英国网约工劳动权益保障的思路、困境及启示
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摘要
近年英国的维权判例表明,网约工劳动权益保护的基本思路是试图以worker概念涵盖网约工,使其归入第三类劳动者。但存在的基本问题有worker概念包容性不够;网约工劳动权益的内容和边界难以界定; worker身份未能与税法;社会保障制度相衔接。参照英国的经验,我国对网约工劳动权益的保障进行制度设计时,应从灵活用工的扩展趋势中把握网约工的劳动权益,立法或修法以明确规定灵活用工群体的基本劳动权益内涵,并注意与税法、社会保障制度相协调。
The UK case law shows that the basic idea of the labour protection of gig workers is to try to cover the gig workers within the concept of worker which makes them fall into the third category of workers. However, the limits are that the concept of the worker cannot include all type of gig workers, the content and boundary of the labour rights of the gig workers are dif?cult to de?ne, and the identity of the worker cannot harmonize with the tax law and the social security system. Based on the experience, for labour protection of gig workers in China, we should consider it from the expansion trend of ?exible employment, legislate or modify the law to clearify the basic labor rights of the ?exible employment groups in an manner which is coordinated with tax laws and social security systems.
The UK case law shows that the basic idea of the labour protection of gig workers is to try to cover the gig workers within the concept of worker which makes them fall into the third category of workers. However, the limits are that the concept of the worker cannot include all type of gig workers, the content and boundary of the labour rights of the gig workers are dif?cult to de?ne, and the identity of the worker cannot harmonize with the tax law and the social security system. Based on the experience, for labour protection of gig workers in China, we should consider it from the expansion trend of ?exible employment, legislate or modify the law to clearify the basic labor rights of the ?exible employment groups in an manner which is coordinated with tax laws and social security systems.
引文
1.陈永伟.(2018).如何面对“平台垄断”.经济观察网,8月24日.
2.丁晓东.(2018).平台革命、零工经济与劳动法的新思维.环球法律评论,(4),87-98.
3.关博,朱小玉.(2018).新技术、新经济和新业态劳动者平等参加社会保险的主要制约与建议:基于320名“三新”劳动者的典型调研.中国人力资源开发,(12),88-94.
4.胡凌.(2015).共享经济的法律监管问题-以专车为例.财新网,10月12日.
5.唐鑛,胡夏枫.(2018).网约工的劳动权益保护.社会科学集刊,(2),109-115.
6.王全兴,王茜.(2018).我国“网约工”的劳动关系认定及权益保护.法学,(4),57-72.
7.王天玉.(2018).工作时间基准的体系构造及立法完善.法律科学(西北政法大学学报),(1),122-133.
8.王育英.(2017).非标准劳动关系对我国现行社会保障制度的挑战及其解决对策.劳动保障世界,9Z,11-15.
9.谢增毅.(2017).我国劳动关系法律调整模式的转变.中国社会科学,(2),123-143.
10.肖竹.(2018).第三类劳动者的理论反思与替代路径.环球法律评论,(6),79-100.
11.郑祁,杨伟国.(2019).零工经济的研究视角--基于西方经典文献的述评.中国人力资源开发,(1),129-137.
12.Cefaliello,A.(2018).Pimlico Plumbers Ltd v Smith:the definition of"worker"in employment law and the scope of the obligation to perform work personally.Juridical Review,(4),292-298.
13.Dudley,G.,Banister,D.,&Schwanen,T.(2017).The Rise of Uber and Regulating the Disruptive Innovator.The Political Quarterly.88,492-499.
14.McGaughey,E.(2018)Uber,the Taylor Review,Mutuality and the Duty Not to Misrepresent Employment Status.Industrial Law Journal,E-pub ahead of print.
15.Haines,A.(2018).UK considers closer links between employment and tax rules.International Tax Review.3,6-10.
16.Prassl,J.(2017).Who is a Worker?Law Quarterly Review,133,366-372.
17.Schoukens,P.,Barrio,A.,&Montebovi,S.(2018).The EU social pillar:An answer to the challenge of the social protection of platformworkers?European Journal of Social Security.20,219-241.
18.Freedland,M.R.,Prassl,J.(2017).Employees,Workers,and the Sharing Economy:Changing Practices and Changing Concepts in the United Kingdom.Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No.19/2017.
19.Deakin,S.,Morris,G.S.(2012).Labourlaw(6th ed).Oxford:Hart Publishing.pp175.
20.Paasi,A.,Harrison,J.,&Jones.M.(2018).Handbook on the Geographies of Regions and Territories.Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing.pp144.
1.共享经济模式下的网约工平台有两种:一种是所有工作皆通过网络平台完成的众包,无地域性;另一种是通过各类APP平台连接参与方,工作或服务需要在现实世界中完成,具有地域性。滴滴打车、点发达外卖等皆属于第二类。两类平台用工性质有很大的不同,本文以第二类为讨论重点。
2.https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/687553/The_characteristics_of_those_in_the_gig_economy.pdf,最后访问日期2019年2月8日。
3.前者是2001年的判决,后者是2005年的判决。分别见[2001]9 WLUK 209,[2005]12 WLUK 726.
4.[2014]UKSC 32.
5.[2016]EWCA Civ 459.
6.一、二、三审判决书分别见[2016]10 WLUK 681,[2017]11 WLUK 238,[2018]EWCA Civ 2748.
7.Dewhurst v CitySprint UK Ltd,[2017]1 WLUK 16.
8.https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jun/28/deliveroo-couriers-win-six-figure-payout-in-employment-rightscase?CMP=share_btn_tw,最后访问2019年2月8日。
9.[2018]UKSC 29.
10.Ben Chapman,U.K.Court Rules Against Plumbing Company in'Gig Economy'Case
11.https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/pimlico-plumbers-uk-supreme-court-gig-economy-employeesgary-smith-a8396471.html,最后访问2019年2月8日。
12.同注6。
13.[2018]EWHC 3342(Admin).
14.https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/good-workthe-taylor-review-of-modern-working-practices,最后访问2019年2月8日。
15.外卖骑手“接单王”月入3万,滴滴司机气到“摔碗”
16.https://new.qq.com/omn/20190102/20190102A16F4Z.html,最后访问2019年2月8日。
17.2017滴滴快车真实收入怎么样?滴滴司机每个月能挣多少钱?http://www.didiabc.com/news/448.html,最后访问2019年2月8日。
2.丁晓东.(2018).平台革命、零工经济与劳动法的新思维.环球法律评论,(4),87-98.
3.关博,朱小玉.(2018).新技术、新经济和新业态劳动者平等参加社会保险的主要制约与建议:基于320名“三新”劳动者的典型调研.中国人力资源开发,(12),88-94.
4.胡凌.(2015).共享经济的法律监管问题-以专车为例.财新网,10月12日.
5.唐鑛,胡夏枫.(2018).网约工的劳动权益保护.社会科学集刊,(2),109-115.
6.王全兴,王茜.(2018).我国“网约工”的劳动关系认定及权益保护.法学,(4),57-72.
7.王天玉.(2018).工作时间基准的体系构造及立法完善.法律科学(西北政法大学学报),(1),122-133.
8.王育英.(2017).非标准劳动关系对我国现行社会保障制度的挑战及其解决对策.劳动保障世界,9Z,11-15.
9.谢增毅.(2017).我国劳动关系法律调整模式的转变.中国社会科学,(2),123-143.
10.肖竹.(2018).第三类劳动者的理论反思与替代路径.环球法律评论,(6),79-100.
11.郑祁,杨伟国.(2019).零工经济的研究视角--基于西方经典文献的述评.中国人力资源开发,(1),129-137.
12.Cefaliello,A.(2018).Pimlico Plumbers Ltd v Smith:the definition of"worker"in employment law and the scope of the obligation to perform work personally.Juridical Review,(4),292-298.
13.Dudley,G.,Banister,D.,&Schwanen,T.(2017).The Rise of Uber and Regulating the Disruptive Innovator.The Political Quarterly.88,492-499.
14.McGaughey,E.(2018)Uber,the Taylor Review,Mutuality and the Duty Not to Misrepresent Employment Status.Industrial Law Journal,E-pub ahead of print.
15.Haines,A.(2018).UK considers closer links between employment and tax rules.International Tax Review.3,6-10.
16.Prassl,J.(2017).Who is a Worker?Law Quarterly Review,133,366-372.
17.Schoukens,P.,Barrio,A.,&Montebovi,S.(2018).The EU social pillar:An answer to the challenge of the social protection of platformworkers?European Journal of Social Security.20,219-241.
18.Freedland,M.R.,Prassl,J.(2017).Employees,Workers,and the Sharing Economy:Changing Practices and Changing Concepts in the United Kingdom.Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No.19/2017.
19.Deakin,S.,Morris,G.S.(2012).Labourlaw(6th ed).Oxford:Hart Publishing.pp175.
20.Paasi,A.,Harrison,J.,&Jones.M.(2018).Handbook on the Geographies of Regions and Territories.Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing.pp144.
1.共享经济模式下的网约工平台有两种:一种是所有工作皆通过网络平台完成的众包,无地域性;另一种是通过各类APP平台连接参与方,工作或服务需要在现实世界中完成,具有地域性。滴滴打车、点发达外卖等皆属于第二类。两类平台用工性质有很大的不同,本文以第二类为讨论重点。
2.https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/687553/The_characteristics_of_those_in_the_gig_economy.pdf,最后访问日期2019年2月8日。
3.前者是2001年的判决,后者是2005年的判决。分别见[2001]9 WLUK 209,[2005]12 WLUK 726.
4.[2014]UKSC 32.
5.[2016]EWCA Civ 459.
6.一、二、三审判决书分别见[2016]10 WLUK 681,[2017]11 WLUK 238,[2018]EWCA Civ 2748.
7.Dewhurst v CitySprint UK Ltd,[2017]1 WLUK 16.
8.https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jun/28/deliveroo-couriers-win-six-figure-payout-in-employment-rightscase?CMP=share_btn_tw,最后访问2019年2月8日。
9.[2018]UKSC 29.
10.Ben Chapman,U.K.Court Rules Against Plumbing Company in'Gig Economy'Case
11.https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/pimlico-plumbers-uk-supreme-court-gig-economy-employeesgary-smith-a8396471.html,最后访问2019年2月8日。
12.同注6。
13.[2018]EWHC 3342(Admin).
14.https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/good-workthe-taylor-review-of-modern-working-practices,最后访问2019年2月8日。
15.外卖骑手“接单王”月入3万,滴滴司机气到“摔碗”
16.https://new.qq.com/omn/20190102/20190102A16F4Z.html,最后访问2019年2月8日。
17.2017滴滴快车真实收入怎么样?滴滴司机每个月能挣多少钱?http://www.didiabc.com/news/448.html,最后访问2019年2月8日。
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