基于时间序列MODIS-VCF数据的云南省森林覆盖变化及破碎化分析
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摘要
【目的】分析云南省2000—2016年森林分布及森林破碎化模式,评估现行森林经营政策的有效性,总结有关森林经营政策执行的经验和教训。【方法】以250 m分辨率MODIS-VCF(vegetation continuous fields,植被连续场)产品及其衍生数据为基础数据源,利用单一像元位置上森林覆盖随时间的变化而拟合趋势线,通过对斜率、截距及该像元位置上森林覆盖率的方差进行阈值化操作,判定该像元上森林变化类型。在此基础上,利用3×3移动窗口分析技术提取窗口内森林面密度及森林连接度指数,并借助渗透理论将窗口中心森林像元归并为内部、孔洞、边缘、斑块、过渡或未确定等破碎化类型之一。最后,将典型区域的生物多样性动态与森林破碎化成分进行了关联性分析。【结果】2000—2016年,云南省森林面积呈波动增加态势,其中森林持续覆盖增加的区域占云南省总面积的比例约为30.57%。高覆盖变化主要分布在云南省西部和南部,低覆盖变化分布在北部、东部和中部。分析研究期内森林破碎化成分的占比发现:内部森林所占面积比例由2000年的50.03%增长到2006年的57.32%,再略降到2011年的56.33%,最后升到2016年的63.32%;孔洞森林面积占比则由29.41%下降到2006年的27.81%,2011年小幅升至28.36%,再降到2016年的24.54%。边缘森林、斑块森林、过渡森林也与孔洞森林的变化趋势一致,基本上呈现逐渐下降的态势。【结论】在退耕还林、集体林权制度改革等政策推动下,云南省森林面积整体增加,森林破碎化程度降低。2006—2011年森林覆盖略微减少,热点地区森林破碎化程度增加,这同时影响到区域野生动物的数量下降和分布趋于紧缩。
【Objective】The main objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of existing forest management policies implemented in Yunnan Province, and to learn or summarize experiences regarding the implementation of forest-related strategies by analyzing the changes in the spatio-temporal patterns of forest coverage and fragmentation in Yunnnan Province during 2000-2006.【Method】Using MODIS-vegetation continuous fields(VCF) product and its derivatives as the basic data source, with a spatial resolution of 250 m, a linear equation was fitted for each pixel on the basis of its variations in forest coverage rate against the time duration of 2000 to 2016. By exploring the slope and intercept of the fitted equation as well as the variance in forest coverage at that particular pixel, empirical thresholds were modified to classify this pixel into four types of forest coverage change, and a 3 × 3 moving window analysis technique was used to extract two indices within the window: forest area density and forest connectivity. Based on these two measures, in conjunction with the percolation theory, the central forest pixel within the window was classified into one of the six fragmentation components, namely, interior, perforation, edge, patch, transitional and undetermined. Finally, interconnections between forest fragmentation and biodiversity dynamics in the typical areas of Yunnan Province were qualitatively depicted. 【Result】During 2000-2016, the forest area in Yunnan Province tended to unstably increase, and the area of the forest coverage constant increasing type accounted for 30.57% of the total territory of Yunnan Province. In addition, the high forest coverage change type was principally distributed in southern and western Yunnan, and the low forest coverage change type was mainly concentrated in central, northern and eastern Yunnan. During the study period, the areal share of the interior forest increased from 50.03% in 2000 to 57.32% in 2006, with a slight decrease to 56.33% in 2011 and increase to 63.32% in 2016; however, the areal share of the perforation forest decreased from 29.41% in 2000 to 27.81% in 2006, with a slight increase to 28.36% in 2011 and decrease to 24.54% in 2016. Simultaneously, other components, including edge, patch and transitional fragmentation elements, showed a change trend similar to perforation, suggesting decelerated forest fragmentation in Yunnan Province during the period. 【Conclusion】Driven by various forestry policies, such as returning cropland to forest and reformation of collective forest tenures, the forest area in Yunnan Province, overall, tends to increase gradually, and the forest fragmentation level appears to have decelerated. However, across 2006 and 2011, a slight decrease in forest coverage, accompanied by increased forest fragmentation, was observed in Yunnan, which is consistent with a decrease in wildlife quantity and a more compact distribution of wildlife in some typical regions. These findings provide a valuable reference for forest management decisions and conservation biology studies.
【Objective】The main objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of existing forest management policies implemented in Yunnan Province, and to learn or summarize experiences regarding the implementation of forest-related strategies by analyzing the changes in the spatio-temporal patterns of forest coverage and fragmentation in Yunnnan Province during 2000-2006.【Method】Using MODIS-vegetation continuous fields(VCF) product and its derivatives as the basic data source, with a spatial resolution of 250 m, a linear equation was fitted for each pixel on the basis of its variations in forest coverage rate against the time duration of 2000 to 2016. By exploring the slope and intercept of the fitted equation as well as the variance in forest coverage at that particular pixel, empirical thresholds were modified to classify this pixel into four types of forest coverage change, and a 3 × 3 moving window analysis technique was used to extract two indices within the window: forest area density and forest connectivity. Based on these two measures, in conjunction with the percolation theory, the central forest pixel within the window was classified into one of the six fragmentation components, namely, interior, perforation, edge, patch, transitional and undetermined. Finally, interconnections between forest fragmentation and biodiversity dynamics in the typical areas of Yunnan Province were qualitatively depicted. 【Result】During 2000-2016, the forest area in Yunnan Province tended to unstably increase, and the area of the forest coverage constant increasing type accounted for 30.57% of the total territory of Yunnan Province. In addition, the high forest coverage change type was principally distributed in southern and western Yunnan, and the low forest coverage change type was mainly concentrated in central, northern and eastern Yunnan. During the study period, the areal share of the interior forest increased from 50.03% in 2000 to 57.32% in 2006, with a slight decrease to 56.33% in 2011 and increase to 63.32% in 2016; however, the areal share of the perforation forest decreased from 29.41% in 2000 to 27.81% in 2006, with a slight increase to 28.36% in 2011 and decrease to 24.54% in 2016. Simultaneously, other components, including edge, patch and transitional fragmentation elements, showed a change trend similar to perforation, suggesting decelerated forest fragmentation in Yunnan Province during the period. 【Conclusion】Driven by various forestry policies, such as returning cropland to forest and reformation of collective forest tenures, the forest area in Yunnan Province, overall, tends to increase gradually, and the forest fragmentation level appears to have decelerated. However, across 2006 and 2011, a slight decrease in forest coverage, accompanied by increased forest fragmentation, was observed in Yunnan, which is consistent with a decrease in wildlife quantity and a more compact distribution of wildlife in some typical regions. These findings provide a valuable reference for forest management decisions and conservation biology studies.
引文
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[2] HO P.Credibility of institutions:forestry,social conflict and titling in China[J].Land Use Policy,2006,23(4):588-603.DOI:10.1016/j.landusepol.2005.05.004.
[3] 刘代亿,曾琳,任仕伟,等.云南森林自然中心森林资源现状分析与评价[J].林业调查规划,2017,42(1):80-84.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-3168.2017.01.018.LIU D Y,ZENG L,REN S W,et al.Analysis and evaluation of the forest resources status of Yunnan Forest Nature Center[J].Forest Inventory and Planning,2017,42(1):80-84.
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[11] MONTESANO P M,NELSON R,SUN G.MODIS tree cover validation for the circumpolar taiga-tundra transition zone[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2009,113(10):2130-2141.DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2009.05.021.
[12] AMARNATH G,BABAR S,URYHY M S R.Evaluating MODIS-vegetation continuous field products to assess tree cover change and forest fragmentation in India:a multi-scale satellite remote sensing approach[J].The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences,2017(5):158-168.DOI:10.1016/j.ejrs.2017.05.004.
[13] 孙飞,陈敏学,毛丽君,等.中国大陆省级尺度森林破碎化特征评价[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(1):43-51.DOI:10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2011.01.025.SUN F,CHEN M X,MAO L J,et al.Assessment of provincial-scale forest fragmentation in Chinese mainland[J].Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),2011,39(1):43-51.
[14] 李瑶,肖向明,李香萍,等.中国森林破碎化多尺度评价[J].生物多样性,2017,25(4):372-381.DOI:10.17520/biods.2016257.LI Y,XIAO X M,LI X P,et al.Multi-scale assessments of forest fragmentation in China[J].Biodiversity Science,2017,25(4):372-381.
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[17] BERGSTROM R,SKARPE C.The abundance of large wild herbivores in a semi-arid savanna in relation to seasons,pans and livestock[J].African Journal of Ecology,1999,37(1):12-26.
[18] 赵俊松,张建伟,柏梦焱,等.苍山野生动物时空分布动态[J].云南大学学报(自然科学版),2017,39(4):691-700.DOI:10.7540/j.ynu.20160315.ZHAO J S,ZHANG W J,BO M Y,et al.Spatial and temporal distribution of wild animals in Cangshan[J].Journal of Yunnan University(Natural Sciences Edition),2017,39(4):691-700.
[19] 鲁德.中国集体林权改革与森林可持续经营[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2011.LU D.The property rights reform and sustainable management of collective-owned forests in China[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry Science,2011.
[20] 尹玉.云南省森林资源资产评估现状分析与思考[J].林业调查规划,2010,35(2):78-81.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-3168.2010.02.020.YIN Y.Analysis and reflection on status of forest resource assets' evaluation in Yunnan[J].Forestry Inventory and Planning,2010,35(2):78-81.
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