模拟载人探月中航天员空间辐射风险评估
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摘要
空间辐射是长期载人航天飞行任务中影响航天员健康的重要风险因素。为了探求载人探月过程中对空间辐射的合理防护方式,文章借助空间辐射场模型对"嫦娥三号"飞行任务在不同质量厚度材料屏蔽下的舱内空间辐射环境进行了仿真计算,并确定了航天员各器官接受的空间辐射剂量、剂量当量以及有效剂量等辐射防护量以进行辐射风险评估。结果表明,随着屏蔽厚度的增加,航天员的各组织或器官的吸收剂量和剂量当量以及有效剂量均明显降低;采用质量屏蔽的方法对低于100 Me V的质子具有很好的防护效果,但对高能质子或重离子的防护效果不明显。计算和分析显示,载人探月过程中,只要采取适当的防护措施,航天员的空间辐射风险是可控的。
Space radiation is one of the most important risk factors for the health of astronauts in the long-term manned spaceflight. In order to develop reasonable space radiation protections in the manned lunar explorations, the space radiation field models are used to simulate and calculate the physical characterizations of the space radiation in the spacecraft cabin with different thicknesses of the shielding materials during the Chang'e-3 mission to the Moon, and the radiation doses, the dose equivalents and the effective doses of each organ of the astronauts are determined to evaluate the space radiation risk. The results show that the adsorbed doses, the dose equivalents and the effective doses decreases significantly with the increase of shielding thicknesses, and the mass shielding method has a very good protective effect for protons with energy below 100 Me V, while the effect is not significant for high energy protons or heavy ions. The calculation and analysis show that the space radiation risk of astronauts can be controlled in the manned lunar exploration mission as long as the appropriate shielding is adopted in the spacecraft or spacesuit.
Space radiation is one of the most important risk factors for the health of astronauts in the long-term manned spaceflight. In order to develop reasonable space radiation protections in the manned lunar explorations, the space radiation field models are used to simulate and calculate the physical characterizations of the space radiation in the spacecraft cabin with different thicknesses of the shielding materials during the Chang'e-3 mission to the Moon, and the radiation doses, the dose equivalents and the effective doses of each organ of the astronauts are determined to evaluate the space radiation risk. The results show that the adsorbed doses, the dose equivalents and the effective doses decreases significantly with the increase of shielding thicknesses, and the mass shielding method has a very good protective effect for protons with energy below 100 Me V, while the effect is not significant for high energy protons or heavy ions. The calculation and analysis show that the space radiation risk of astronauts can be controlled in the manned lunar exploration mission as long as the appropriate shielding is adopted in the spacecraft or spacesuit.
引文
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[31]王转子,李文建,王弼乾.重离子辐射诱导染色体畸变研究进展[J].辐射研究与辐射工艺学报,2011,29(4):193-196WANG Z Z,LI W J,WANG B Q.Progresses of heavy-ion induced chromosomal aberrations[J].Journal of Radiation Research and Technology,2011,29(4):193-196
[32]白延强,吴大蔚.长期载人航天中的医学挑战与对策[J].航天医学与医学工程,2008,21(3):210-214BAI Y Q,WU D W.Space medical challenges and countermeasures in long-term manned spaceflight[J].Space Medicine&Medical Engineering,2008,21(3):210-214
[33]贾向红,许峰,白延强,等.银河宇宙射线对登月航天员辐射危险分析[J].航天医学与医学工程,2013,26(5):410-414JIA X H,XU F,BAI Y Q,et al.Risk analysis of galactic cosmic radiation on astronauts to Moon[J].Space Medicine&Medical Engineering,2013,26(5):410-414
[34]TOWNSEND L W,FRY R J M.Radiation protection guidance for activities in low-earth orbit[J].Advances in Space Research,2002,30(4):957-963
[2]叶培建,果琳丽,张志贤,等.有人参与深空探测任务面临的风险和技术挑战[J].载人航天,2016,22(2):143-149YE P J,GUO L L,ZHANG Z X,et al.Risks and challenges of manned deep space exploration mission[J].Manned Spaceflight,2016,22(2):143-149
[3]齐玢,果琳丽,张志贤,等.载人深空探测任务航天医学工程问题研究[J].航天器环境工程,2016,33(1):21-27QI B,GUO L L,ZHANG Z X,et al.Issues of space medical-engineering in manned deep space exploration mission[J].Spacecraft Environment Engineering,2016,33(1):21-27
[4]DURANTE M,MANTI L.Human response to high-background radiation environments on Earth and in space[J].Advances in Space Research,2008,42(6):999-1007
[5]CUCINOTTA F A,KIM M-H Y,CHAPPELL L J.Space radiation cancer risk projections and uncertainties-2012:National aeronautics&space administration technical report-217375[R].Houston:National Aeronautics&Space Administration Johnson Space Center,2013:1-164
[6]WILSON J,CLOWDSLEY M,CUCINOTTA F,et al.Deep space environments for human exploration[J].Advances in Space Research,2004,34(6):1281-1287
[7]WILSON J W,CUCINOTTA F A,TAI H,et al.Galactic and solar cosmic ray shielding in deep space:National aeronautics&space administration technical report-3682[R].Houston:National Aeronautics&Space Administration Johnson Space Center,1997:1-18
[8]WILSON J W.Overview of radiation environments and human exposures[J].Health Physics,2000,79(5):470-494
[9]WILSON J W,SHINN J L,SIMONSEN L C,et al.Exposures to solar particle events in deep space missions:National aeronautics&space administration technical report-3668[R].Houston:National Aeronautics&Space Administration Johnson Space Center,1997:1-39
[10]MILSTEAD L.Human research program integrated research plan(Revision G):HRP-47065[R].Houston:National Aeronautics&Space Administration Johnson Space Center,2009:31-34
[11]DURANTE M.Space radiation protection:destination Mars[J].Life Sciences in Space Research,2014,1:2-9
[12]SIMONSEN L C,NEALY J E,TOWNSEND L W,et al.Space radiation shielding for a Martian habitat:SAE technical paper 901346[R].Hampton:National Aeronautics&Space Administration Langley Research Center,1990:1-11
[13]HADA M,CUCINOTTA F A,GONDA S R,et al.m BAND analysis of chromosomal aberrations in human epithelial cells exposed to low-and high-LET radiation[J].Radiation Research,2007,168(1):98-105
[14]CUCINOTTA F A,PLANTE I,PONOMAREV A L,et al.Nuclear interactions in heavy ion transport and event-based risk models[J].Radiation Protection Dosimetry,2011,143(2-4):384-390
[15]TOWNSEND L W,WILSON J W,SHINN J L,et al.Human exposure to large solar particle events in space[J].Advances in Space Research,1992,12(2):339-348
[16]许峰,白延强,吴大蔚,等.载人航天空间辐射主动防护方法[J].航天医学与医学工程,2012,25(3):225-229XU F,BAI Y Q,WU D W,et al.Active shielding methods against radiation in manned spaceflight[J].Space Medicine&Medical Engineering,2012,25(3):225-229
[17]党炜,吕从民,王治强.空间辐射环境仿真平台的设计与实现[J].微计算机信息,2007,23(28):200-202DANG W,LüC M,WANG Z Q.Design and implementation of space radiation environment simulation platform[J].Microcomputer Information,2007,23(28):200-202
[18]HEYNDERICKX D,QUAGHEBEUR B,WERA J,et al.New radiation environment and effects models in the European Space Agency’s Space Environment Information System(SPENVIS)[J].Space Weather,2004,2(10):S10S03
[19]许峰,许振华,黄增信,等.空间辐射防护的剂量预估[J].辐射防护,2007,27(2):106-110XU F,XU Z H,HUANG Z X,et al.Dose estimation for space radiation protection[J].Radiation Protection,2007,27(2):106-110
[20]BALLARINI F,BATTISTONI G,CERUTTI F,et al.GCR and SPE organ doses in deep space with different shielding:Monte Carlo simulations based on the FLUKA code coupled to anthropomorphic phantoms[J].Advances in Space Research,2006,37(9):1791-1797
[21]孙文娟,谢添武,韩道,等.中国数字人体男性数学模型建立及外辐射模拟[J].强激光与粒子束,2013,25(1):182-188SUN W J,XIE T W,HAN D,et al.Development of Chinese adult male mathematical phantom and external radiation dose calculations[J].High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2013,25(1):182-188
[22]SNYDER W S,FORD M R,WARNER G G,et al.Estimates of absorbed fractions for monoenergetic photon sources uniformly distributed in various organs of a heterogeneous phantom:MIRD pamphlet No.5revised[M].New York:Society of Nuclear Medicine,1978:5-67
[23]XU X G,CHAO T C,BOZKURT A.VIP-man:an image-based whole-body adult male model constructed from color photographs of the visible human project for multi-particle Monte Carlo calculations[J].Health Physics,2000,78(5):476-486
[24]闫聪冲,邱睿,刘立业,等.中国参考人数字体素体模及其在辐射防护领域的应用[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2012,52(7):911-916YAN C C,QIU R,LIU L Y,et al.Chinese reference digital voxel phantoms for radiation protection systems[J].Journal of Tsinghua Univercity:Sci&Tech,2012,52(7):911-916
[25]张绍祥,王平安,刘正津.中国数字化可视人体图谱[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:1-312
[26]张斌全,余庆龙,梁金宝,等.航天员受银河宇宙线辐射的剂量计算[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2015,41(11):2044-2051ZHANG B Q,YU Q L,LIANG J B,et al.Calculation of the astronauts’radiation dose from galactic cosmic ray[J].Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2015,41(11):2044-2051
[27]KRAFT G,KR?MER M,SCHOLZ M.LET,track structure and models[J].Radiation and Environment Biophysics,1992,31(3):161-180
[28]International Commission on Radiological Protection.1990 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection:Publication 60[R].Oxford:Pergamon Press,1991:1-201
[29]MCCORMACK P D.Radiation hazards in low earth orbit,polar orbit,geosynchronous orbit,and deep space,terrestrial space radiation and its biological effects[M]//Terrestrial Space Radiation and Its Biological Effects.Springer,1988:71-96
[30]袁雄,叶常青,周平坤.重离子辐射的DNA链断裂效应[J].航天医学与医学工程,1997,10(4):309-312YUAN X,YE C Q,ZHOU P K.Effects of heavy ion radiations on DNA strand break[J].Space Medicine&Medical Engineering,1997,10(4):309-312
[31]王转子,李文建,王弼乾.重离子辐射诱导染色体畸变研究进展[J].辐射研究与辐射工艺学报,2011,29(4):193-196WANG Z Z,LI W J,WANG B Q.Progresses of heavy-ion induced chromosomal aberrations[J].Journal of Radiation Research and Technology,2011,29(4):193-196
[32]白延强,吴大蔚.长期载人航天中的医学挑战与对策[J].航天医学与医学工程,2008,21(3):210-214BAI Y Q,WU D W.Space medical challenges and countermeasures in long-term manned spaceflight[J].Space Medicine&Medical Engineering,2008,21(3):210-214
[33]贾向红,许峰,白延强,等.银河宇宙射线对登月航天员辐射危险分析[J].航天医学与医学工程,2013,26(5):410-414JIA X H,XU F,BAI Y Q,et al.Risk analysis of galactic cosmic radiation on astronauts to Moon[J].Space Medicine&Medical Engineering,2013,26(5):410-414
[34]TOWNSEND L W,FRY R J M.Radiation protection guidance for activities in low-earth orbit[J].Advances in Space Research,2002,30(4):957-963
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