.
(1)Census Returns of the Population of the Colony for the year 1872,The Hong Kong Government Gazette.15th February,1873,P54-61.
(2)教会医院于1843年由伦敦传道会在湾仔摩利臣山所开办,1853年结束;海员医院则由英资渣甸公司(Jardine,Matheson&Co.)及几间商行捐款筹建,1843年8月创立,当时有50张病床,只收容患病海员。
(1)《香港政府宪报》,1870年3月30日。
(2)South China Morning Post,28November,1929.
(1)东华馆藏史料《东华医院辛未年(1931)征信录》载:“本院办理义学历数十年,然皆汲汲于男校之扩张,对于女校,未遑兼顾……董等因是倡设女义学两所,以图补救,其址如下:(甲)广福祠女义学,该校在大道西……教员二名,学生一二年级共65名。年中经常各费则由广福祠尝款支给。(乙)总理女义学,该校在湾仔轩尼诗道……教员一名,学生一年级共50名。其校具之购置及是年经费之支出,均由董等担任,与其他义学之仰给庙尝者不同,故名之曰总理女义学。”
(1)1Report on the Census of the Colony for 1901,Sessional Papers 1901,Hong Kong Annual Administration Report 1904,IX Vital Statistics(A),Population,P17.
(2)Clementi to Cassfield,13December 1929.CO129/530.
(1)《河内粤东会馆致东华医院函》,东华馆藏史料,1919年(己未)七月十二日。
(2)Daily Press,15 May 1873.
(1)《东华医院董事局会议记录》,东华馆藏史料,1920年(庚申)八月初八日。
(2)《芜湖广肇公所致东华医院函》,东华馆藏史料,1922年(壬戌)(日期不详)。
(3)《广州市东南关居民致东华医院函》,东华馆藏史料,1922年(壬戌)六月二十八日。
[2]周子峰.图解香港史[M].香港:中华书局出版社,2012.
[3]G.H.Choa.The Life and Times of Sir Kai Ho Kai[M].Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,2000.
[4]H.J.Lethbridge.The District Watch Committee:the Chinese Executive Council of Hong Kong[J].Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,1971(11):104-129.
[5]王庚武.香港史新编[M].香港:三联书店,1997.
[6]Elizabeth Sinn.Power and Charity:A Chinese Merchant Elite in Colonial Hong Kong[M].Hong Kong:Oxford University Press,1989.
[7]刘蜀永.简明香港史[M].香港:三联书店,2009.
[8]Carl T.Smith.Wanchai,In Search of an Identity,in A Sense of History:Studies in the Social and Urban History of Hong Kong[M].Hong Kong:Educational Publishing Co.,1995.
[9]叶汉明.东华义庄与环球慈善网络[M].香港:三联书店,2009.
[10]邓雨生.省港善堂商会行商平粜总公所[G]∥邓雨生.全粤社会实录初编.广州:广州调查全粤社会处,1910.
[11]蔡荣芳.香港人之香港史[M].香港:牛津大学出版社,2001.
(1)Census Returns of the Population of the Colony for the year 1872,The Hong Kong Government Gazette.15th February,1873,P54-61.
(2)教会医院于1843年由伦敦传道会在湾仔摩利臣山所开办,1853年结束;海员医院则由英资渣甸公司(Jardine,Matheson&Co.)及几间商行捐款筹建,1843年8月创立,当时有50张病床,只收容患病海员。
(1)《香港政府宪报》,1870年3月30日。
(2)South China Morning Post,28November,1929.
(1)东华馆藏史料《东华医院辛未年(1931)征信录》载:“本院办理义学历数十年,然皆汲汲于男校之扩张,对于女校,未遑兼顾……董等因是倡设女义学两所,以图补救,其址如下:(甲)广福祠女义学,该校在大道西……教员二名,学生一二年级共65名。年中经常各费则由广福祠尝款支给。(乙)总理女义学,该校在湾仔轩尼诗道……教员一名,学生一年级共50名。其校具之购置及是年经费之支出,均由董等担任,与其他义学之仰给庙尝者不同,故名之曰总理女义学。”
(1)1Report on the Census of the Colony for 1901,Sessional Papers 1901,Hong Kong Annual Administration Report 1904,IX Vital Statistics(A),Population,P17.
(2)Clementi to Cassfield,13December 1929.CO129/530.
(1)《河内粤东会馆致东华医院函》,东华馆藏史料,1919年(己未)七月十二日。
(2)Daily Press,15 May 1873.
(1)《东华医院董事局会议记录》,东华馆藏史料,1920年(庚申)八月初八日。
(2)《芜湖广肇公所致东华医院函》,东华馆藏史料,1922年(壬戌)(日期不详)。
(3)《广州市东南关居民致东华医院函》,东华馆藏史料,1922年(壬戌)六月二十八日。