新疆天山西部巩乃斯河谷积雪与森林/草地覆盖条件下季节冻土特征分析
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摘要
不同的覆盖条件下,季节冻土的特征会存在差异。为了分析积雪与森林/草地覆盖条件下季节冻土的特征,在新疆天山西部巩乃斯河上游的中国科学院天山积雪雪崩研究站的实验场地监测了森林-积雪,草地-积雪,以及草地覆盖条件下季节冻土的冻结深度,并对有无积雪覆盖条件下季节冻土发育过程中的土壤温度和土壤含水量进行了跟踪测量。结果表明:森林-积雪覆盖条件下季节冻土的冻结深度最浅,草地-积雪覆盖条件下次之,草地覆盖条件下最深。积雪的存在可以改变季节冻土的冻结深度,还会影响土壤温度和土壤含水量变化。在季节冻土的发育阶段,积雪的隔热作用使得有积雪覆盖条件下土壤温度和土壤含水量较高;在积雪消融阶段,由于积雪融水的补给,土壤含水量也相应地增加,积雪消失后由于蒸发的存在导致土壤含水量减少。
The characteristics of seasonally frozen ground are different under snow cover, forest and grassland. In order to analyze the differences of seasonally frozen ground under snow cover, forest and grassland, in this study, the seasonally frozen ground depth under forest and snow cover, grass and snow cover, and grassland were observed in Tianshan Station for Snow Cover and Avalanche Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in the upstream of Kunes River, western Tianshan, Xinjiang. The variations of soil temperature and soil moisture were observed under grassland & snow cover and grassland conditions. The results indicated that the frozen depth under grassland was the deepest while that under forest and snow cover condition was the shallowest. Snow cover influences not only the frozen depth, but also the soil temperature and soil moisture. In the seasonally frozen ground development period, the soil temperature and soil moisture increased due to the insulation effect of snow cover. During the thawing period, the soil moisture increased due to supply of snow melt water firstly and then decreased due to evaporation.
The characteristics of seasonally frozen ground are different under snow cover, forest and grassland. In order to analyze the differences of seasonally frozen ground under snow cover, forest and grassland, in this study, the seasonally frozen ground depth under forest and snow cover, grass and snow cover, and grassland were observed in Tianshan Station for Snow Cover and Avalanche Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in the upstream of Kunes River, western Tianshan, Xinjiang. The variations of soil temperature and soil moisture were observed under grassland & snow cover and grassland conditions. The results indicated that the frozen depth under grassland was the deepest while that under forest and snow cover condition was the shallowest. Snow cover influences not only the frozen depth, but also the soil temperature and soil moisture. In the seasonally frozen ground development period, the soil temperature and soil moisture increased due to the insulation effect of snow cover. During the thawing period, the soil moisture increased due to supply of snow melt water firstly and then decreased due to evaporation.
引文
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[12] Wang Zilong.Study on water-heat coupling movement and numerical simulation in snow cover-soil union of seasonal frozen soil region[D].Harbin:Northwest Agricultural University,2010.[王子龙.季节性冻土区雪被-土壤联合体水热耦合运移规律及数值模拟研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2010.]
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[15] Zhang Feiyun,Li Lanhai,Ahmad S,et al.Using path analysis to identify the influence of climatic factors on spring peak flow dominated by snowmelt in an alpine watershed[J].Journal of Mountain Science.2014,11(4):990-1000.
[16] Zhang Feiyun,Ahmad S,Zhang Hongqi,et al.Simulating low and high streamflow driven by snowmelt in an insufficiently Gauged Alpine basin[J].Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment,2016,30(1):59-75.
[17] Chen Bo,Li Jianping.Characteristics of spatial and temporal variation of seasonal and short-term frozen soil in China in recent 50 years[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2008,32(3):432-443.[陈博,李建平.近50年来中国季节性冻土与短时冻土的时空变化特征[J].大气科学,2008,32(3):432-443.]
[18] Wang Chunhe.Frost thawing in Northeast China and development and construction of cold regions[M].Beijing:Science Press,1999:22-50.[王春鹤.中国东北冻土区融冻作用与寒区开发建设[M].北京:科学出版社,1999:22-50.]
[19] Chang Xiaoli,Jin Huijun,Zhang Yanlin,et al.Influence of vegetation on permafrost:a review[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(24):7981-7990.[常晓丽,金会军,张艳林,等.植被对多年冻土的影响研究进展[J].生态学报,2012,32(24):7981-7990.]
[20] Bakalin V.A,Vetrova V.P.Vegetation-permafrost relationships in the zone of sporadic permafrost distribution in the Kamchatka Peninsula[J].Russian Journal of Ecology,2008,39(5):318-326.
[21] Zhao Yaru.Soil freezing and thawing variation characteristics under different land use types in Mudan Ridge[D].Changchun:Northeast Normal University,2014.[赵亚茹.牡丹岭地区不同土地利用类型下土壤冻融变化特征分析[D].长春:东北师范大学,2014.]
[22] Chen Jiaying.A study on microclimate effects of the urban forest:a case study of Pudong Outer-ring forest-belt of Shanghai[D].Shanghai:East China Normal University,2006.[陈佳瀛.城市森林小气候效应的研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2006.]
[23] Yang Jinfeng,Zheng Xiuqing,Sun Ming.The effect of different surface mulchings on soil temperature during seasonal freezing-thawing period[J].Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology,2006,37(3):358-360.[杨金凤,郑秀清,孙明.地表覆盖对季节性冻融土壤温度影响研究[J].太原理工大学学报,2006,37(3):358-360.]
[24] Shan Xiaoqin,Zheng Xiuqing,Chen Junfeng.Effect of different surface coverage on the temporal and spatial variation of soil temperature during seasonal freeze-thaw period[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2017(8):1-5.[单小琴,郑秀清,陈军锋.季节性冻融期不同地表覆盖对土壤温度时空变化的影响[J].节水灌溉,2017(8):1-5.]
[25] Meng Xiangjun.Thermal effect of land cover and snow cover on the underlying midlle-thick seasonal frozen ground in the active layer in the Changbai Mountains[D].Changchun:Northeast Normal University,2014.[孟祥君.土地覆被-积雪对长白山地区季节性冻土的地温影响研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2014.]
[26] Li Xiang.Ecological function evaluation of Changbai Mountain ecological function area[D].Yanji:Yanbian Univerisity,2016.[李想.长白山生态功能区生态功能评价[D].延吉:延边大学,2016.]
[27] Ren Xizhen.Study on the effect of snow melt on the soil water content and temperature[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University,2010.[任喜珍.积雪消融对土壤水热状况的影响研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2010.]
[2] Frauenfeld O,Zhang T.An observational 71-year history of seasonally frozen ground changes in the Eurasian high latitudes[J].Environmental Research Letters,2011,6:1-8.
[3] Qi Jilin,Cheng Guodong,Vermeer P A.State of the art of influence of freeze thaw on engineering properties of soils[J].Advances in Earth Science,2005,20(8):887-894.[齐吉琳,程国栋,Vermeer P.A.冻融作用对土工程性质影响的研究现状[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(8):887-894.]
[4] Cheng Guodong,Yang Chengsong.Mechanics related with frozen ground in construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J].Mechanics and Practice,2006,28(3):1-8.[程国栋,杨成松.青藏铁路建设中的冻土力学问题[J].力学与实践,2006,28(3):1-8.]
[5] Zhang Luxin.Regularity of ground temperature variation in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau permafrost region and its effect on subgrade stability[J].China Railway Science,2000,21(1):37-47.[张鲁新.青藏铁路高原冻土区地温变化规律及其对路基稳定性影响[J].中国铁道科学,2000,21(1):37-47.]
[6] Song Hui.Numerical simulation for stability of subgrade on seasonal frozen region[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2006.[宋珲.季节性冻土地区路基稳定性的数值分析[D].成都:西南交通大学,2006.]
[7] Yuan Guohong.The mechanism and numerical simulation of water transfer in seasonal freezing soil[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2006.[原国红.季节性冻土水分迁移的机理及数值模拟[D].长春:吉林大学,2006.]
[8] Li Yang.A study on the moisture content migration model of seasonal frozen soil[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2008.[李杨.季节性冻土水分迁移模型研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2008.]
[9] Li Xianming,Niu Fujun,Liu Hua,et al.Characteristics and engineering significance of frost heaving in subgrade of Harbin-Dalian High-Speed Railway[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2018,40(1):55-61.[李先明,牛富俊,刘华,等.哈大高铁路基面冻胀变形特征及工程意义[J].冰川冻土,2018,40(1):55-61.]
[10] Li Ruiping,Shi Haibin,Takeo A,et al.Study on water-heat-salt transfer in soil freezing-thawing based on simultaneous heat and water model[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2009,40(4):403-412.[李瑞平,史海滨,赤江刚夫,等.基于水热耦合模型的干旱寒冷地区冻融土壤水热盐运移规律研究[J].水利学报,2009,40(4):403-412.]
[11] Wang Xiaowei.Study of Soil freezing and thawing law and simulation of hydrologic properties in the northern seasonally frozen soil area[D].Harbin:Northwest Agricultural University,2010.[王晓巍.北方季节性冻土的冻融规律分析及水文特性模拟[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2010.]
[12] Wang Zilong.Study on water-heat coupling movement and numerical simulation in snow cover-soil union of seasonal frozen soil region[D].Harbin:Northwest Agricultural University,2010.[王子龙.季节性冻土区雪被-土壤联合体水热耦合运移规律及数值模拟研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2010.]
[13] Zhang Wei,Ji Ran.Response of maximum seasonally frozen depth and duration of soil frozen to climate change in Chaoyang Prefecture of Liaoning Province[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2018,40(1):18-25.[张威,纪然.辽宁朝阳地区季节冻土最大冻土深度和持续冻结时间与气候变化的响应研究[J].冰川冻土,2018,40(1):18-25.]
[14] Guo Lingpeng,Li Lanhai,Xu Junrong,et al.Responses of snow depth and seasonal frozen ground temperature to enhanced air temperature in Kunges Valley,Tianshan Mountains[J].Resources Science,2012,34(4):636-643.[郭玲鹏,李兰海,徐俊荣,等.天山巩乃斯河谷积雪深度及季节性冻土温度对气温变化的响应[J].资源科学,2012,34(4):636-643.]
[15] Zhang Feiyun,Li Lanhai,Ahmad S,et al.Using path analysis to identify the influence of climatic factors on spring peak flow dominated by snowmelt in an alpine watershed[J].Journal of Mountain Science.2014,11(4):990-1000.
[16] Zhang Feiyun,Ahmad S,Zhang Hongqi,et al.Simulating low and high streamflow driven by snowmelt in an insufficiently Gauged Alpine basin[J].Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment,2016,30(1):59-75.
[17] Chen Bo,Li Jianping.Characteristics of spatial and temporal variation of seasonal and short-term frozen soil in China in recent 50 years[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2008,32(3):432-443.[陈博,李建平.近50年来中国季节性冻土与短时冻土的时空变化特征[J].大气科学,2008,32(3):432-443.]
[18] Wang Chunhe.Frost thawing in Northeast China and development and construction of cold regions[M].Beijing:Science Press,1999:22-50.[王春鹤.中国东北冻土区融冻作用与寒区开发建设[M].北京:科学出版社,1999:22-50.]
[19] Chang Xiaoli,Jin Huijun,Zhang Yanlin,et al.Influence of vegetation on permafrost:a review[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(24):7981-7990.[常晓丽,金会军,张艳林,等.植被对多年冻土的影响研究进展[J].生态学报,2012,32(24):7981-7990.]
[20] Bakalin V.A,Vetrova V.P.Vegetation-permafrost relationships in the zone of sporadic permafrost distribution in the Kamchatka Peninsula[J].Russian Journal of Ecology,2008,39(5):318-326.
[21] Zhao Yaru.Soil freezing and thawing variation characteristics under different land use types in Mudan Ridge[D].Changchun:Northeast Normal University,2014.[赵亚茹.牡丹岭地区不同土地利用类型下土壤冻融变化特征分析[D].长春:东北师范大学,2014.]
[22] Chen Jiaying.A study on microclimate effects of the urban forest:a case study of Pudong Outer-ring forest-belt of Shanghai[D].Shanghai:East China Normal University,2006.[陈佳瀛.城市森林小气候效应的研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2006.]
[23] Yang Jinfeng,Zheng Xiuqing,Sun Ming.The effect of different surface mulchings on soil temperature during seasonal freezing-thawing period[J].Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology,2006,37(3):358-360.[杨金凤,郑秀清,孙明.地表覆盖对季节性冻融土壤温度影响研究[J].太原理工大学学报,2006,37(3):358-360.]
[24] Shan Xiaoqin,Zheng Xiuqing,Chen Junfeng.Effect of different surface coverage on the temporal and spatial variation of soil temperature during seasonal freeze-thaw period[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2017(8):1-5.[单小琴,郑秀清,陈军锋.季节性冻融期不同地表覆盖对土壤温度时空变化的影响[J].节水灌溉,2017(8):1-5.]
[25] Meng Xiangjun.Thermal effect of land cover and snow cover on the underlying midlle-thick seasonal frozen ground in the active layer in the Changbai Mountains[D].Changchun:Northeast Normal University,2014.[孟祥君.土地覆被-积雪对长白山地区季节性冻土的地温影响研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2014.]
[26] Li Xiang.Ecological function evaluation of Changbai Mountain ecological function area[D].Yanji:Yanbian Univerisity,2016.[李想.长白山生态功能区生态功能评价[D].延吉:延边大学,2016.]
[27] Ren Xizhen.Study on the effect of snow melt on the soil water content and temperature[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University,2010.[任喜珍.积雪消融对土壤水热状况的影响研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2010.]