双极性窄脉冲自动识别及统计分析
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摘要
介绍了双极性窄脉冲(narrow bipolar events,简写NBEs)自动识别的基本方法,通过对双极性窄脉冲的放电特征的统计分析,设计了自动识别的试验方案。对VHF辐射波形和闪电快电场波形中的NBE进行了自动识别方法实验验证。首先对闪电数据进行人工识别,识别出96例NBEs,对其中19例NBEs的11个放电参数进行参量统计和研究分析,根据统计结果选取高频幅度比等9个参数作为NBEs识别判据,对混杂在常规闪电放电中的NBEs进行程序自动识别。成功识别出双极性窄脉冲67例,未识别出10例(皆因据测站较远),误识别1例,识别率87. 01%,误识别率1. 49%。在此基础上,对识别出的NBE事件进行了统计分析,NBEs发生时,在前1 ms内无其他闪电过程,说明前向孤立性良好。通过对96个NBE事件进行参量统计发现,双极性窄脉冲上升沿算术平均值为1. 75μs(0. 3～4. 3μs);下降沿为2. 80μs(1. 2～6. 15μs);半峰宽度为2. 35μs(0. 35～5. 05μs);全峰宽度为4. 55μs(1. 5～7. 7 s);脉冲持续时间为8. 89μs(2. 6～21. 1μs)。这些参数与其他研究者统计数据有较好的一致性。
The basic method of automatic identification of narrow bipolar events(NBEs) is introduced.Through the statistical analysis of the discharge characteristics of narrow bipolar events,an automatic identification test scheme was designed. The VHF radiation waveform and the NBEs in the lightning fast electric field waveform were verified by the experimental method. Firstly,the lightning data was manually identified and 96 NBEs were identified. The 11 discharge parameters of 19 NBEs were statistically analyzed and research analysis. According to the statistical results,9 parameters such as high-frequency amplitude ratio were selected as the NBEs identification criteria. NBEs mixed in conventional lightning discharges were automatically identified by the program. 67 cases of narrow bipolar events were successfully identified,10 cases were not identified(all of them were far from the measurement station). 1 case was misrecognized,the recognition rate was 87. 01%,and the false recognition rate was 1. 49%. On this basis,a statistical analysis was performed on the identified NBE events. When NBEs occurred,there was no other lightning process within the first 1 ms,indicating that the forward isolation was good. Statistical analysis of 96 NBE events found that the arithmetic average of the rising edge of narrow bipolar events is1. 75 μs(0. 3 ～ 4. 3 μs); the falling edge is 2. 80 μs(1. 2 ～ 6. 15 μs); the half-peak width is2. 35 μs.(0. 35 ～ 5. 05 μs); full-peak width is 4. 55 μs(1. 5 ～ 7. 7 μs); pulse duration is 8. 89 μs(2. 6 ～ 21. 1 μs). These parameters are in good agreement with other researchers' statistics.
The basic method of automatic identification of narrow bipolar events(NBEs) is introduced.Through the statistical analysis of the discharge characteristics of narrow bipolar events,an automatic identification test scheme was designed. The VHF radiation waveform and the NBEs in the lightning fast electric field waveform were verified by the experimental method. Firstly,the lightning data was manually identified and 96 NBEs were identified. The 11 discharge parameters of 19 NBEs were statistically analyzed and research analysis. According to the statistical results,9 parameters such as high-frequency amplitude ratio were selected as the NBEs identification criteria. NBEs mixed in conventional lightning discharges were automatically identified by the program. 67 cases of narrow bipolar events were successfully identified,10 cases were not identified(all of them were far from the measurement station). 1 case was misrecognized,the recognition rate was 87. 01%,and the false recognition rate was 1. 49%. On this basis,a statistical analysis was performed on the identified NBE events. When NBEs occurred,there was no other lightning process within the first 1 ms,indicating that the forward isolation was good. Statistical analysis of 96 NBE events found that the arithmetic average of the rising edge of narrow bipolar events is1. 75 μs(0. 3 ～ 4. 3 μs); the falling edge is 2. 80 μs(1. 2 ～ 6. 15 μs); the half-peak width is2. 35 μs.(0. 35 ～ 5. 05 μs); full-peak width is 4. 55 μs(1. 5 ～ 7. 7 μs); pulse duration is 8. 89 μs(2. 6 ～ 21. 1 μs). These parameters are in good agreement with other researchers' statistics.
引文
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[11]祝宝友,陶善昌,谭涌波.伴随超强VHF辐射的闪电双极性窄脉冲初步观测[J].气象学报,2007,65(1):124-130.ZHUBaoyou,TAO Shanchang,TAN Chongbo. Initial observations of the lightning narrow bipolar puless with very powerful vhf radiation[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2007,65(1):124-130.
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[13]王彦辉,张广庶,李亚珺,等.青藏高原地区双极性窄脉冲放电特征[C].创新驱动发展提高气象灾害防御能力———S11第十一届防雷减灾论坛,2013.
[14] WANGYanhui,ZHANG Guangshu,QIE Xiushu,et al.Characteristics of compact intracloud discharges observed in a severe thunderstorm in northern part of China[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2012,84:7-14.
[15]吴亭,董万胜,刘恒毅.双极性窄脉冲电场波形特征[J].高原气象,2011,30(3):823-830.WU Ting,DONGWansheng,LIU Hengyi. Characteristics of electrical waveform of Narrow Bipolar Event[J]. Plateau Meteorology,2011,30(3):823-830.
[16]刘莎莎,董万胜,吴亭,等.西南地区双极性窄脉冲事件与雷达回波的关系[C].第30届中国气象学会年会论文集.南京,2013:16.
[17]史东东,杨仲江,杨虎,等.近20年青藏高原闪电活动特征及其与对流不稳定能量的相关性分析[J].电瓷避雷器,2017(4):50-55.SHIDongdong, YANG Zhongjiang, YANG Hu, et al.Characteristics of lightning activity in Tibetan Plateau over last 20 years and its correlation with convective available potential energy[J]. Insulators and Surge Arresters,2017(4):50-55.
[18]吴安坤,张逸,曾勇,等.海拔高度对雷电流参数的影响[J].电瓷避雷器,2016(6):166-170.WUAnkun,ZHANG Yi,ZENG Yong,et al. Effect of altitude on the parameters of lightning current[J]. Insulators and Surge Arresters,2016(6):166-170.
[19]张广庶,王彦辉,郄秀书,等.基于时差法三维定位系统对闪电放电过程的观测研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(4):523-534.ZHANGGuangshu,WANG Yanhui,XI Xiushu,et al. Using lightning locating system based on time-of-arrival technique to study three-dimensional lightning discharge processes[J]. Science China Earth Sciences,2010,40(4):523-534.
[20]陈渭民.雷电学原理[M].北京:气象出版社,2003.
[21]祝宝友,马明,陶善昌.地闪和云闪初始击穿VHF/VLF辐射特征观测和比较[J].高原气象,2003,22(3):239-245.ZHUBaoyou,MA Ming,TAO Shanchang. Measurement and comparison of VHF/VLF radiations of preliminary breakdown of cloud-to-ground and intracloud flashes[J].Plateau Meteorology,2003,22(3):239-245.
[22] OGAWA T,BROOK M. The mechanism of theintracloud lightning discharge[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1964,69(24):5141-5150.
[23] RAKOV V A,UMAN M A,HOFFMAN G R,et al. Burst of pulses in lightning electromagneticradiation:observations and implications for lightning test standards[J]. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,1996,38(2):156-164.
[24] KRIDER E P,RADDA G J,NOGGLE R C. Regular radiation field pulses produced byintracloud lightning discharges[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1975,80(27):3801-3804.
[2] COORAY V,LUNDQUIST S. Characteristics of the radiation fields from lightning in Sri Lanka in the tropics[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1985,90(D4):6099-6109.
[3] WILLETT J C,BAILEY J C,KRIDER E P. A class of unusual lightning electric field waveforms with very strong high‐frequencyradiation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1989,94(D13):16255-16267.
[4]张义军,PAUL,KREHBIEL R,et al.闪电放电通道的三维结构特征[J].高原气象,2003(3):217-220,315-319.ZHANGYijun,PAUL,KREHBIEL R,et al. Three dimensions structure of lightning discharge channel[J]. Plateau Meteorology,2003(3):217-220,315-319.
[5]董万胜,刘欣生,陈慈萱,等.用宽带干涉仪观测云内闪电通道双向传输的特征[J].地球物理学报,2003(3):317-321.DONGWansheng,LIU Xinsheng,CHEN Cixuan,et al.Broadband interferometer observations of the bidirectional breakdown process in natural lightning[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2003(3):317-321.
[6] SMITH D A,SHAO X M,HOLDEN D N,et al. A distinct class of isolatedintracloud lightning discharges and their associated Radio emissions[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 1999, 104(D4):4189-4212.
[7] NAG A,RAKOV V A. Compactintracloud lightning discharges:2. Estimation of electrical parameters[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,2010,115(D20):10.
[8] NAG A,RAKOV V A. Compactintracloud lightning discharges:1. Mechanism of electromagnetic radiation and modeling[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2010,115(D20):10.
[9] HOLDEN D N,MUNSON C P,DEVENPORT J C. Satellite-observations of transionospheric pulse pairs[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,1995,22(8):889-892.
[10] WIENS K C,HAMLIN T,HARLIN J,et al. Relationships among narrow bipolar events,“total”lightning,and radar-inferred convective strength in great plainsthunderstorms[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,2008,113(D5):10.
[11]祝宝友,陶善昌,谭涌波.伴随超强VHF辐射的闪电双极性窄脉冲初步观测[J].气象学报,2007,65(1):124-130.ZHUBaoyou,TAO Shanchang,TAN Chongbo. Initial observations of the lightning narrow bipolar puless with very powerful vhf radiation[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2007,65(1):124-130.
[12]刘恒毅.闪电电场变化波形特征及其识别方法研究[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2008.
[13]王彦辉,张广庶,李亚珺,等.青藏高原地区双极性窄脉冲放电特征[C].创新驱动发展提高气象灾害防御能力———S11第十一届防雷减灾论坛,2013.
[14] WANGYanhui,ZHANG Guangshu,QIE Xiushu,et al.Characteristics of compact intracloud discharges observed in a severe thunderstorm in northern part of China[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2012,84:7-14.
[15]吴亭,董万胜,刘恒毅.双极性窄脉冲电场波形特征[J].高原气象,2011,30(3):823-830.WU Ting,DONGWansheng,LIU Hengyi. Characteristics of electrical waveform of Narrow Bipolar Event[J]. Plateau Meteorology,2011,30(3):823-830.
[16]刘莎莎,董万胜,吴亭,等.西南地区双极性窄脉冲事件与雷达回波的关系[C].第30届中国气象学会年会论文集.南京,2013:16.
[17]史东东,杨仲江,杨虎,等.近20年青藏高原闪电活动特征及其与对流不稳定能量的相关性分析[J].电瓷避雷器,2017(4):50-55.SHIDongdong, YANG Zhongjiang, YANG Hu, et al.Characteristics of lightning activity in Tibetan Plateau over last 20 years and its correlation with convective available potential energy[J]. Insulators and Surge Arresters,2017(4):50-55.
[18]吴安坤,张逸,曾勇,等.海拔高度对雷电流参数的影响[J].电瓷避雷器,2016(6):166-170.WUAnkun,ZHANG Yi,ZENG Yong,et al. Effect of altitude on the parameters of lightning current[J]. Insulators and Surge Arresters,2016(6):166-170.
[19]张广庶,王彦辉,郄秀书,等.基于时差法三维定位系统对闪电放电过程的观测研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(4):523-534.ZHANGGuangshu,WANG Yanhui,XI Xiushu,et al. Using lightning locating system based on time-of-arrival technique to study three-dimensional lightning discharge processes[J]. Science China Earth Sciences,2010,40(4):523-534.
[20]陈渭民.雷电学原理[M].北京:气象出版社,2003.
[21]祝宝友,马明,陶善昌.地闪和云闪初始击穿VHF/VLF辐射特征观测和比较[J].高原气象,2003,22(3):239-245.ZHUBaoyou,MA Ming,TAO Shanchang. Measurement and comparison of VHF/VLF radiations of preliminary breakdown of cloud-to-ground and intracloud flashes[J].Plateau Meteorology,2003,22(3):239-245.
[22] OGAWA T,BROOK M. The mechanism of theintracloud lightning discharge[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1964,69(24):5141-5150.
[23] RAKOV V A,UMAN M A,HOFFMAN G R,et al. Burst of pulses in lightning electromagneticradiation:observations and implications for lightning test standards[J]. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,1996,38(2):156-164.
[24] KRIDER E P,RADDA G J,NOGGLE R C. Regular radiation field pulses produced byintracloud lightning discharges[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1975,80(27):3801-3804.