虚拟现实技术辅助评估儿童ADHD的应用(综述)
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摘要
虚拟现实技术因能够模拟真实环境这一优势而被纳入临床研究中。本文通过文献综述的形式比较虚拟现实技术与传统神经心理测试在辅助评估儿童ADHD方面的作用,结果分析表明虚拟现实技术在评估ADHD方面具有一定的前景。最后本文分析讨论了目前虚拟现实技术研究存在的不足以及未来可能研究的方向,希望对儿童ADHD辅助评估能提供一些新的思路。
Virtual reality technology has been applied in clinical research due to its effects in simulating the real environment. This review is to compare the two approaches of s traditional psychological evaluation and Virtual reality-computer performance task( VR-CPT) in attention-deficit/hyperoctivity disorder(ADHD) diagnosis. The result shows that virtual reality( VR) has certain advantages in the assessments of ADHD. Finally, this review also discusses the insufficiency of virtual reality technology and the possibility of future researches, hoping that it could bring some new thoughts for the assessment of ADHD in children.
Virtual reality technology has been applied in clinical research due to its effects in simulating the real environment. This review is to compare the two approaches of s traditional psychological evaluation and Virtual reality-computer performance task( VR-CPT) in attention-deficit/hyperoctivity disorder(ADHD) diagnosis. The result shows that virtual reality( VR) has certain advantages in the assessments of ADHD. Finally, this review also discusses the insufficiency of virtual reality technology and the possibility of future researches, hoping that it could bring some new thoughts for the assessment of ADHD in children.
引文
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[3]Polanczyk GV,Willcutt EG,Salum GA,et al.ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades:an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis[J].Int J Epidemiol,2014,43(2):434-442.
[4]Staller J,Faraone SV.Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in girls:epidemiology and management[J].CNS Drugs,2006,20(2):107-123.
[5]Frazier TW,Youngstrom EA,Glutting JJ,et al.ADHD and achievement:meta-analysis of the child,adolescent,and adult literatures and a concomitant study w ith college students[J].J Learn Disabil,2007,40(1):49-65.
[6]Kessler RC,Adler L,Barkley R,et al.The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States:results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication[J].Am J Psychiatry,2006,163(4):716-723.
[7]Sayal K,Taylor E.Parent ratings of school behaviour in children at risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder[J].Acta Psychiatr Scand,2005,111(6):460-465.
[8]Abikoff H,Courtney M,Pelham WJ,et al.Teachers'ratings of disruptive behaviors:the influence of halo effects[J].J Abnorm Child Psychol,1993,21(5):519-533.
[9]Iriarte Y,Diaz-Orueta U,Cueto E,et al.AULA-Advanced Virtual Reality Tool for the Assessment of Attention:Normative Study in Spain[J].J Atten Disord,2016,20(6):542-568.
[10]Pollak Y,Shomaly HB,Weiss PL,et al.M ethylphenidate effect in children w ith ADHD can be measured by an ecologically valid continuous performance test embedded in virtual reality[J].CNSSpectr,2010,15(2):125-130.
[11]Areces D,Cueli M,Garcia T,et al.Using Brain Activation(nirHEG/Q-EEG)and Execution M easures(CPTs)in a ADHD Assessment Protocol[J].J Vis Exp,2018(134):doi:10.3791/56796.
[12]Thomas SJ,Gonsalvez CJ,Johnstone SJ.Sequence effects in the Go/NoGo task:inhibition and facilitation[J].Int J Psychophysiol,2009,74(3):209-219.
[13]Koelega HS.Is the Continuous Performance Task useful in research w ith ADHD children?Comments on a review[J].J Child Psychol Psychiatry,1995,36(8):1477-1485,1487-1493.
[14]Clark C,Prior M,Kinsella GJ.Do executive function deficits differentiate betw een adolescents w ith ADHD and oppositional defiant/conduct disorder?A neuropsychological study using the Six Elements Test and Hayling Sentence Completion Test[J].J Abnorm Child Psychol,2000,28(5):403-414.
[15]Weyandt LL,Oster DR,Gudmundsdottir BG,et al.Neuropsychological functioning in college students w ith and w ithout ADHD[J].Neuropsychology,2017,31(2):160-172.
[16]Zarrabi M,Shahrivar Z,Tehrani DM,et al.Concurrent validity of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function in children w ith attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[J].Iranian J Psychiatry Behav Sci,2015,9(1):213.
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[18]Clarke SD,Kohn M R,Hermens DF,et al.Distinguishing symptom profiles in adolescent ADHD using an objective cognitive test battery[J].Int J Adolesc M ed Health,2007,19(3):355-367.
[19]Lange KW,Hauser J,Lange KM,et al.Utility of cognitive neuropsychological assessment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder[J].Atten Defic Hyperact Disord,2014,6(4):241-248.
[20]Hall CL,Valentine AZ,Groom M J,et al.The clinical utility of the continuous performance test and objective measures of activity for diagnosing and monitoring ADHD in children:a systematic review[J].Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry,2016,25(7):677-699.
[21]Berger I,Slobodin O,Cassuto H.Usefulness and validity of Continuous Performance Tests in the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder children[J].Arch Clin Neuropsychol,2017,32(1):81-93.
[22]Lange RT,Iverson GL,Brickell TA,et al.Clinical utility of the Conners'Continuous Performance Test-II to detect poor effort in U.S.military personnel follow ing traumatic brain injury[J].Psychol Assess,2013,25(2):339-352.
[23]Tinius TP.The Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test as a neuropsychological measure[J].Arch Clin Neuropsychol,2003,18(5):439-454.
[24]Greenberg LM,Waldman ID.Developmental normative data on the test of variables of attention(T.O.V.A.)[J].J Child Psychol Psychiatry,,1993,34(6):1019-1030.
[25]Preston AS,Fennell EB,Bussing R.Utility of a CPT in diagnosing ADHD among a representative sample of high-risk children:a cautionary study[J].Child Neuropsychol,2005,11(5):459-469.
[26]潘学霞,万彬,麻宏伟,等.整合视听持续测试评估不同年龄段注意缺陷多动障碍患儿的临床应用[J].实用儿科临床杂志,2008,23(12):908-910.
[27]Riccio CA,Reynolds CR.Continuous performance tests are sensitive to ADHD in adults but lack specificity.A review and critique for differential diagnosis[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2001,931:113-139.
[28]Parsons TD,Rizzo AA,Rogers S,et al.Virtual reality in paediatric rehabilitation:a review[J].Dev Neurorehabil,2009,12(4):224-238.
[29]Yalon-Chamovitz S,Weiss PL.Virtual reality as a leisure activity for young adults w ith physical and intellectual disabilities[J].Res Dev Disabil,2008,29(3):273-287.
[30]Rizzo ABJB.The virtual classroom:a virtual reality enviroment for the assessment and rehabilitation of attention deficits[J].Cyberpsychol Behav,2000,33(3):483-499.doi:10.1089/10949310050078940
[31]Schultheis M T,Himelstein J,Rizzo AA.Virtual reality and neuropsychology:upgrading the current tools[J].J Head Trauma Rehabil,2002,17(5):378-394.
[32]杜亚松.注意缺陷多动障碍的性别差异[J].国外医学精神病学分册,1998,(3):32-34.
[33]Parsons TD,Bow erly T,Buckw alter JG,et al.A controlled clinical comparison of attention performance in children w ith ADHD in a virtual reality classroom compared to standard neuropsychological methods[J].Child Neuropsychol,2007,13(4):363-381.
[34]Adams R,Finn P,M oes E,et al.Distractibility in Attention/Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD):the virtual reality classroom[J].Child Neuropsychol,2009,15(2):120-135.
[35]Bioulac S,Lallemand S,Rizzo A,et al.Impact of time on task on ADHD patient's performances in a virtual classroom[J].Eur Paediatr Neurol Soc,2012,16(5):514-521.
[36]Areces D,Rodríguez C,García T,et al.Efficacy of a continuous performance test based on virtual reality in the diagnosis of ADHDand its clinical presentations[J].J Atten Disord,2016,32(3):435-436.
[37]Pollak Y,Weiss PL,Rizzo AA,et al.The utility of a continuous performance test embedded in virtual reality in measuring ADHD-related deficits[J].JDBP,2009,30(1):2-6.
[38]Díaz-Orueta U,Garcia-López C,Crespo-Eguílaz N,et al.AULAvirtual reality test as an attention measure:convergent validity w ith Conners'Continuous Performance Test[J].Child Neuropsychol,2014,20(3):328-342.
[39]Mühlberger A,Jekel K,Probst T,et al.The influence of methylphenidate on hyperactivity and attention deficits in children w ith ADHD:a Virtual Classroom Test[J].J Atten Disord,2016:1087054716647480.
[40]Negu A,Jurma AM,David D.Virtual-reality-based attention assessment of ADHD:ClinicaVR:Classroom-CPT versus a traditional continuous performance test[J].Child Neuropsychol,2017,23(6):692-712.
[41]Greydanus DE.Pharmacologic treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder[J].Indian J Pediatr,2005,72(11):953-960.
[42]Pliszka SR.Pharmacologic treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:efficacy,safety and mechanisms of action[J].Neuropsychol Rev,2007,17(1):61-72.
[43]Artigas-Pallares J.[Cognitive models in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder][J].Rev Neurol,2009,49(11):587-593.
[44]高希希,钱英,王玉凤.高智商注意缺陷多动障碍儿童操作性执行功能特点[J].中华医学杂志,2013,93(3):172-176.
[45]Barkley RA.Behavioral inhibition,sustained attention,and executive functions:constructing a unifying theory of ADHD[J].Psychol Bull,1997,121(1):65-94.
[46]Barkley RA,Koplow itz S,Anderson T,et al.Sense of time in children w ith ADHD:effects of duration,distraction,and stimulant medication[J].J Int Neuropsychol Soc,1997,3(4):359-369.
[47]Berger I,Cassuto H.The effect of environmental distractors incorporation into a CPT on sustained attention and ADHD diagnosis among adolescents[J].J Neurosci M ethods,2014,222:62-68.doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.10.012.
[48]Parsons TD,Carlew AR.Bimodal Virtual Reality Stroop for assessing distractor inhibition in autism spectrum disorders[J].J Autism Dev Disord,2016,46(4):1255-1267.
[2]Polanczyk G,de Lima M S,Horta BL,et al.The w orldw ide prevalence of ADHD:a systematic review and metaregression analysis[J].Am J Psychiatry,2007,164(6):942-948.
[3]Polanczyk GV,Willcutt EG,Salum GA,et al.ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades:an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis[J].Int J Epidemiol,2014,43(2):434-442.
[4]Staller J,Faraone SV.Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in girls:epidemiology and management[J].CNS Drugs,2006,20(2):107-123.
[5]Frazier TW,Youngstrom EA,Glutting JJ,et al.ADHD and achievement:meta-analysis of the child,adolescent,and adult literatures and a concomitant study w ith college students[J].J Learn Disabil,2007,40(1):49-65.
[6]Kessler RC,Adler L,Barkley R,et al.The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States:results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication[J].Am J Psychiatry,2006,163(4):716-723.
[7]Sayal K,Taylor E.Parent ratings of school behaviour in children at risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder[J].Acta Psychiatr Scand,2005,111(6):460-465.
[8]Abikoff H,Courtney M,Pelham WJ,et al.Teachers'ratings of disruptive behaviors:the influence of halo effects[J].J Abnorm Child Psychol,1993,21(5):519-533.
[9]Iriarte Y,Diaz-Orueta U,Cueto E,et al.AULA-Advanced Virtual Reality Tool for the Assessment of Attention:Normative Study in Spain[J].J Atten Disord,2016,20(6):542-568.
[10]Pollak Y,Shomaly HB,Weiss PL,et al.M ethylphenidate effect in children w ith ADHD can be measured by an ecologically valid continuous performance test embedded in virtual reality[J].CNSSpectr,2010,15(2):125-130.
[11]Areces D,Cueli M,Garcia T,et al.Using Brain Activation(nirHEG/Q-EEG)and Execution M easures(CPTs)in a ADHD Assessment Protocol[J].J Vis Exp,2018(134):doi:10.3791/56796.
[12]Thomas SJ,Gonsalvez CJ,Johnstone SJ.Sequence effects in the Go/NoGo task:inhibition and facilitation[J].Int J Psychophysiol,2009,74(3):209-219.
[13]Koelega HS.Is the Continuous Performance Task useful in research w ith ADHD children?Comments on a review[J].J Child Psychol Psychiatry,1995,36(8):1477-1485,1487-1493.
[14]Clark C,Prior M,Kinsella GJ.Do executive function deficits differentiate betw een adolescents w ith ADHD and oppositional defiant/conduct disorder?A neuropsychological study using the Six Elements Test and Hayling Sentence Completion Test[J].J Abnorm Child Psychol,2000,28(5):403-414.
[15]Weyandt LL,Oster DR,Gudmundsdottir BG,et al.Neuropsychological functioning in college students w ith and w ithout ADHD[J].Neuropsychology,2017,31(2):160-172.
[16]Zarrabi M,Shahrivar Z,Tehrani DM,et al.Concurrent validity of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function in children w ith attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[J].Iranian J Psychiatry Behav Sci,2015,9(1):213.
[17]Holmes J,Gathercole SE,Place M,et al.The diagnostic utility of executive function assessments in the identification of ADHD in children[J].Child Adolesc M ent Health,2010,15(1):37-43.
[18]Clarke SD,Kohn M R,Hermens DF,et al.Distinguishing symptom profiles in adolescent ADHD using an objective cognitive test battery[J].Int J Adolesc M ed Health,2007,19(3):355-367.
[19]Lange KW,Hauser J,Lange KM,et al.Utility of cognitive neuropsychological assessment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder[J].Atten Defic Hyperact Disord,2014,6(4):241-248.
[20]Hall CL,Valentine AZ,Groom M J,et al.The clinical utility of the continuous performance test and objective measures of activity for diagnosing and monitoring ADHD in children:a systematic review[J].Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry,2016,25(7):677-699.
[21]Berger I,Slobodin O,Cassuto H.Usefulness and validity of Continuous Performance Tests in the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder children[J].Arch Clin Neuropsychol,2017,32(1):81-93.
[22]Lange RT,Iverson GL,Brickell TA,et al.Clinical utility of the Conners'Continuous Performance Test-II to detect poor effort in U.S.military personnel follow ing traumatic brain injury[J].Psychol Assess,2013,25(2):339-352.
[23]Tinius TP.The Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test as a neuropsychological measure[J].Arch Clin Neuropsychol,2003,18(5):439-454.
[24]Greenberg LM,Waldman ID.Developmental normative data on the test of variables of attention(T.O.V.A.)[J].J Child Psychol Psychiatry,,1993,34(6):1019-1030.
[25]Preston AS,Fennell EB,Bussing R.Utility of a CPT in diagnosing ADHD among a representative sample of high-risk children:a cautionary study[J].Child Neuropsychol,2005,11(5):459-469.
[26]潘学霞,万彬,麻宏伟,等.整合视听持续测试评估不同年龄段注意缺陷多动障碍患儿的临床应用[J].实用儿科临床杂志,2008,23(12):908-910.
[27]Riccio CA,Reynolds CR.Continuous performance tests are sensitive to ADHD in adults but lack specificity.A review and critique for differential diagnosis[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2001,931:113-139.
[28]Parsons TD,Rizzo AA,Rogers S,et al.Virtual reality in paediatric rehabilitation:a review[J].Dev Neurorehabil,2009,12(4):224-238.
[29]Yalon-Chamovitz S,Weiss PL.Virtual reality as a leisure activity for young adults w ith physical and intellectual disabilities[J].Res Dev Disabil,2008,29(3):273-287.
[30]Rizzo ABJB.The virtual classroom:a virtual reality enviroment for the assessment and rehabilitation of attention deficits[J].Cyberpsychol Behav,2000,33(3):483-499.doi:10.1089/10949310050078940
[31]Schultheis M T,Himelstein J,Rizzo AA.Virtual reality and neuropsychology:upgrading the current tools[J].J Head Trauma Rehabil,2002,17(5):378-394.
[32]杜亚松.注意缺陷多动障碍的性别差异[J].国外医学精神病学分册,1998,(3):32-34.
[33]Parsons TD,Bow erly T,Buckw alter JG,et al.A controlled clinical comparison of attention performance in children w ith ADHD in a virtual reality classroom compared to standard neuropsychological methods[J].Child Neuropsychol,2007,13(4):363-381.
[34]Adams R,Finn P,M oes E,et al.Distractibility in Attention/Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD):the virtual reality classroom[J].Child Neuropsychol,2009,15(2):120-135.
[35]Bioulac S,Lallemand S,Rizzo A,et al.Impact of time on task on ADHD patient's performances in a virtual classroom[J].Eur Paediatr Neurol Soc,2012,16(5):514-521.
[36]Areces D,Rodríguez C,García T,et al.Efficacy of a continuous performance test based on virtual reality in the diagnosis of ADHDand its clinical presentations[J].J Atten Disord,2016,32(3):435-436.
[37]Pollak Y,Weiss PL,Rizzo AA,et al.The utility of a continuous performance test embedded in virtual reality in measuring ADHD-related deficits[J].JDBP,2009,30(1):2-6.
[38]Díaz-Orueta U,Garcia-López C,Crespo-Eguílaz N,et al.AULAvirtual reality test as an attention measure:convergent validity w ith Conners'Continuous Performance Test[J].Child Neuropsychol,2014,20(3):328-342.
[39]Mühlberger A,Jekel K,Probst T,et al.The influence of methylphenidate on hyperactivity and attention deficits in children w ith ADHD:a Virtual Classroom Test[J].J Atten Disord,2016:1087054716647480.
[40]Negu A,Jurma AM,David D.Virtual-reality-based attention assessment of ADHD:ClinicaVR:Classroom-CPT versus a traditional continuous performance test[J].Child Neuropsychol,2017,23(6):692-712.
[41]Greydanus DE.Pharmacologic treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder[J].Indian J Pediatr,2005,72(11):953-960.
[42]Pliszka SR.Pharmacologic treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:efficacy,safety and mechanisms of action[J].Neuropsychol Rev,2007,17(1):61-72.
[43]Artigas-Pallares J.[Cognitive models in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder][J].Rev Neurol,2009,49(11):587-593.
[44]高希希,钱英,王玉凤.高智商注意缺陷多动障碍儿童操作性执行功能特点[J].中华医学杂志,2013,93(3):172-176.
[45]Barkley RA.Behavioral inhibition,sustained attention,and executive functions:constructing a unifying theory of ADHD[J].Psychol Bull,1997,121(1):65-94.
[46]Barkley RA,Koplow itz S,Anderson T,et al.Sense of time in children w ith ADHD:effects of duration,distraction,and stimulant medication[J].J Int Neuropsychol Soc,1997,3(4):359-369.
[47]Berger I,Cassuto H.The effect of environmental distractors incorporation into a CPT on sustained attention and ADHD diagnosis among adolescents[J].J Neurosci M ethods,2014,222:62-68.doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.10.012.
[48]Parsons TD,Carlew AR.Bimodal Virtual Reality Stroop for assessing distractor inhibition in autism spectrum disorders[J].J Autism Dev Disord,2016,46(4):1255-1267.