生命周期视角下废弃餐饮油脂炼制生物柴油的环境效益分析
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摘要
废弃餐饮油脂的资源化利用是关乎公众健康和环境保护的重要举措.目前我国废弃餐饮油脂炼制生物柴油的环境效益尚不明晰、国家政策模糊,相关产业发展滞缓.本研究以国内废弃餐饮油脂炼制生物柴油的典型企业为例,利用GaBi软件对废弃餐饮油脂的收集、预处理、酯化和运输等过程全生命周期阶段的资源环境影响进行系统核算,评估其环境效益,以期为国家生物柴油行业发展和相关政策制定提供科学依据.研究结果表明:①整个生命周期过程中,酯化阶段的环境影响最大,各指标占比为52.91%～96.05%,其环境影响主要是由燃煤、用电和甲醇消耗引起;②敏感性分析结果显示,燃煤、用电、甲醇消耗和收集距离的变化对整个生命周期环境影响结果有着较大影响;③废弃餐饮油脂炼制的生物柴油生命周期化石能源消耗16406 MJ·t~(-1)、温室气体排放815 kg CO_2 eq·t~(-1),与石化柴油相比,具有较好的节能和温室气体减排效益.
The appropriate utilization of waste cooking oil(WCO) can benefit public health and environmental protection. Environmental benefits of biodiesel production from WCO have not been fully investigated, which cannot fully support WCO-related policy decisions and the development of related industries. Taking a typical enterprise producing biodiesel from WCO as an example, this study investigated its environmental impacts throughout the whole life cycle based on the GaBi platform, including the processes of WCO collection, pre-treatment, esterification, and transportation. Results show that the esterification stage has the largest environmental impacts by contributing 53%～96% of the total. Its environmental impacts are mainly attributable to the uses of coal, electricity, and methanol. The sensitivity analysis identifies critical factors influencing the life cycle environmental impacts: the uses of coal, electricity, and methanol and the collection distance of WCO. The life cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of biodiesel production from WCO are 16406 MJ·t~(-1) and 815 kg CO_2 eq·t~(-1), which are lower than that of fossil-based diesel. Findings of this study can provide scientific foundations for WCO management in China.
The appropriate utilization of waste cooking oil(WCO) can benefit public health and environmental protection. Environmental benefits of biodiesel production from WCO have not been fully investigated, which cannot fully support WCO-related policy decisions and the development of related industries. Taking a typical enterprise producing biodiesel from WCO as an example, this study investigated its environmental impacts throughout the whole life cycle based on the GaBi platform, including the processes of WCO collection, pre-treatment, esterification, and transportation. Results show that the esterification stage has the largest environmental impacts by contributing 53%～96% of the total. Its environmental impacts are mainly attributable to the uses of coal, electricity, and methanol. The sensitivity analysis identifies critical factors influencing the life cycle environmental impacts: the uses of coal, electricity, and methanol and the collection distance of WCO. The life cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of biodiesel production from WCO are 16406 MJ·t~(-1) and 815 kg CO_2 eq·t~(-1), which are lower than that of fossil-based diesel. Findings of this study can provide scientific foundations for WCO management in China.
引文
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杜泽学,唐忠,王海京,等.2013.废弃油脂原料SRCA生物柴油技术的研发与工业应用示范[J].催化学报,34(1):101-115
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侯坚.2010.化学法生产生物柴油的能耗与温室气体排放评价[D].兰州:兰州大学
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李璐.2013.我国WCO制取生物柴油的成本与回收定价研究[D].南京:南京航空航天大学
李书华.2014.电动汽车全生命周期分析及环境效益评价[D].长春:吉林大学
刘凯瑞,张彩虹.2017.生物柴油全生命周期的能耗和环境排放评价[J].北京林业大学学报(社会科学版),16(2):71-75
鲁厚芳,史国强,刘颖颖,等.2011.生物柴油生产及性质研究进展[J].化工进展,30(1):126-136
Ortner M E,Müller W,Schneider I,et al.2016.Environmental assessment of three different utilization paths of waste cooking oil from households[J].Resources Conservation&Recycling,106:59-67
Ou X,Zhang X,Chang S,et al.2009.Energy consumption and GHGemissions of six biofuel pathways by LCA in(the)People's Republic of China[J].Applied Energy,86:S197-S208
PeiróL T,Lombardi L,Méndez G V,et al.2010.Life cycle assessment(LCA)and exergetic life cycle assessment(ELCA)of the production of biodiesel from used cooking oil(UCO)[J].Energy,35(2):889-893
Ripa M,Buonaurio C,Mellino S,et al.2014.Recycling waste cooking oil into biodiesel:A life cycle assessment[J].International Journal of Performability Engineering,10(4):347-356
Tu Q,Mc Donnell B E.2016.Monte Carlo analysis of life cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas(GHG)emission for biodiesel production from trap grease[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,112(4):2674-2683
邢爱华,马捷,张英皓,等.2010.生物柴油全生命周期资源和能源消耗分析[J].过程工程报,10(2):314-320
朱祺.2008.生物柴油的生命周期能源消耗、环境排放与经济性研究[D].上海:上海交通大学
丁传芹,陈胜利,杨朝合.2012.废弃油脂替代石油资源研究进展[J].中国油脂,37(8):53-56
董进宁,马晓茜.2007.生物柴油项目的生命周期评价[J].现代化工,27(9):59-63
杜泽学,唐忠,王海京,等.2013.废弃油脂原料SRCA生物柴油技术的研发与工业应用示范[J].催化学报,34(1):101-115
EPA,Agency E P.2010.Defining Life Cycle Assessment(LCA)[R].
Eguchi S,Kagawa S,Okamoto S.2015.Environmental and economic performance of a biodiesel plant using waste cooking oil[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,101:245-250
Fernandez I A P,Liu D H,Zhao J.2016.LCA studies comparing alkaline and immobilized enzyme catalyst processes for biodiesel production under Brazilian conditions[J].Resources Conservation&Recycling,119:117-127
Guinée J B.2002.Handbook on life cycle assessment operational guide to the ISO standards[J].International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,7(5):311-313
侯坚.2010.化学法生产生物柴油的能耗与温室气体排放评价[D].兰州:兰州大学
侯坚,张培栋,王有乐,等.2010.餐饮废弃油脂的生物柴油生命周期能耗与CO2排放分析[J].环境科学研究,23(4):521-526
胡志远,谭丕强,楼狄明,等.2006.不同原料制备生物柴油生命周期能耗和排放评价[J].农业工程学报,22(11):141-146
Kim G.2017.China biofuels Annual:2017[R].GAIN Report No.CH16067.Washington DC:Foreign Agricultural Service,United States Department of Agriculture
李昌珠,蒋丽娟,程树棋.2005.生物柴油:绿色能源[M].北京:化学工业出版社
李璐.2013.我国WCO制取生物柴油的成本与回收定价研究[D].南京:南京航空航天大学
李书华.2014.电动汽车全生命周期分析及环境效益评价[D].长春:吉林大学
刘凯瑞,张彩虹.2017.生物柴油全生命周期的能耗和环境排放评价[J].北京林业大学学报(社会科学版),16(2):71-75
鲁厚芳,史国强,刘颖颖,等.2011.生物柴油生产及性质研究进展[J].化工进展,30(1):126-136
Ortner M E,Müller W,Schneider I,et al.2016.Environmental assessment of three different utilization paths of waste cooking oil from households[J].Resources Conservation&Recycling,106:59-67
Ou X,Zhang X,Chang S,et al.2009.Energy consumption and GHGemissions of six biofuel pathways by LCA in(the)People's Republic of China[J].Applied Energy,86:S197-S208
PeiróL T,Lombardi L,Méndez G V,et al.2010.Life cycle assessment(LCA)and exergetic life cycle assessment(ELCA)of the production of biodiesel from used cooking oil(UCO)[J].Energy,35(2):889-893
Ripa M,Buonaurio C,Mellino S,et al.2014.Recycling waste cooking oil into biodiesel:A life cycle assessment[J].International Journal of Performability Engineering,10(4):347-356
Tu Q,Mc Donnell B E.2016.Monte Carlo analysis of life cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas(GHG)emission for biodiesel production from trap grease[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,112(4):2674-2683
邢爱华,马捷,张英皓,等.2010.生物柴油全生命周期资源和能源消耗分析[J].过程工程报,10(2):314-320
朱祺.2008.生物柴油的生命周期能源消耗、环境排放与经济性研究[D].上海:上海交通大学