不同造林密度对米老排人工林枝条发育的影响
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摘要
[目的]探究不同造林密度对米老排枝条发育的影响规律,为米老排修枝培育无节良材提供理论依据。[方法]本研究以8年生米老排密度试验林为研究对象,通过调查一级枝条的数量、基径、长度、分枝角、分枝高和方位角等观测数据,分析5种造林密度对米老排林分9 m以下枝条发育以及空间分布的影响。[结果]表明:米老排枯枝层的高度随密度的增大而增高,枝条总量和枯枝数量受密度影响不显著,林分枯枝率随密度的增大而增大,活枝量与密度呈负相关;米老排树干9 m以下枝条基径、枝长和分枝角均随密度的增大而减小;水平方向上,同一密度,不同方位的枝条基径、枝长、分枝角和数量均随方位角的增大先减小后增大,在光照条件较好的方位区间(0～90°或316～360°)内达到最大值;垂直方向上,枝条基径、长度、数量随相对位置的升高先逐渐增大,之后无显著变化。[结论]造林密度对米老排枝条大小的影响显著,高密度(2 500株·hm~(-2))可以抑制枝条的生长;建议根据培育目的选择合适的造林密度,并采用目标材种培育技术,在幼龄期对优势木及亚优势木进行人工修枝,提高木材质量。
[Objective] To study the effects of planting density on branch development and provide references for improving the wood quality of Mytilaria laosensis. [Method] The effect of planting density on branch development was examined in an eight-year-old M. laosensis plantation with five planting densities. The branch quantity(amount, proportion), morphology(diameter, length and angle of first-branch), position(height and orientation) and branch statues(dead or live) of 80 sample trees(5 033 branches) were investigated. [Result] The results showed that the dead branch layer increased with the increasing densities. No close relation was found between the amount of total branches or dead branches and the planting density, but the rate of dead branch increased with the increasing planting density. The basal diameter, length and angle of branch under 9 meters decreased with the increasing planting density. In the horizontal direction, the basal diameter, length, angle and amount of branch in same density and different orientation increased at first and then decreased with the increasing position angle. It reached the maximum value in a better illumination condition in the range of position angle(0-90° or 316-360°). In the vertical direction, the amount of branch increased gradually with the relative position and then closed to the uniform distribution. The basal diameter and length of branch correlated positively with the increasing height, and then less change was observed. The branch angle decreased from bottom to top in the vertical direction. [Conclusion] The diameter of branch is affected by planting density significantly. The branch growth is inhibited by high density(2500 tree·hm~(-2)). It is suggested that the planting density should be chosen according to the cultivation aim, and pruning should be made as early as possible on the dominant or co-dominant trees, so as to improve effectively the wood quality.
[Objective] To study the effects of planting density on branch development and provide references for improving the wood quality of Mytilaria laosensis. [Method] The effect of planting density on branch development was examined in an eight-year-old M. laosensis plantation with five planting densities. The branch quantity(amount, proportion), morphology(diameter, length and angle of first-branch), position(height and orientation) and branch statues(dead or live) of 80 sample trees(5 033 branches) were investigated. [Result] The results showed that the dead branch layer increased with the increasing densities. No close relation was found between the amount of total branches or dead branches and the planting density, but the rate of dead branch increased with the increasing planting density. The basal diameter, length and angle of branch under 9 meters decreased with the increasing planting density. In the horizontal direction, the basal diameter, length, angle and amount of branch in same density and different orientation increased at first and then decreased with the increasing position angle. It reached the maximum value in a better illumination condition in the range of position angle(0-90° or 316-360°). In the vertical direction, the amount of branch increased gradually with the relative position and then closed to the uniform distribution. The basal diameter and length of branch correlated positively with the increasing height, and then less change was observed. The branch angle decreased from bottom to top in the vertical direction. [Conclusion] The diameter of branch is affected by planting density significantly. The branch growth is inhibited by high density(2500 tree·hm~(-2)). It is suggested that the planting density should be chosen according to the cultivation aim, and pruning should be made as early as possible on the dominant or co-dominant trees, so as to improve effectively the wood quality.
引文
[1] 刘兆刚.樟子松人工林树冠动态三维图形模拟技术的研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2007.
[2] 董玉峰,姜岳忠,张明哲,等.不同杨树品种的分枝及与生长和干形的关联[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2014,34(2):34-38.
[3] 贾炜玮.樟子松人工林枝条生长及节子大小预测模型的研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2006.
[4] 王小青,刘杏娥,任海青.树冠特征对小黑杨木材性质和生长量的影响研究[J].林业科学研究,2007,20(6):801-806.
[5] Wang C S,Hein S,Zhao Z G,et al.Branch occlusion and discoloration of Betula alnoides,under artificial and natural pruning[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2016,375:200-210.
[6] Hein S.Knot attributes and occlusion of naturally pruned branches of Fagus sylvatica[J].Forest Ecology & Management,2008,256(12):2046-2057.
[7] 陈东升,孙晓梅,李凤日,等.落叶松人工林节子内部特征变化规律研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2015,37(2):16-22.
[8] 郝建,孟明君,黄德卫,等.格木人工林节子的分布特征及预测模型[J].南京林业大学学报,2017,41(3):100-104.
[9] 王烁,董利虎,李凤日.人工长白落叶松枝条存活模型[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(1):57-66.
[10] Sattler DF,Comeau PG,Achim A.Branch models for whitespruce(Piceaglauca(Moench)Voss) in naturally regenerated stands[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2014,325:74-89.
[11] 周元满,黄剑坚,聂页,等.红海榄天然林的分枝规律[J].东北林业大学学报,2013,41(2):14-21.
[12] 章志都,徐程扬,蔡宝军,等.林分密度对山桃树冠结构的影响研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2009,31(6):187-192.
[13] 贾亚运,何宗明,周丽丽,等.造林密度对杉木幼林生长及空间利用的影响[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(5):1177-1181.
[14] 张阳锋,尹光天,杨锦昌,等.造林密度对米老排凋落物量及动态的影响[J].植物研究,2017,37(5):768-777.
[15] 孙洪刚,张建国,段爱国.杉木人工林自然整枝进程研究[J].林业科学研究,2014,27(5):626-630.
[16] Alcorn P J,Pyttel P,Bauhus J,et al.Effects of initial planting density on branch development in 4-year-old plantation grown Eucalyptus pilularis and Eucalyptus cloeziana trees[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2007,252(1):41-51.
[17] Wang C S,Tang C,Hein S,et al.Branch Development of Five-Year-Old Betula alnoides Plantations in Response to Planting Density[J].Forests,2018,9,42.doi:10.3390/f9010042.
[18] 刘恩,刘世荣.南亚热带米老排人工林碳贮量及其分配特征[J].生态学报,2012,32(16):5103-5109.
[19] Kint,V,Hein,S,Campioli M,et al.Modelling self-pruning and branch attributes for young Quercus robur L.and Fagus sylvatica L.trees[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2010,260(11):2023-2034.
[20] Kicki Johansson.Effects of initial spacing on the stem and branch properties and graded quality of Picea abies (L.) karst[J].Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,1992,7(1-4):503-514.
[21] Makinen H.Effect of stand density on radial growth of branches of Scots pine in southern and central Finland[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1999,29(8):1216-1224.
[22] M?kinen H.Effect of stand density on the branch development of silver birch(Betula pendula Roth) in central Finland[J].Trees,2002,16(4-5):346-353.
[23] 王鹏程,涂炳坤,沈宝仙,等.杨树人工用材林栽培模式研究[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2006,30(6):73-78.
[24] 黄宝灵,吕成群,蒙钰钗,等.不同造林密度对尾叶桉生长、产量及材性影响的研究[J].林业科学,2000,36(1):81-90.
[25] 李洁,列志旸,许松葵,等.不同密度的银合欢林生长分析[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2016,36(6):70-74.
[26] Wang C S,Zeng J,Hein S,et al.Crown and branch attributes of mid-aged Betula alnoides plantations in response to planting density[J].Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,2016,32(8):679-687.
[27] M?kinen H,Hein S.Effect of wide spacing on increment and branch properties of young Norway spruce[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2006,125(3):239-248.
[28] Gort J,Zubizarreta-Gerendiain A,Peltola H,et al.Differences in branch characteristics of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) genetic entries grown at different spacing[J].Annals of Forest Science,2010,67(7):705-705.
[29] 肖锐,李凤日,刘兆刚.樟子松人工林分枝结构的分析[J].植物研究,2006,26(4):490-496.
[30] 刘兆刚,李凤日.樟子松人工林树冠内一级枝条空间的分布规律[J].林业科学,2007,43(10):19-27.
[31] Weiskittel A R,Maguire D A,Monserud R A.Modeling crown structural responses to competing vegetation control,thinning,fertilization,and Swiss needle cast in coastal Douglas-fir of the Pacific Northwest,USA[J].Forest Ecology & Management,2007,245(1):96-109.
[32] 王春胜.西南桦人工中幼林密度效应和修枝研究[M].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2015:38-40.
[33] 张智昌,李凤日,陈东升.落叶松人工林节子不同生长阶段年轮数量的研究[J].植物研究,2010,30(3):320-324.
[34] 张阳锋,尹光天,杨锦昌,等.造林密度对米老排人工林初期生长的影响[J].林业科学研究,2018,31(4):83-89.
[35] 肖祥希.修枝对福建柏林分生长及无节材形成的影响[J].林业科学研究,2005,18(1):22-26.
[2] 董玉峰,姜岳忠,张明哲,等.不同杨树品种的分枝及与生长和干形的关联[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2014,34(2):34-38.
[3] 贾炜玮.樟子松人工林枝条生长及节子大小预测模型的研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2006.
[4] 王小青,刘杏娥,任海青.树冠特征对小黑杨木材性质和生长量的影响研究[J].林业科学研究,2007,20(6):801-806.
[5] Wang C S,Hein S,Zhao Z G,et al.Branch occlusion and discoloration of Betula alnoides,under artificial and natural pruning[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2016,375:200-210.
[6] Hein S.Knot attributes and occlusion of naturally pruned branches of Fagus sylvatica[J].Forest Ecology & Management,2008,256(12):2046-2057.
[7] 陈东升,孙晓梅,李凤日,等.落叶松人工林节子内部特征变化规律研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2015,37(2):16-22.
[8] 郝建,孟明君,黄德卫,等.格木人工林节子的分布特征及预测模型[J].南京林业大学学报,2017,41(3):100-104.
[9] 王烁,董利虎,李凤日.人工长白落叶松枝条存活模型[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(1):57-66.
[10] Sattler DF,Comeau PG,Achim A.Branch models for whitespruce(Piceaglauca(Moench)Voss) in naturally regenerated stands[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2014,325:74-89.
[11] 周元满,黄剑坚,聂页,等.红海榄天然林的分枝规律[J].东北林业大学学报,2013,41(2):14-21.
[12] 章志都,徐程扬,蔡宝军,等.林分密度对山桃树冠结构的影响研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2009,31(6):187-192.
[13] 贾亚运,何宗明,周丽丽,等.造林密度对杉木幼林生长及空间利用的影响[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(5):1177-1181.
[14] 张阳锋,尹光天,杨锦昌,等.造林密度对米老排凋落物量及动态的影响[J].植物研究,2017,37(5):768-777.
[15] 孙洪刚,张建国,段爱国.杉木人工林自然整枝进程研究[J].林业科学研究,2014,27(5):626-630.
[16] Alcorn P J,Pyttel P,Bauhus J,et al.Effects of initial planting density on branch development in 4-year-old plantation grown Eucalyptus pilularis and Eucalyptus cloeziana trees[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2007,252(1):41-51.
[17] Wang C S,Tang C,Hein S,et al.Branch Development of Five-Year-Old Betula alnoides Plantations in Response to Planting Density[J].Forests,2018,9,42.doi:10.3390/f9010042.
[18] 刘恩,刘世荣.南亚热带米老排人工林碳贮量及其分配特征[J].生态学报,2012,32(16):5103-5109.
[19] Kint,V,Hein,S,Campioli M,et al.Modelling self-pruning and branch attributes for young Quercus robur L.and Fagus sylvatica L.trees[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2010,260(11):2023-2034.
[20] Kicki Johansson.Effects of initial spacing on the stem and branch properties and graded quality of Picea abies (L.) karst[J].Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,1992,7(1-4):503-514.
[21] Makinen H.Effect of stand density on radial growth of branches of Scots pine in southern and central Finland[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1999,29(8):1216-1224.
[22] M?kinen H.Effect of stand density on the branch development of silver birch(Betula pendula Roth) in central Finland[J].Trees,2002,16(4-5):346-353.
[23] 王鹏程,涂炳坤,沈宝仙,等.杨树人工用材林栽培模式研究[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2006,30(6):73-78.
[24] 黄宝灵,吕成群,蒙钰钗,等.不同造林密度对尾叶桉生长、产量及材性影响的研究[J].林业科学,2000,36(1):81-90.
[25] 李洁,列志旸,许松葵,等.不同密度的银合欢林生长分析[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2016,36(6):70-74.
[26] Wang C S,Zeng J,Hein S,et al.Crown and branch attributes of mid-aged Betula alnoides plantations in response to planting density[J].Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,2016,32(8):679-687.
[27] M?kinen H,Hein S.Effect of wide spacing on increment and branch properties of young Norway spruce[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2006,125(3):239-248.
[28] Gort J,Zubizarreta-Gerendiain A,Peltola H,et al.Differences in branch characteristics of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) genetic entries grown at different spacing[J].Annals of Forest Science,2010,67(7):705-705.
[29] 肖锐,李凤日,刘兆刚.樟子松人工林分枝结构的分析[J].植物研究,2006,26(4):490-496.
[30] 刘兆刚,李凤日.樟子松人工林树冠内一级枝条空间的分布规律[J].林业科学,2007,43(10):19-27.
[31] Weiskittel A R,Maguire D A,Monserud R A.Modeling crown structural responses to competing vegetation control,thinning,fertilization,and Swiss needle cast in coastal Douglas-fir of the Pacific Northwest,USA[J].Forest Ecology & Management,2007,245(1):96-109.
[32] 王春胜.西南桦人工中幼林密度效应和修枝研究[M].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2015:38-40.
[33] 张智昌,李凤日,陈东升.落叶松人工林节子不同生长阶段年轮数量的研究[J].植物研究,2010,30(3):320-324.
[34] 张阳锋,尹光天,杨锦昌,等.造林密度对米老排人工林初期生长的影响[J].林业科学研究,2018,31(4):83-89.
[35] 肖祥希.修枝对福建柏林分生长及无节材形成的影响[J].林业科学研究,2005,18(1):22-26.