零工经济前沿研究述评
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摘要
互联网时代下产生了一种呈现模式多样化的全新用工模式:零工经济(Gig Economy),文章旨在回答"什么是零工经济"的问题,回顾并总结了已有文献对零工经济概念的理解。零工经济以网络平台媒介的使用为节点,有"传统零工经济"和"新零工经济"之分。由于互联网的使用,使新零工经济的用工模式对传统雇佣模式产生强烈冲击。已有文献主要从工作碎片化、合作远程化、工时弹性化、企业管理平台化、人力资本内外整合化和劳动力技能化六个角度出发描述了新零工经济的含义。新零工经济本身存在的一些诸如工作机会不连贯;隐私侵犯;工作安全和产品质量缺乏保障;零工缺少企业提供的社保福利;管理外部人力资本的难题;零工收入两极化等。这些问题都有待学界的进一步研究,在研究中要加强同企业和政府交流探讨,吸收实践经验和需求,共同寻求预防、缓解和最终解决问题的有效方法。
The emergence of the Internet era has created a new employment model: The Gig Economy. This paper aims to answer the question of "what is the Gig Economy", to make a review of the previous literature on the meaning of the Gig Economy, and to make a summary about the meaning the Gig Economy. Gig economy can be separated into "the traditional" and "the new". With the use of the Internet, the work relationship under the new gig economy has great influence on the traditional employment relationship. The existing literature mainly describes the meaning of the New Gig Economy from the perspectives of fragmentation of work, remote working cooperation, flexible working time, platformalization of management, integration of inside and outside human capital, and workforce skills-oriented. However, problems arise in the new gig economy, such as inconsistent job opportunities; privacy violations; lack of work safety and product quality; lack of social security benefits provided by enterprises; management barriers of external human capital; and polarization of income. These issues are subject to further research by the academic community. In the research, it is necessary for scholars to strengthen exchanges and discussions with enterprises and governments, absorb practical experience, and jointly seek effective ways to prevent, mitigate and ultimately solve problems above.
The emergence of the Internet era has created a new employment model: The Gig Economy. This paper aims to answer the question of "what is the Gig Economy", to make a review of the previous literature on the meaning of the Gig Economy, and to make a summary about the meaning the Gig Economy. Gig economy can be separated into "the traditional" and "the new". With the use of the Internet, the work relationship under the new gig economy has great influence on the traditional employment relationship. The existing literature mainly describes the meaning of the New Gig Economy from the perspectives of fragmentation of work, remote working cooperation, flexible working time, platformalization of management, integration of inside and outside human capital, and workforce skills-oriented. However, problems arise in the new gig economy, such as inconsistent job opportunities; privacy violations; lack of work safety and product quality; lack of social security benefits provided by enterprises; management barriers of external human capital; and polarization of income. These issues are subject to further research by the academic community. In the research, it is necessary for scholars to strengthen exchanges and discussions with enterprises and governments, absorb practical experience, and jointly seek effective ways to prevent, mitigate and ultimately solve problems above.
引文
1.埃尔文E.罗斯.(2015).共享经济--市场设计及其应用(傅帅雄译).北京:机械工业出版社.
2.奥利弗·E.威廉姆森,西德尼·G.温特.(2010).企业的性质(姚海鑫邢源源,译).北京:商务印书馆.
3.丁晓东.(2018).平台革命、零工经济与劳动法的新思维.环球法律评论,4,87-98.
4.麦戈文·玛丽昂.(2017).零工经济--在新工作时代学会积累财富和参与竞争(邱墨楠,译).北京:中信出版集团.
5.凯文·凯利.(2014).新经济新规则--网络经济的十种策略(刘仲涛康欣叶侯煜,译).北京:电子工业出版社.
6.亚历克斯·斯凡特尼.(2016).共享经济商业模式--重新定义商业的未来(郝娟娟杨源张敏,译).北京:中国人民大学出版社.
7.杨伟国,张成刚,辛茜莉.(2018).数字经济范式与工作关系变革.中国劳动关系学报,5(32),56-60.
8.杨伟国,周宁.(2017).分享经济与新就业形态.中国人口与劳动问题报告No.18.新经济新就业,86-97.
9.Atmore,E.C.(2017).Killing the goose that laid the golden egg:Outdated Employment Laws Are Destroying the Gig Economy.Minnesota Law Review,102(2),887-922.
10.Board of governors of the federal reserve system.(2017).The"gig"economy:Implications of the growth of contingent work(Board of governors of the federal reserve system report).Retrieved from https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/brainard20161117a.htm.
11.Bughin,J.&Mischke.(2016).Exploding myths about the gig economy(Mc Kinsey research report).Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/overview/in-the-news/exploding-mythsabout-the-gig-economy.
12.Canada advisory council on economic growth.(2017).Building a highly skilled and resilient Canadian workforce through the future skills lab(Canada advisory council report).Retrieved from https://www.budget.gc.ca/aceg-ccce/pdf/skills-competenceseng.pdf.
13.European commission.(2016).The future of work--skills and resilience for a world of change(European commission report).Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/epsc/publications/strategic-notes/future-work_en.
14.Farrell,D.,&Fiona G.(2016).Paychecks,paydays,and the online platform economy(Research report).Retrieved from https://www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/institute/document/jpmc-institute-volatility-2-report.pdf.
15.Frost,J.(2017).Uber and the Gig Economy:Can the Legal World Keep Up?.Scitech Lawyer,7,4-7.
16.Greenwood,B.,Burtch,G.,&Carnahan,S.(2017).Economic and Business Dimensions of Unknowns of the GigEconomy.Communications of the Acm,60(7),27-30.
17.Government of Canada.(2016).Understanding the Realities:Interim report of the expert panel on youth employment(Government research report).Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/corporate/youthexpert-panel/interim-report.html
18.Hart,P.(1973).Informal income opportunities and urban employment in Ghana.The Journal of Modern African Studies,11,61-89.
19.Horney,N.(2016).The Gig Economy:A Disruptor Requiring HR Agility.People Strategy,39(3),20-28.
20.Hunt,A;Samman,E.;Ille,D.;Max,H.(2018).The gig economy in complex refugee situations.Forced Migration Review,58,47-49.
21.Jeffefy.(2017).Who needs staff?.People Management,5,26-31.
22.Lobel.(2017).The gig economy&the future of employment and labor law.University of San Francisco Law Review,51(1),51-73.
23.Manyika,J.Susan,L.,Jacques,B.,Kelsey,R.,Jan,M,and Deepa,M.(2016).Independent work:Choice,necessity,and the gig economy(Mckinsey&Company research report).Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-andgrowth/independent-work-choice-necessity-and-the-gig-economy.
24.Mulcahy,D.(2017).Will the Gig Economy Make the Office Obsolete?.Harvard Business Review,3,2-4.
25.Mulcahy,D.(2017).The Gig Economy.New York:American Management Association.
26.NBER.(2017).The NBER digest(NBER research report).Retrieved from http://admin.nber.org/digest/dec16/dec16.pdf.
27.Office of Tax Simplification.(2016).OTS Gig Economy Summary Paper(Research paper).Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/573499/OTS_gig_economy_summary_final_Nov_16.pdf.
28.OECD.(2016).It's a Gig,But Is It a Job?(OECD report).Retrieved Dec 28,2017,from OECD Web Site:http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economics/it-s-agig-but-is-it-a-job_132b27ed-en.
29.Rosen.(2016).The gig economy and career pathways(Literacy Information and Communication System research report).Retrieved from https://community.lincs.ed.gov/discussion/gig-economy-and-career-pathways.
30.Stefanot,D.S.(2016).The rise of the just-in-time workforce:On-Demand work,crowdwork,and labor protection in the gig-economy.Comparative Labor Law&Policy Journal,37(3),471-504.
31.Sanders,D.E.&Pattison,P.(2016).Worker characterization in a gig economy viewed through an uber centric lens.Southern Law Journal,26(2),297-320.
32.Thomas,K.D.(2018).Taxing the gig economy.University of Pennsylvania Law Review,166(6),1415-1473.
33.Texas Workforce Investment Council.(2018).Research report:The gig economy in the U.S.(Research report).Retrieved from https://gov.texas.gov/uploads/files/organization/twic/Gig_Economy_in_US_March_2017.pdf
34.Tepper,S.J.(2016).What Does it Mean to Sustain a Career in the Gig Economy?.Retrieved July 23,2017,from National Endowment of the Arts Web Site:https://www.arts.gov/partnerships/creativity-connects/report/what-does-it-mean-tosustain-a-career-in-the-gig-economy.
35.Torpey,E.&Hogan,A.(2016).Working in a Gig Economy(Research paper).Retrieved July 18,2017,from United States Department of Labor Web Site:https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2016/article/what-is-the-gig-economy.htm.
36.Thompson,B.Y.(2018).Digital Nomads:Employment in the online gig economy.Journal of Culture,Politics and Innovation,1,1-26.
37.Wordsworth.(2016).Mind Your Language:Gig Economy.The Spectator,7,1-2.
38.World Bank.(2018).World Development Report 2019(Research report).Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri:(5f478acc32b900164ff18c0b9f0c8b01)&filte r=sc_long_sign&sc_ks_para=q%3DWorld+Development+Report+2019&tn=SE_baiduxueshu_c1gjeupa&ie=utf-,8&sc_us=11076801037718669788.
2.奥利弗·E.威廉姆森,西德尼·G.温特.(2010).企业的性质(姚海鑫邢源源,译).北京:商务印书馆.
3.丁晓东.(2018).平台革命、零工经济与劳动法的新思维.环球法律评论,4,87-98.
4.麦戈文·玛丽昂.(2017).零工经济--在新工作时代学会积累财富和参与竞争(邱墨楠,译).北京:中信出版集团.
5.凯文·凯利.(2014).新经济新规则--网络经济的十种策略(刘仲涛康欣叶侯煜,译).北京:电子工业出版社.
6.亚历克斯·斯凡特尼.(2016).共享经济商业模式--重新定义商业的未来(郝娟娟杨源张敏,译).北京:中国人民大学出版社.
7.杨伟国,张成刚,辛茜莉.(2018).数字经济范式与工作关系变革.中国劳动关系学报,5(32),56-60.
8.杨伟国,周宁.(2017).分享经济与新就业形态.中国人口与劳动问题报告No.18.新经济新就业,86-97.
9.Atmore,E.C.(2017).Killing the goose that laid the golden egg:Outdated Employment Laws Are Destroying the Gig Economy.Minnesota Law Review,102(2),887-922.
10.Board of governors of the federal reserve system.(2017).The"gig"economy:Implications of the growth of contingent work(Board of governors of the federal reserve system report).Retrieved from https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/brainard20161117a.htm.
11.Bughin,J.&Mischke.(2016).Exploding myths about the gig economy(Mc Kinsey research report).Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/overview/in-the-news/exploding-mythsabout-the-gig-economy.
12.Canada advisory council on economic growth.(2017).Building a highly skilled and resilient Canadian workforce through the future skills lab(Canada advisory council report).Retrieved from https://www.budget.gc.ca/aceg-ccce/pdf/skills-competenceseng.pdf.
13.European commission.(2016).The future of work--skills and resilience for a world of change(European commission report).Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/epsc/publications/strategic-notes/future-work_en.
14.Farrell,D.,&Fiona G.(2016).Paychecks,paydays,and the online platform economy(Research report).Retrieved from https://www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/institute/document/jpmc-institute-volatility-2-report.pdf.
15.Frost,J.(2017).Uber and the Gig Economy:Can the Legal World Keep Up?.Scitech Lawyer,7,4-7.
16.Greenwood,B.,Burtch,G.,&Carnahan,S.(2017).Economic and Business Dimensions of Unknowns of the GigEconomy.Communications of the Acm,60(7),27-30.
17.Government of Canada.(2016).Understanding the Realities:Interim report of the expert panel on youth employment(Government research report).Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/corporate/youthexpert-panel/interim-report.html
18.Hart,P.(1973).Informal income opportunities and urban employment in Ghana.The Journal of Modern African Studies,11,61-89.
19.Horney,N.(2016).The Gig Economy:A Disruptor Requiring HR Agility.People Strategy,39(3),20-28.
20.Hunt,A;Samman,E.;Ille,D.;Max,H.(2018).The gig economy in complex refugee situations.Forced Migration Review,58,47-49.
21.Jeffefy.(2017).Who needs staff?.People Management,5,26-31.
22.Lobel.(2017).The gig economy&the future of employment and labor law.University of San Francisco Law Review,51(1),51-73.
23.Manyika,J.Susan,L.,Jacques,B.,Kelsey,R.,Jan,M,and Deepa,M.(2016).Independent work:Choice,necessity,and the gig economy(Mckinsey&Company research report).Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-andgrowth/independent-work-choice-necessity-and-the-gig-economy.
24.Mulcahy,D.(2017).Will the Gig Economy Make the Office Obsolete?.Harvard Business Review,3,2-4.
25.Mulcahy,D.(2017).The Gig Economy.New York:American Management Association.
26.NBER.(2017).The NBER digest(NBER research report).Retrieved from http://admin.nber.org/digest/dec16/dec16.pdf.
27.Office of Tax Simplification.(2016).OTS Gig Economy Summary Paper(Research paper).Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/573499/OTS_gig_economy_summary_final_Nov_16.pdf.
28.OECD.(2016).It's a Gig,But Is It a Job?(OECD report).Retrieved Dec 28,2017,from OECD Web Site:http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economics/it-s-agig-but-is-it-a-job_132b27ed-en.
29.Rosen.(2016).The gig economy and career pathways(Literacy Information and Communication System research report).Retrieved from https://community.lincs.ed.gov/discussion/gig-economy-and-career-pathways.
30.Stefanot,D.S.(2016).The rise of the just-in-time workforce:On-Demand work,crowdwork,and labor protection in the gig-economy.Comparative Labor Law&Policy Journal,37(3),471-504.
31.Sanders,D.E.&Pattison,P.(2016).Worker characterization in a gig economy viewed through an uber centric lens.Southern Law Journal,26(2),297-320.
32.Thomas,K.D.(2018).Taxing the gig economy.University of Pennsylvania Law Review,166(6),1415-1473.
33.Texas Workforce Investment Council.(2018).Research report:The gig economy in the U.S.(Research report).Retrieved from https://gov.texas.gov/uploads/files/organization/twic/Gig_Economy_in_US_March_2017.pdf
34.Tepper,S.J.(2016).What Does it Mean to Sustain a Career in the Gig Economy?.Retrieved July 23,2017,from National Endowment of the Arts Web Site:https://www.arts.gov/partnerships/creativity-connects/report/what-does-it-mean-tosustain-a-career-in-the-gig-economy.
35.Torpey,E.&Hogan,A.(2016).Working in a Gig Economy(Research paper).Retrieved July 18,2017,from United States Department of Labor Web Site:https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2016/article/what-is-the-gig-economy.htm.
36.Thompson,B.Y.(2018).Digital Nomads:Employment in the online gig economy.Journal of Culture,Politics and Innovation,1,1-26.
37.Wordsworth.(2016).Mind Your Language:Gig Economy.The Spectator,7,1-2.
38.World Bank.(2018).World Development Report 2019(Research report).Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri:(5f478acc32b900164ff18c0b9f0c8b01)&filte r=sc_long_sign&sc_ks_para=q%3DWorld+Development+Report+2019&tn=SE_baiduxueshu_c1gjeupa&ie=utf-,8&sc_us=11076801037718669788.
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