汉丰湖湖岸水敏性系统鸟类多样性
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摘要
水敏性城市设计(water sensitive urban design)作为具有综合功能的全新水管理方式,逐渐成为城市化研究的热点,除了具有削峰滞流、污染净化、水资源利用等水管理功能外,在维持城市生物多样性上具有重要意义。2017年5—10月,在汉丰湖湖岸选取水敏性系统(实验区)及对照区进行鸟类调查,共调查鸟类314只,隶属4目19科27种。结果表明:实验区及对照区鸟类优势种种类随季节变化明显,其中实验区春季优势种为棕背伯劳(Lanius schach)、黑尾蜡嘴雀(Eophona migratoria)、丝光椋鸟(Spodiopsar sericeus),夏季为白颊噪鹛(Garrulax sannio)、大山雀(Parus major)、棕背伯劳,秋季为红头长尾山雀(Aegithalos concinnus)、灰椋鸟(Spodiopsar cineraceus)、北红尾鸲(Rhyacornis fuliginosa)、白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis);对照区春季优势种为白鹡鸰(Motacilla alba),夏季为大山雀、乌鸫(Turdus merula)、纯色山鹪莺(Prinia inornata)、白鹡鸰,秋季为白腰文鸟(Lonchura striata)、北红尾鸲、纯色山鹪莺、白鹡鸰。实验区及对照区鸟类留居类型分布相似,均以留鸟为主,夏候鸟、冬候鸟及旅鸟极少。各季节实验区物种多度、丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数均高于对照区,且均在食源丰富的秋季达到最高值。实验区及对照区鸟类Pielou均匀度指数春季、夏季均显著高于秋季(P<0.05),但实验区与对照区之间各季节鸟类Pielou均匀度指数差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验区及对照区秋季与春季、夏季鸟类群落结构组成差异性明显,春季与夏季鸟类群落结构组成较为相似。实验区及对照区各季节鸟类摄食功能区均以食虫鸟为主,且食虫鸟相对丰富度及相对多度从春季到秋季呈现上升趋势。与传统城市绿地相比,水敏性系统具有更复杂的植被组成、更高的空间异质性、更丰富的食源,能有效提高鸟类多样性,鸟类通过种子传播、捕食害虫等活动促进城市生态系统健康发展。为提升城市生物多样性,应扩大水敏性系统的应用。
As a new water management with integrated functions,the WSUD(water sensitive urban design)gradually becomes a hotspot of urbanization research.The WSUD is equipped with water management functions such as peak-flow reduction,pollution purification and water resource utilization.Besides,it plays a vital role in maintaining urban biodiversity.From May to October of 2017,an investigation was made on the avian diversity in water sensitive system(experimental area)and control area on the shore of Hanfeng Lake.A total of 314 birds were investigated,belonging to 27 species,19 families and 4 orders.The result shows that the dominant species of experimental area and control area markedly changed in different seasons.In the experimental area,the dominant species are Lanius schach,Eophona migratoria and Spodiopsar sericeus in spring;Garrulax sannio,Parus major and Lanius schach in summer;and Aegithalos concinnus,Spodiopsar cineraceus,Rhyacornis fuliginosa and Pycnonotus sinensis in autumn.In the control area,the dominant species are Motacilla alba in spring;the Parus major,Turdus merula,Prinia inornata and Motacilla alba in summer;and Lonchura striata,Rhyacornis fuliginosa,Prinia inornata and Motacilla alba in autumn.In the experimental area and control area,most of birds are visitants;the summer visitants,winter visitants and passing migrants are few.The species richness,abundance and Shannon-Wiener index of experimental area are higher than those of the control area,and reach the highest value in autumn,when food is most abundant.The Pielou index of both area in spring and summer are all significantly higher than that inautumn(P<0.05),while the difference of Pielou index between the two area is not significant in all seasons(P>0.05).The avian community structure of autumn is significantly different from that of spring and summer in both area,and the avian community structure in spring and summer are quite similar.The main avian feeding functional group of both area is insectivore,and its relative abundance and richness increase with from spring to autumn.Compared with traditional urban green space,water sensitive system is equipped with more complicated vegetation structure,higher habitat heterogeneity and more abundant food,which are vital for avian diversity.In turn,avifauna promotes the sound development of urban ecosystem via seed dispersal and injurious insects predation.therefore,to increase biodiversity of urban ecosystem,it is necessary to enlarge the use of water sensitive system.
As a new water management with integrated functions,the WSUD(water sensitive urban design)gradually becomes a hotspot of urbanization research.The WSUD is equipped with water management functions such as peak-flow reduction,pollution purification and water resource utilization.Besides,it plays a vital role in maintaining urban biodiversity.From May to October of 2017,an investigation was made on the avian diversity in water sensitive system(experimental area)and control area on the shore of Hanfeng Lake.A total of 314 birds were investigated,belonging to 27 species,19 families and 4 orders.The result shows that the dominant species of experimental area and control area markedly changed in different seasons.In the experimental area,the dominant species are Lanius schach,Eophona migratoria and Spodiopsar sericeus in spring;Garrulax sannio,Parus major and Lanius schach in summer;and Aegithalos concinnus,Spodiopsar cineraceus,Rhyacornis fuliginosa and Pycnonotus sinensis in autumn.In the control area,the dominant species are Motacilla alba in spring;the Parus major,Turdus merula,Prinia inornata and Motacilla alba in summer;and Lonchura striata,Rhyacornis fuliginosa,Prinia inornata and Motacilla alba in autumn.In the experimental area and control area,most of birds are visitants;the summer visitants,winter visitants and passing migrants are few.The species richness,abundance and Shannon-Wiener index of experimental area are higher than those of the control area,and reach the highest value in autumn,when food is most abundant.The Pielou index of both area in spring and summer are all significantly higher than that inautumn(P<0.05),while the difference of Pielou index between the two area is not significant in all seasons(P>0.05).The avian community structure of autumn is significantly different from that of spring and summer in both area,and the avian community structure in spring and summer are quite similar.The main avian feeding functional group of both area is insectivore,and its relative abundance and richness increase with from spring to autumn.Compared with traditional urban green space,water sensitive system is equipped with more complicated vegetation structure,higher habitat heterogeneity and more abundant food,which are vital for avian diversity.In turn,avifauna promotes the sound development of urban ecosystem via seed dispersal and injurious insects predation.therefore,to increase biodiversity of urban ecosystem,it is necessary to enlarge the use of water sensitive system.
引文
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[2]王思思,张丹明.澳大利亚水敏感城市设计及启示[J].中国给水排水,2010,26(20):64-68.
[3]王晓锋,刘红,袁兴中,等.基于水敏性城市设计的城市水环境污染控制体系研究[J].生态学报,2016,36(1):30-43.
[4] FUJITA A, MAETO K, KAGAWA Y, et al. Effects of for?est fragmentation on species richness and composition ofground beetles(Coleoptera:Carabidae and Brachinidae)inurban landscapes[J].Entomological Science,2008,11(1):39-48.
[5] KAZEMI F, BEECHAM S, GIBBS J, et al. Factors affect?ing terrestrial invertebrate diversity in bioretention basinsin an Australian urban environment[J].Landscape and Ur?ban Planning,2009,92(3/4):304-313.
[6] PADOA-SCHIOPPA E, BAIETTO M, MASSA R, et al.Bird communities as bioindicators:The focal species con?cept in agricultural landscapes[J]. Ecological Indicators,2006,6(1):83-93.
[7] SANDSTE?M U G, ANGELSTAM P, MIKUSI?SKI G.Ecological diversity of birds in relation to the structure ofurban green space[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,77(1/2):39-53.
[8] IMAI H,NAKASHIZUKA T. Environmental factors affect?ing the composition and diversity of avian community inmid-to late breeding season in urban parks and greenspaces[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2010,96(3):183-194.
[9] SHANAHAN D F, MILLER C, POSSINGHAM H P, et al.The influence of patch area and connectivity on avian com?munities in urban revegetation[J].Biological Conservation,2011,144(2):722-729.
[10]陈水华,丁平,郑光美,等.城市鸟类群落生态学研究展望[J].动物学研究,2000,21(2):165-169.
[11]隋金玲,李凯,胡德夫,等.城市化和栖息地结构与鸟类群落特征关系研究进展[J].林业科学,2004,40(6):147-152.
[12]陆祎玮,唐思贤,史慧玲,等.上海城市绿地冬季鸟类群落特征与生境的关系[J].动物学杂志,2007,42(5):125-130.
[13]栾晓峰.上海鸟类群落特征及其保护规划研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2003.
[14]毛志滨,郝日明.观果树种配植与城市鸟类生物多样性保护[J].江苏林业科技,2005,32(1):11-13.
[15]约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲利普斯,何芬奇.中国鸟类野外手册[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.
[16]郑光美.中国鸟类分类与分布名录[M].2版.北京:科学出版社,2011.
[17]马克平.生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅰα多样性的测度方法(上)[J].生物多样性,1994,2(3):162-168.
[18]孙儒泳.动物生态学原理[M].3版.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001.
[19]徐玲.崇明东滩湿地植被演替不同阶段鸟类群落动态变化的研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2004.
[20]尚玉昌.鸟类的食物多样性及其取食适应[J].生物学通报,2007,42(3):9-13.
[21]赵正阶.中国鸟类志[M].吉林:吉林科学技术出版社,2001.
[22] PASZKOWSKI O A,TONN W M. Foraging guilds ofaquatic birds on productive boreal lakes:Environmentalrelations and concordance patterns[J].Hydrobiologia,2006,567(1):19-30.
[23]刁元彬,刘红,袁兴中,等.水位变动影响下三峡库区汉丰湖鸟类群落及多样性[J].生态学报,2018,38(4):1382-1391.
[24] BURGMAN M A, KEITH D, HOPPER S D, et al. Threatsyndromes and conservation of the Australian flora[J].Bio?logical Conservation,2007,134(1):73-82.
[25] BLAIR R B. Birds and butterflies along an urban gradi?ent:Surrogate taxa for assessing biodiversity?[J].EcologicalApplications,1999,9(1):164-170.
[26]袁兴中,刘红.城市生态园林与生物多样性保护[J].生态学杂志,1994,13(4):71-74.
[27] BRYANT M M. Urban landscape conservation and therole of ecological greenways at local and metropolitanscales[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,76(1/4):23-44.
[28] EMILSSON T. Vegetation development on extensive vege?tated green roofs:Influence of substrate composition, es?tablishment method and species mix[J].Ecological Engi?neering,2008,33(3/4):265-277.
[29] KAZEMI F,BEECHAM S,GIBBS J,et al. Bioretentionswales as multifunctional landscapes and their influenceon Australian urban biodiversity:Hymenoptera as biodi?versity indicators[J].Acta Horticulturae,2010,881(881):221-227.
[30] FONTANA S,SATTLER T,BONTADINA F,et al. Howto manage the urban green to improve bird diversity andcommunity structure[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2011,101(3):278-285.
[31] PALMER G C,FITZSIMONS J A,ANTOS M J,et al. De?terminants of native avian richness in suburban remnantvegetation:Implications for conservation planning[J].Bio?logical Conservation,2008,141(9):2329-2341.
[32] HEYMAN E. Clearance of understory in urban woodlands:Assessing impact on bird abundance and diversity[J].For?est Ecology&Management,2010,260(1):125-131.
[33] MACGREGOR-FORS I,SCHONDUBE J E. Gray vs.green urbanization:Relative importance of urban featuresfor urban bird communities[J].Basic and Applied Ecology,2011,12(4):372-381.
[34]陈水华,丁平,范忠勇,等.城市鸟类对斑块状园林栖息地的选择性[J].动物学研究,2002,23(1):31-38.
[35] MELLES S,GLENN S M, MARTIN K. Urban bird diver?sity and landscape complexity:Species-environment asso?ciations along a multiscale habitat gradient[J].Conserva?tion Ecology,2003,7(1):928-930.
[36]林石狮,叶有华,李洁,等.高度城市化区域中铁岗水库鸟类多样性研究[J].四川动物,2013,32(2):297-301.
[37] SMALL M F,SCHAEFER C L,BACCUS J T,et al.Breeding ecology of white-winged doves in a recently col?onized urban environment[J].The Wilson Bulletin,2005,117(2):172-176.
[38] CRAMPTON L H,LONGLAND W S,MURPHY D D,et al.Food abundance determines distribution and density of afrugivorous bird across seasons[J].Oikos,2011,120(1):65-76.
[39] KAZEMI F,BEECHAM S, GIBBS J. Streetscale bioreten?tion basins in Melbourne and their effect on local biodi?versity[J].Ecological Engineering,2009,35(10):1454-1465.
[40] BIRTLES P,DAHLENBURG J. All roads lead to WSUD:exploring the biodiversity, human health and social bene?fits of WSUD[C]//WSUD 2012-7thInternational Confer?ence on Water Sensitive Urban Design. Melbourne:Engi?neers Australia,2012:1-8.
[41] PITMAN S D,DANIELS C B, ELY M E. Green infra?structure as life support:Urban nature and climate change[J].Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia,2015,139(1):97-112.
[2]王思思,张丹明.澳大利亚水敏感城市设计及启示[J].中国给水排水,2010,26(20):64-68.
[3]王晓锋,刘红,袁兴中,等.基于水敏性城市设计的城市水环境污染控制体系研究[J].生态学报,2016,36(1):30-43.
[4] FUJITA A, MAETO K, KAGAWA Y, et al. Effects of for?est fragmentation on species richness and composition ofground beetles(Coleoptera:Carabidae and Brachinidae)inurban landscapes[J].Entomological Science,2008,11(1):39-48.
[5] KAZEMI F, BEECHAM S, GIBBS J, et al. Factors affect?ing terrestrial invertebrate diversity in bioretention basinsin an Australian urban environment[J].Landscape and Ur?ban Planning,2009,92(3/4):304-313.
[6] PADOA-SCHIOPPA E, BAIETTO M, MASSA R, et al.Bird communities as bioindicators:The focal species con?cept in agricultural landscapes[J]. Ecological Indicators,2006,6(1):83-93.
[7] SANDSTE?M U G, ANGELSTAM P, MIKUSI?SKI G.Ecological diversity of birds in relation to the structure ofurban green space[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,77(1/2):39-53.
[8] IMAI H,NAKASHIZUKA T. Environmental factors affect?ing the composition and diversity of avian community inmid-to late breeding season in urban parks and greenspaces[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2010,96(3):183-194.
[9] SHANAHAN D F, MILLER C, POSSINGHAM H P, et al.The influence of patch area and connectivity on avian com?munities in urban revegetation[J].Biological Conservation,2011,144(2):722-729.
[10]陈水华,丁平,郑光美,等.城市鸟类群落生态学研究展望[J].动物学研究,2000,21(2):165-169.
[11]隋金玲,李凯,胡德夫,等.城市化和栖息地结构与鸟类群落特征关系研究进展[J].林业科学,2004,40(6):147-152.
[12]陆祎玮,唐思贤,史慧玲,等.上海城市绿地冬季鸟类群落特征与生境的关系[J].动物学杂志,2007,42(5):125-130.
[13]栾晓峰.上海鸟类群落特征及其保护规划研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2003.
[14]毛志滨,郝日明.观果树种配植与城市鸟类生物多样性保护[J].江苏林业科技,2005,32(1):11-13.
[15]约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲利普斯,何芬奇.中国鸟类野外手册[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.
[16]郑光美.中国鸟类分类与分布名录[M].2版.北京:科学出版社,2011.
[17]马克平.生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅰα多样性的测度方法(上)[J].生物多样性,1994,2(3):162-168.
[18]孙儒泳.动物生态学原理[M].3版.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001.
[19]徐玲.崇明东滩湿地植被演替不同阶段鸟类群落动态变化的研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2004.
[20]尚玉昌.鸟类的食物多样性及其取食适应[J].生物学通报,2007,42(3):9-13.
[21]赵正阶.中国鸟类志[M].吉林:吉林科学技术出版社,2001.
[22] PASZKOWSKI O A,TONN W M. Foraging guilds ofaquatic birds on productive boreal lakes:Environmentalrelations and concordance patterns[J].Hydrobiologia,2006,567(1):19-30.
[23]刁元彬,刘红,袁兴中,等.水位变动影响下三峡库区汉丰湖鸟类群落及多样性[J].生态学报,2018,38(4):1382-1391.
[24] BURGMAN M A, KEITH D, HOPPER S D, et al. Threatsyndromes and conservation of the Australian flora[J].Bio?logical Conservation,2007,134(1):73-82.
[25] BLAIR R B. Birds and butterflies along an urban gradi?ent:Surrogate taxa for assessing biodiversity?[J].EcologicalApplications,1999,9(1):164-170.
[26]袁兴中,刘红.城市生态园林与生物多样性保护[J].生态学杂志,1994,13(4):71-74.
[27] BRYANT M M. Urban landscape conservation and therole of ecological greenways at local and metropolitanscales[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,76(1/4):23-44.
[28] EMILSSON T. Vegetation development on extensive vege?tated green roofs:Influence of substrate composition, es?tablishment method and species mix[J].Ecological Engi?neering,2008,33(3/4):265-277.
[29] KAZEMI F,BEECHAM S,GIBBS J,et al. Bioretentionswales as multifunctional landscapes and their influenceon Australian urban biodiversity:Hymenoptera as biodi?versity indicators[J].Acta Horticulturae,2010,881(881):221-227.
[30] FONTANA S,SATTLER T,BONTADINA F,et al. Howto manage the urban green to improve bird diversity andcommunity structure[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2011,101(3):278-285.
[31] PALMER G C,FITZSIMONS J A,ANTOS M J,et al. De?terminants of native avian richness in suburban remnantvegetation:Implications for conservation planning[J].Bio?logical Conservation,2008,141(9):2329-2341.
[32] HEYMAN E. Clearance of understory in urban woodlands:Assessing impact on bird abundance and diversity[J].For?est Ecology&Management,2010,260(1):125-131.
[33] MACGREGOR-FORS I,SCHONDUBE J E. Gray vs.green urbanization:Relative importance of urban featuresfor urban bird communities[J].Basic and Applied Ecology,2011,12(4):372-381.
[34]陈水华,丁平,范忠勇,等.城市鸟类对斑块状园林栖息地的选择性[J].动物学研究,2002,23(1):31-38.
[35] MELLES S,GLENN S M, MARTIN K. Urban bird diver?sity and landscape complexity:Species-environment asso?ciations along a multiscale habitat gradient[J].Conserva?tion Ecology,2003,7(1):928-930.
[36]林石狮,叶有华,李洁,等.高度城市化区域中铁岗水库鸟类多样性研究[J].四川动物,2013,32(2):297-301.
[37] SMALL M F,SCHAEFER C L,BACCUS J T,et al.Breeding ecology of white-winged doves in a recently col?onized urban environment[J].The Wilson Bulletin,2005,117(2):172-176.
[38] CRAMPTON L H,LONGLAND W S,MURPHY D D,et al.Food abundance determines distribution and density of afrugivorous bird across seasons[J].Oikos,2011,120(1):65-76.
[39] KAZEMI F,BEECHAM S, GIBBS J. Streetscale bioreten?tion basins in Melbourne and their effect on local biodi?versity[J].Ecological Engineering,2009,35(10):1454-1465.
[40] BIRTLES P,DAHLENBURG J. All roads lead to WSUD:exploring the biodiversity, human health and social bene?fits of WSUD[C]//WSUD 2012-7thInternational Confer?ence on Water Sensitive Urban Design. Melbourne:Engi?neers Australia,2012:1-8.
[41] PITMAN S D,DANIELS C B, ELY M E. Green infra?structure as life support:Urban nature and climate change[J].Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia,2015,139(1):97-112.