国际黑色旅游研究的知识图谱——基于CiteSpace的计量分析
|
摘要
近年来,"黑色旅游"广受学术界关注,相关研究成果大量涌现,现已成为一个不断发展演进的重要知识领域。本文以"Web of ScienceTM核心合集"为数据源,利用科学计量工具CiteSpace刻画了国际黑色旅游研究的知识图谱。研究发现:①国际黑色旅游研究的文献数量随着年份变化呈逐渐增长趋势,大量文献出现于2008年之后;②发文期刊集中于Annals of Tourism Research、Tourism Management等旅游学科传统的知名期刊;③发文作者多来自欧美和东亚地区,但各研究者之间合作较少;④样本中有17篇文献在该领域的知识演进过程中起到了关键作用,是最重要的知识基础;⑤研究内容集中于黑色旅游"供给"方面,对作为"需求"方的旅游者研究相对较少。通过对国际黑色旅游研究现状及进展的分析,本文认为未来国内黑色旅游研究应重点关注理论体系的构建、研究方法的创新以及研究的合作交流等方面。本文对深入认识国际黑色旅游研究领域的知识结构及其演化关系具有一定价值,同时也能为国内黑色旅游研究与实践提供参考。
In recent years, "dark tourism", defined as the act of travel to destinations historically associated with death and tragedy, has attracted extensive attention from scholars. A large number of relevant research literatures have emerged, highlighting a constantly evolving field of knowledge. Using the Web of Science Core Collection as the data source and the CiteSpace tool,this study mapped the current knowledge domain of international dark tourism research. The following results are derived:(1) The number of international dark tourism research articles shows a steadily increasing trend, with a large body of literature appearing after 2008;(2) The majority of papers were published in prestigious journals of tourism, such as Annals of Tourism Research and Tourism Management;(3) Most authors originate from Europe, America and East Asia, but these researchers seldom collaborate with each other;(4) Seventeen publications can be identified as the most influential in the development of the knowledge base and network evolution in this domain;(5) The studies focus primarily on the supply-side of dark tourism, while studies on demand-side are lacking. Through the analysis of both the development of international dark tourism and the present circumstances, this paper proposes that future developments in domestic dark tourism should center on the construction of the theoretical system, the innovation in research methods, as well as the communication and cooperation of researchers. The results of this review on international dark tourism research provide strategies to guide Chinese research and practice.
In recent years, "dark tourism", defined as the act of travel to destinations historically associated with death and tragedy, has attracted extensive attention from scholars. A large number of relevant research literatures have emerged, highlighting a constantly evolving field of knowledge. Using the Web of Science Core Collection as the data source and the CiteSpace tool,this study mapped the current knowledge domain of international dark tourism research. The following results are derived:(1) The number of international dark tourism research articles shows a steadily increasing trend, with a large body of literature appearing after 2008;(2) The majority of papers were published in prestigious journals of tourism, such as Annals of Tourism Research and Tourism Management;(3) Most authors originate from Europe, America and East Asia, but these researchers seldom collaborate with each other;(4) Seventeen publications can be identified as the most influential in the development of the knowledge base and network evolution in this domain;(5) The studies focus primarily on the supply-side of dark tourism, while studies on demand-side are lacking. Through the analysis of both the development of international dark tourism and the present circumstances, this paper proposes that future developments in domestic dark tourism should center on the construction of the theoretical system, the innovation in research methods, as well as the communication and cooperation of researchers. The results of this review on international dark tourism research provide strategies to guide Chinese research and practice.
引文
[1] Stone P, Sharpley R. Consuming dark tourism:A thanatological perspective[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2008, 35(2):574-595.
[2] Seaton A V, Lennon J J, Singh T V. Thanatourism in the Early 21st Century:Moral Panics, Ulterior Motives and Ulterior Desires[A].Singh T V. New Horizons in Tourism:Strange Experiences and Stranger Practices[C]. Wallingford:CAB International, 2004.
[3] Foley M, Lennon J J. JFK and dark tourism:A fascination with as?sassination[J]. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 1996, 2(4):198-211.
[4] Stone P, Korstanje M E. Dark tourism:Towards a new post-disci?plinary research agenda[J]. International Journal of Tourism An?thropology, 2011, 1(3-4):318-332.
[5] Stone P. Dark tourism scholarship:A critical review[J]. Interna?tional Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research,2013, 7(3):307-318.
[6] Zhang H L, Yang Y, Zheng C H, et al. Too dark to revisit? The role of past experiences and intrapersonal constraints[J]. Tourism Man?agement, 2016, 54:452-464.
[7]申健健,喻学才.国外黑色旅游研究综述[J].旅游学刊, 2009, 24(4):92-96.[Shen J J, Yu X C. A study review on overseas dark tourism[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2009, 24(4):92-96.]
[8] Light D. Progress in dark tourism and thanatourism research:An uneasy relationship with heritage tourism[J]. Tourism Manage?ment, 2017, 61:275-301.
[9]陈悦,刘则渊.悄然兴起的科学知识图谱[J].科学学研究, 2005,23(2):149-154.[Chen Y, Liu Z Y. The rise of mapping knowledge domain[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2005, 23(2):149-154.]
[10] Shiffrin R M, B?rner K. Mapping knowledge domains[J]. Proceed?ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2004, 101(1):5183-5185.
[11]陈悦,刘则渊,陈劲,等.科学知识图谱的发展历程[J].科学学研究, 2008, 26(3):449-460.[Chen Y, Liu Z Y, Chen J, et al. Histo?ry and theory of mapping knowledge domains[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2008, 26(3):449-460.]
[12]廉同辉,佘菜花,宗乾进,等.基于CSSCI的2000-2010年旅游学科研究知识图谱分析[J].旅游学刊, 2013, 28(3):114-119.[Lian T H, She C H, Zong Q J, et al. Mapping knowledge analysis of tourism discipline research based on CSSCI from 2000 to 2010[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2013, 28(3):114-119.]
[13]张娟娟,宗乾进,袁勤俭,等.我国旅游管理学科研究热点、主题及方法演化[J].经济地理, 2013, 33(1):173-179.[Zhang J J,Zong Q J, Yuan Q J, et al. Research focuses, evolution of themes and methods in tourism management[J]. Economic Geography,2013, 33(1):173-179.]
[14]张洪,孙雨茜,司家慧.基于知识图谱法的国际生态旅游研究分析[J].自然资源学报, 2017, 32(2):342-352.[Zhang H, Sun Y Q,Si J H. Analyses of international ecological tourism research based on domain knowledge mapping[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2017, 32(2):342-352.]
[15] Li X J, Emily M, Qu H L. Knowledge mapping of hospitality re?search:A visual analysis using CiteSpace[J]. International Jour?nal of Hospitality Management, 2017, 60:77-93.
[16]李杰,陈超美. CiteSpace:科技文本挖掘及可视化[M].北京:首都经济贸易出版社, 2016.[Li J, Chen C M. CiteSpace:Text Min?ing and Visualization in Scientific Literature[M]. Beijing:Capital University of Economics and Business Press, 2016.]
[17] Chen C M, Song I Y, Yuan X J, et al. The thematic and citation landscape of data and knowledge engineering(1985-2007)[J]. Da?ta and Knowledge Engineering, 2008, 67(2):234-259.
[18]李成,赵军.基于Web of Science的旅游管理研究信息可视化分析[J].旅游学刊, 2014, 29(4):104-113.[Li C, Zhao J. Information visualization analysis of tourism management research based on Web of Science[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2014, 29(4):104-113.]
[19] Sharpley R. Shedding Light on Dark Tourism:An Introduction[A].Sharpley R, Stone P. The Darker Side of Travel:The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism[C]. Bristol:Channel View, 2009.
[20]侯国林,黄震方,台运红,等.旅游与气候变化的研究进展与启示[J].生态学报, 2015, 35(9):2837-2847.[Hou G L, Huang Z F,Tai Y H, et al. Progress and implications in tourism and climate change research[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(9):2837-2847.]
[21] Stone P. Dark tourism and the cadaveric carnival:Mediating life and death narratives at Gunther von Hagens'Body Worlds[J]. Cur?rent Issues in Tourism, 2011, 14(7):685-701.
[22] Stone P. Dark tourism and significant other death:Towards a mod?el of mortality mediation[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012, 39(3):1565-1587.
[23] Wably K, PichéJ. Staged authenticity in penal history sites across Canada[J]. Tourist Studies, 2015, 15(3):231-247.
[24] Wably K, PichéJ. Making meaning out of punishment:Penitentia?ry, prison, jail, and lock-up museums in Canada[J]. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2015, 57(4):475-502.
[25] Ferguson M, PichéJ, Wably K. Bridging or fostering social dis?tance? An analysis of penal spectator comments on Canadian pe?nal history museums[J]. Crime Media Culture, 2015, 11(3):357-374.
[26] Podoshen J S, Venkatesh V, Wallin J, et al. Dystopian dark tour?ism:An exploratory examination[J]. Tourism Management, 2015,51:316-328.
[27] Podoshen J S, Andrzejewski S A, Venkatesh V, et al. New ap?proaches to dark tourism inquiry:A response to Isaac[J]. Tourism Management, 2015, 51:331-334.
[28] Chen C M. CiteSpaceⅡ:Detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,2006, 57(3):359-377.
[29] Tarlow P E. Dark Tourism:The Appealing'Dark'Side of Tourism and More[A]. Novelli M. Niche Tourism:Contemporary Issues,Trends and Cases[C]. Amsterdam:Elsevier, 2005.
[30] Ashworth G, Hartman R. Horror and Human Tragedy Revisited:The Management of Sites of Atrocities for Tourism[M]. New York:Cognizant Communication Corporation, 2005.
[31] Dunkley R, Morgan N, Westwood S. Visiting the trenches:Explor?ing meanings and motivations in battlefield tourism[J]. Tourism Management, 2011, 32(4):860-868.
[32] Cohen E. Educational dark tourism at an in populo site:The Holo?caust museum in Jerusalem[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2011,38(1):193-209.
[33] Podoshen J S, Hunt J M. Equity restoration, the Holocaust and tourism of sacred sites[J]. Tourism Management, 2011, 32(6):1332-1342.
[34]马费成,张勤.国内外知识管理研究热点:基于词频的统计分析[J].情报学报, 2006, 25(2):163-171.[Ma F C, Zhang Q. Compara?tive analysis of knowledge management literature between China and overseas:A bibliometric analysis[J]. Journal of the China So?ciety for Scientific and Technical Information, 2006, 25(2):163-171.]
[35] Walby K, PichéJ. The polysemy of punishment memorialization:Dark tourism and Ontario’s penal history museums[J]. Punish?ment and Society, 2011, 13(4):451-472.
[36] Selmi N, Tur C, Dornier R. To what extent may sites of death be tourism destinations? The cases of Hiroshima in Japan and Struthof in France[J]. Asian Business and Management, 2012, 11(3):311-328.
[37] Volcic Z, Erjavec K, Peak M. Branding post-war Sarajevo:Journal?ism, memories, and dark tourism[J]. Journalism Studies, 2014, 15(6):726-742.
[38] Frew E A. Interpretation of a sensitive heritage site:The Port Ar?thur Memorial Garden, Tasmania[J]. International Journal of Heri?tage Studies, 2012, 18(1):33-48.
[39] Seaton T. Purposeful Otherness:Approaches to the Management of Thanatourism[A]. Sharpley R, Stone P. The Darker Side of Travel:The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism[C]. Bristol:Channel View Publications, 2009.
[40] Zheng C H, Zhang J, Zhang H L, et al. Exploring sub-dimensions of intrapersonal constraints to visiting“dark tourism”sites:A com?parison of participants and non-participants[J]. Asia Pacific Jour?nal of Tourism Research, 2017, 22(1):21-33.
[41] Bigley J D, Lee C K, Chon J, et al. Motivations for war-related tourism:A case of DMZ visitors in Korea[J]. Tourism Geographies,2010, 12(3):371-394.
[42] Tang Y. Dark tourism perception:Motivation, experience and ben?efits interpreted from the visit to seismic memorial site in Sichuan province[J]. Journal of Mountain Science, 2014, 11(5):1326-1341.
[43] Biran A, Poria Y, Oren G. Sought experiences at(dark)heritage sites[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2011, 38(3):820-841.
[44] Brown L. Memorials to the victims of Nazism:The impact on tour?ists in Berlin[J]. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 2015,13(3):244-260.
[45] Yan B J, Zhang J, Zhang H L, et al. Investigating the motivationexperience relationship in a dark tourism space:A case study of the Beichuan earthquake relics, China[J]. Tourism Management,2016, 53:108-121.
[46] Kuo N T, Chang K C, Cheng Y S, et al. Effects of tour guide inter?pretation and tourist satisfaction on destination loyalty in Taiwan's Kinmen battlefield tourism:Perceived playfulness and perceived flow as moderators[J]. Journal of Travel&Tourism Marketing,2016, 33(1):103-122.
[47] Nawijn J, Fricke M C. Visitor emotions and behavioral intentions:The case of concentration camp memorial Neuengamme[J]. Inter?national Journal of Tourism Research, 2013, 17(3):221-228.
[48] Biran A, Liu W, Li G, et al. Consuming post-disaster destinations:The case of Sichuan, China[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2014,47:1-17.
[49]王金伟.灾害旅游及灾害旅游系统的初步研究:兼论旅游系统[J].旅游学刊, 2009, 24(2):91-96.[Wang J W. Preliminary study on disaster tourism and disaster tourism system:A concurrent dis?cussion on tourism system[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2009, 24(2):91-96.]
[50]王金伟,王士君.黑色旅游发展动力机制及“共生”模式研究:以汶川8. 0级地震后的四川为例[J].经济地理, 2010, 30(2):339-344.[Wang J W, Wang S J. A study on dynamic mechanism and symbiotic model of dark tourism:A case of Sichuan after Wench?uan Ms 8. 0 Earthouake[J]. Economic Geography, 2010, 30(2):339-344.]
[51]何景明.“红与黑”:论精神旅游产品的开发向度[J].旅游学刊,2012, 27(2):88-93.[He J M.‘Red and Black’:On the develop?ment dimension of cultural and ideological tourism products[J].Tourism Tribune, 2012, 27(2):88-93.]
[52]郑春晖,张捷,钱莉莉,等.黑色旅游者行为意向差异研究:以侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆为例[J].资源科学, 2016,38(9):1663-1671.[Zheng C H, Zhang J, Qian L L, et al. Research on the differentiation of dark tourists'behavioral intention:A case study of the Memorial of the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre[J].Resources Science, 2016, 38(9):1663-1671.]
[53]王金伟,张赛茵.灾害纪念地的黑色旅游者:动机、类型化及其差异:以北川地震遗址区为例[J].地理研究, 2016, 35(8):1576-1588.[Wang J W, Zhang S Y. Dark tourists'motivations and seg?mentation at disaster memorials:The case of Beichuan Earth?quake Site Area, China[J]. Geographical Research, 2016, 35(8):1576-1588.]
1)数据来源:http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/museum-reports/.2016.
2 )数据来源:http://www.pompeiisites.org/.2017.
3)美国杜兰大学(Tulane University)图书馆购买的数据库包括SCI-EXPANDED、SSCI、A&HCI、CPCI-S、CPCI-SSH、BKCI-S、BKCI-SSH、ESCI,数据库内容跨度时间为1980年至今。
4)虽然“黑色旅游”(Dark Tourism)一词最早由Lennon和Foley于1996年在《JFK and dark tourism:A fascination with assassination》一文中提出,且随后学术界相继出现了较多相关文献,但是本文的研究样本来自Web of Science数据库,可能并未包含所有黑色旅游研究文献。因此,本文的分析仅围绕这158篇样本文献展开。
5)由于本研究于2017年1月完成样本搜集工作,统计数据中没有收录2017年的全部文献,故2017年文献数量的减少不具统计学意义。
6)巩特尔·冯·哈根斯(Gunther von Hagens)发明了生物塑化技术,无需用福尔马林溶液即可将人或动物的躯体做成可触摸的、形象逼真的标本。他主办的“人体世界”展览从1995年开始在全球各地巡回展出,向普通公众展示通过生物塑化后的人体标本,试图通过艺术化呈现的方式进行解剖学教育,并激起人们对生与死的思考。
7)中介中心性是测度节点在网络中重要性的一个指标,CiteSpace使用该指标来发现和衡量文献的重要性。从信息传输角度看,其值越高,表示节点越重要,去除这些节点后对网络传输的影响越大。
8)虽然国际黑色旅游研究领域中还有诸如《Dark Tourism:The Attraction of Death and Disaster》(Lennon et al,2000)等重要著作,但是由于未被收录进WOS,因此本研究并未涉及到。
[2] Seaton A V, Lennon J J, Singh T V. Thanatourism in the Early 21st Century:Moral Panics, Ulterior Motives and Ulterior Desires[A].Singh T V. New Horizons in Tourism:Strange Experiences and Stranger Practices[C]. Wallingford:CAB International, 2004.
[3] Foley M, Lennon J J. JFK and dark tourism:A fascination with as?sassination[J]. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 1996, 2(4):198-211.
[4] Stone P, Korstanje M E. Dark tourism:Towards a new post-disci?plinary research agenda[J]. International Journal of Tourism An?thropology, 2011, 1(3-4):318-332.
[5] Stone P. Dark tourism scholarship:A critical review[J]. Interna?tional Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research,2013, 7(3):307-318.
[6] Zhang H L, Yang Y, Zheng C H, et al. Too dark to revisit? The role of past experiences and intrapersonal constraints[J]. Tourism Man?agement, 2016, 54:452-464.
[7]申健健,喻学才.国外黑色旅游研究综述[J].旅游学刊, 2009, 24(4):92-96.[Shen J J, Yu X C. A study review on overseas dark tourism[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2009, 24(4):92-96.]
[8] Light D. Progress in dark tourism and thanatourism research:An uneasy relationship with heritage tourism[J]. Tourism Manage?ment, 2017, 61:275-301.
[9]陈悦,刘则渊.悄然兴起的科学知识图谱[J].科学学研究, 2005,23(2):149-154.[Chen Y, Liu Z Y. The rise of mapping knowledge domain[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2005, 23(2):149-154.]
[10] Shiffrin R M, B?rner K. Mapping knowledge domains[J]. Proceed?ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2004, 101(1):5183-5185.
[11]陈悦,刘则渊,陈劲,等.科学知识图谱的发展历程[J].科学学研究, 2008, 26(3):449-460.[Chen Y, Liu Z Y, Chen J, et al. Histo?ry and theory of mapping knowledge domains[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2008, 26(3):449-460.]
[12]廉同辉,佘菜花,宗乾进,等.基于CSSCI的2000-2010年旅游学科研究知识图谱分析[J].旅游学刊, 2013, 28(3):114-119.[Lian T H, She C H, Zong Q J, et al. Mapping knowledge analysis of tourism discipline research based on CSSCI from 2000 to 2010[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2013, 28(3):114-119.]
[13]张娟娟,宗乾进,袁勤俭,等.我国旅游管理学科研究热点、主题及方法演化[J].经济地理, 2013, 33(1):173-179.[Zhang J J,Zong Q J, Yuan Q J, et al. Research focuses, evolution of themes and methods in tourism management[J]. Economic Geography,2013, 33(1):173-179.]
[14]张洪,孙雨茜,司家慧.基于知识图谱法的国际生态旅游研究分析[J].自然资源学报, 2017, 32(2):342-352.[Zhang H, Sun Y Q,Si J H. Analyses of international ecological tourism research based on domain knowledge mapping[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2017, 32(2):342-352.]
[15] Li X J, Emily M, Qu H L. Knowledge mapping of hospitality re?search:A visual analysis using CiteSpace[J]. International Jour?nal of Hospitality Management, 2017, 60:77-93.
[16]李杰,陈超美. CiteSpace:科技文本挖掘及可视化[M].北京:首都经济贸易出版社, 2016.[Li J, Chen C M. CiteSpace:Text Min?ing and Visualization in Scientific Literature[M]. Beijing:Capital University of Economics and Business Press, 2016.]
[17] Chen C M, Song I Y, Yuan X J, et al. The thematic and citation landscape of data and knowledge engineering(1985-2007)[J]. Da?ta and Knowledge Engineering, 2008, 67(2):234-259.
[18]李成,赵军.基于Web of Science的旅游管理研究信息可视化分析[J].旅游学刊, 2014, 29(4):104-113.[Li C, Zhao J. Information visualization analysis of tourism management research based on Web of Science[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2014, 29(4):104-113.]
[19] Sharpley R. Shedding Light on Dark Tourism:An Introduction[A].Sharpley R, Stone P. The Darker Side of Travel:The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism[C]. Bristol:Channel View, 2009.
[20]侯国林,黄震方,台运红,等.旅游与气候变化的研究进展与启示[J].生态学报, 2015, 35(9):2837-2847.[Hou G L, Huang Z F,Tai Y H, et al. Progress and implications in tourism and climate change research[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(9):2837-2847.]
[21] Stone P. Dark tourism and the cadaveric carnival:Mediating life and death narratives at Gunther von Hagens'Body Worlds[J]. Cur?rent Issues in Tourism, 2011, 14(7):685-701.
[22] Stone P. Dark tourism and significant other death:Towards a mod?el of mortality mediation[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012, 39(3):1565-1587.
[23] Wably K, PichéJ. Staged authenticity in penal history sites across Canada[J]. Tourist Studies, 2015, 15(3):231-247.
[24] Wably K, PichéJ. Making meaning out of punishment:Penitentia?ry, prison, jail, and lock-up museums in Canada[J]. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2015, 57(4):475-502.
[25] Ferguson M, PichéJ, Wably K. Bridging or fostering social dis?tance? An analysis of penal spectator comments on Canadian pe?nal history museums[J]. Crime Media Culture, 2015, 11(3):357-374.
[26] Podoshen J S, Venkatesh V, Wallin J, et al. Dystopian dark tour?ism:An exploratory examination[J]. Tourism Management, 2015,51:316-328.
[27] Podoshen J S, Andrzejewski S A, Venkatesh V, et al. New ap?proaches to dark tourism inquiry:A response to Isaac[J]. Tourism Management, 2015, 51:331-334.
[28] Chen C M. CiteSpaceⅡ:Detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,2006, 57(3):359-377.
[29] Tarlow P E. Dark Tourism:The Appealing'Dark'Side of Tourism and More[A]. Novelli M. Niche Tourism:Contemporary Issues,Trends and Cases[C]. Amsterdam:Elsevier, 2005.
[30] Ashworth G, Hartman R. Horror and Human Tragedy Revisited:The Management of Sites of Atrocities for Tourism[M]. New York:Cognizant Communication Corporation, 2005.
[31] Dunkley R, Morgan N, Westwood S. Visiting the trenches:Explor?ing meanings and motivations in battlefield tourism[J]. Tourism Management, 2011, 32(4):860-868.
[32] Cohen E. Educational dark tourism at an in populo site:The Holo?caust museum in Jerusalem[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2011,38(1):193-209.
[33] Podoshen J S, Hunt J M. Equity restoration, the Holocaust and tourism of sacred sites[J]. Tourism Management, 2011, 32(6):1332-1342.
[34]马费成,张勤.国内外知识管理研究热点:基于词频的统计分析[J].情报学报, 2006, 25(2):163-171.[Ma F C, Zhang Q. Compara?tive analysis of knowledge management literature between China and overseas:A bibliometric analysis[J]. Journal of the China So?ciety for Scientific and Technical Information, 2006, 25(2):163-171.]
[35] Walby K, PichéJ. The polysemy of punishment memorialization:Dark tourism and Ontario’s penal history museums[J]. Punish?ment and Society, 2011, 13(4):451-472.
[36] Selmi N, Tur C, Dornier R. To what extent may sites of death be tourism destinations? The cases of Hiroshima in Japan and Struthof in France[J]. Asian Business and Management, 2012, 11(3):311-328.
[37] Volcic Z, Erjavec K, Peak M. Branding post-war Sarajevo:Journal?ism, memories, and dark tourism[J]. Journalism Studies, 2014, 15(6):726-742.
[38] Frew E A. Interpretation of a sensitive heritage site:The Port Ar?thur Memorial Garden, Tasmania[J]. International Journal of Heri?tage Studies, 2012, 18(1):33-48.
[39] Seaton T. Purposeful Otherness:Approaches to the Management of Thanatourism[A]. Sharpley R, Stone P. The Darker Side of Travel:The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism[C]. Bristol:Channel View Publications, 2009.
[40] Zheng C H, Zhang J, Zhang H L, et al. Exploring sub-dimensions of intrapersonal constraints to visiting“dark tourism”sites:A com?parison of participants and non-participants[J]. Asia Pacific Jour?nal of Tourism Research, 2017, 22(1):21-33.
[41] Bigley J D, Lee C K, Chon J, et al. Motivations for war-related tourism:A case of DMZ visitors in Korea[J]. Tourism Geographies,2010, 12(3):371-394.
[42] Tang Y. Dark tourism perception:Motivation, experience and ben?efits interpreted from the visit to seismic memorial site in Sichuan province[J]. Journal of Mountain Science, 2014, 11(5):1326-1341.
[43] Biran A, Poria Y, Oren G. Sought experiences at(dark)heritage sites[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2011, 38(3):820-841.
[44] Brown L. Memorials to the victims of Nazism:The impact on tour?ists in Berlin[J]. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 2015,13(3):244-260.
[45] Yan B J, Zhang J, Zhang H L, et al. Investigating the motivationexperience relationship in a dark tourism space:A case study of the Beichuan earthquake relics, China[J]. Tourism Management,2016, 53:108-121.
[46] Kuo N T, Chang K C, Cheng Y S, et al. Effects of tour guide inter?pretation and tourist satisfaction on destination loyalty in Taiwan's Kinmen battlefield tourism:Perceived playfulness and perceived flow as moderators[J]. Journal of Travel&Tourism Marketing,2016, 33(1):103-122.
[47] Nawijn J, Fricke M C. Visitor emotions and behavioral intentions:The case of concentration camp memorial Neuengamme[J]. Inter?national Journal of Tourism Research, 2013, 17(3):221-228.
[48] Biran A, Liu W, Li G, et al. Consuming post-disaster destinations:The case of Sichuan, China[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2014,47:1-17.
[49]王金伟.灾害旅游及灾害旅游系统的初步研究:兼论旅游系统[J].旅游学刊, 2009, 24(2):91-96.[Wang J W. Preliminary study on disaster tourism and disaster tourism system:A concurrent dis?cussion on tourism system[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2009, 24(2):91-96.]
[50]王金伟,王士君.黑色旅游发展动力机制及“共生”模式研究:以汶川8. 0级地震后的四川为例[J].经济地理, 2010, 30(2):339-344.[Wang J W, Wang S J. A study on dynamic mechanism and symbiotic model of dark tourism:A case of Sichuan after Wench?uan Ms 8. 0 Earthouake[J]. Economic Geography, 2010, 30(2):339-344.]
[51]何景明.“红与黑”:论精神旅游产品的开发向度[J].旅游学刊,2012, 27(2):88-93.[He J M.‘Red and Black’:On the develop?ment dimension of cultural and ideological tourism products[J].Tourism Tribune, 2012, 27(2):88-93.]
[52]郑春晖,张捷,钱莉莉,等.黑色旅游者行为意向差异研究:以侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆为例[J].资源科学, 2016,38(9):1663-1671.[Zheng C H, Zhang J, Qian L L, et al. Research on the differentiation of dark tourists'behavioral intention:A case study of the Memorial of the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre[J].Resources Science, 2016, 38(9):1663-1671.]
[53]王金伟,张赛茵.灾害纪念地的黑色旅游者:动机、类型化及其差异:以北川地震遗址区为例[J].地理研究, 2016, 35(8):1576-1588.[Wang J W, Zhang S Y. Dark tourists'motivations and seg?mentation at disaster memorials:The case of Beichuan Earth?quake Site Area, China[J]. Geographical Research, 2016, 35(8):1576-1588.]
1)数据来源:http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/museum-reports/.2016.
2 )数据来源:http://www.pompeiisites.org/.2017.
3)美国杜兰大学(Tulane University)图书馆购买的数据库包括SCI-EXPANDED、SSCI、A&HCI、CPCI-S、CPCI-SSH、BKCI-S、BKCI-SSH、ESCI,数据库内容跨度时间为1980年至今。
4)虽然“黑色旅游”(Dark Tourism)一词最早由Lennon和Foley于1996年在《JFK and dark tourism:A fascination with assassination》一文中提出,且随后学术界相继出现了较多相关文献,但是本文的研究样本来自Web of Science数据库,可能并未包含所有黑色旅游研究文献。因此,本文的分析仅围绕这158篇样本文献展开。
5)由于本研究于2017年1月完成样本搜集工作,统计数据中没有收录2017年的全部文献,故2017年文献数量的减少不具统计学意义。
6)巩特尔·冯·哈根斯(Gunther von Hagens)发明了生物塑化技术,无需用福尔马林溶液即可将人或动物的躯体做成可触摸的、形象逼真的标本。他主办的“人体世界”展览从1995年开始在全球各地巡回展出,向普通公众展示通过生物塑化后的人体标本,试图通过艺术化呈现的方式进行解剖学教育,并激起人们对生与死的思考。
7)中介中心性是测度节点在网络中重要性的一个指标,CiteSpace使用该指标来发现和衡量文献的重要性。从信息传输角度看,其值越高,表示节点越重要,去除这些节点后对网络传输的影响越大。
8)虽然国际黑色旅游研究领域中还有诸如《Dark Tourism:The Attraction of Death and Disaster》(Lennon et al,2000)等重要著作,但是由于未被收录进WOS,因此本研究并未涉及到。
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |