米波射电观测研究银河宇宙线的分布和起源
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摘要
100多年来,银河宇宙线的起源,传播,空间分布一直是宇宙线的研究重点之一,至今虽有巨大进展但仍远没有完全明白.近年来,射电,光学,X-ray和γ-ray的联合观测对我们了解银河宇宙线起到了重要的推动作用.它们已经给出的众多证据表明银河宇宙线很有可能主要起源于超新星遗迹的扩散激波加速.对高灵敏度Fermi银河弥散γ-ray数据的分析,使得我们对宇宙线在银河系内分布和组成的认识进一步加深.米波射电观测将有可能在银河宇宙线的空间分布和传播(通过电离氢区和行星状星云的吸收观测,高灵敏度高分辨率米波射电巡天),宇宙线的起源(超新星遗迹激波区域的观测,河外点源和脉冲星的闪烁,散射观测,Te Vγ-ray源在低能端的对应体的搜寻)方面起到重要的作用.
The origin, propagation and distribution of Galactic cosmic rays is one of the important fields of cosmic ray study even after more than 100 years since its discovery. Although great progress has been made, It is still far from the final answer.In recent years, joint observations of radio, optical, X-ray and γ-ray play an important role in understanding the Galactic cosmic rays. These observations provide a lot of evidences supporting that Galactic cosmic rays are mainly accelerated in the shock of supernova remnant through the mechanism of diffusive shock acceleration. Our knowledge about the distribution and composition of Galactic cosmic rays is also improved by analyzing the high sensitivity diffuse γ-ray data of Fermi.Meterwave radio observation may promote the studies of Galactic cosmic rays distribution, propagation(absorption observation of HII and planetary nebulae, high sensitivity and resolution meter wavelength sky survey) and origin(observation of supernova remnants' shock region, scintillation and scattering observation of extragalactic point sources and pulsars,searching the lower energy counterparts of TeV γ-ray sources).
The origin, propagation and distribution of Galactic cosmic rays is one of the important fields of cosmic ray study even after more than 100 years since its discovery. Although great progress has been made, It is still far from the final answer.In recent years, joint observations of radio, optical, X-ray and γ-ray play an important role in understanding the Galactic cosmic rays. These observations provide a lot of evidences supporting that Galactic cosmic rays are mainly accelerated in the shock of supernova remnant through the mechanism of diffusive shock acceleration. Our knowledge about the distribution and composition of Galactic cosmic rays is also improved by analyzing the high sensitivity diffuse γ-ray data of Fermi.Meterwave radio observation may promote the studies of Galactic cosmic rays distribution, propagation(absorption observation of HII and planetary nebulae, high sensitivity and resolution meter wavelength sky survey) and origin(observation of supernova remnants' shock region, scintillation and scattering observation of extragalactic point sources and pulsars,searching the lower energy counterparts of TeV γ-ray sources).
引文
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2 Gaisser T K.The cosmic-ray spectrum:From the knee to the ankle.J Phys-Conf Ser,2006,47:15–20
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6 Ackermann M,Ajello M,Allafort A,et al.A cocoon of freshly accelerated cosmic rays detected by Fermi in the Cygnus superbubble.Science,2013,333:1103–1107
7 Baase W,Zwicky F.Cosmic rays from super-novae.Proce Nat Acad Sci,1934,20:259–263
8 Berezhko E G.Origin of Galactic cosmic rays from supernova remnants.Nucl Phys B,2014,256:23–35
9 Krymsky G F.A regular mechanism for the acceleration of charged particles on the front of a shock wave.Akademiia Nauk SSSR Doklady,1977,234 :1306–1308
10 Axford W I,Leer E,Skadron G.The acceleration of cosmic rays by shock waves.In:Proceedings of 15th Internatioal Cosmic-Ray Conference,1977,11:132–137
11 Bell A R.The acceleration of cosmic rays in shock fronts.I.Mon Not R Astron Soc,1978,182:147–156
12 Blandford R D,Ostriker J P.Particle acceleration by astrophysical shocks.Astrophys J,1978,221:L29–L32
13 Moffett D A,Reynolds S P.Multifrequency studies of bright redio supernova remnant.II.W49B.Astrophys J,1994,437:705–726
14 Urosevic D.On the radio spectra of supernova remnants.Astrophys Space Sci,2014,354:541–552
15 Bozzetto L M,Filipovic M D,Urosevic D,et al.Radio-continuum study of large magellanic cloud supernova remnant J0509-6731.Mon Not R Astron Soc,2014,440:3220–3225
16 Green D A.A revised Galactic supernova remnant catalogue.Bull Astron Soci India,2009,37:45–61
17 Koyama K,Petre R,Gotthelf E V,et al.Evidence for shock acceleration of high-energy electrons in the supernova remnant SN 1006.Nature,1995,378:255–258
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19 Abdo A A,Ackermann M,Ajello M,et al.Observation of supernova remnant IC 443 with the Fermi large area telescope.Astrophys J,2010,712:459 –468
20 Abdo A A,Ackermann M,Ajello M,et al.Fermi large area telescope observations of the supernova remnant W28(G6.4-0.1).Astrophys J,2010,718 :348–356
21 Abdo A A,Ackermann M,Ajello M,et al.Gamma-Ray Emission from the shell of supernova remnant W44 revealed by the Fermi LAT.Science,2010,327:1103–1106
22 Ackermann M,Ajello M,Allafort A,et al.Detection of the characteristic pion-decay signature in supernova remnants.Science,2013,339:807 –811
23 Morlino G,Bandiera R,Blasi P,et al.Collisionless shocks in a partially ionized medium.II.Balmer emission.Astrophys J,2012,760:137–149
24 Ceccarelli C,Hily-Blant P,Montmerle T,et al.Supernova-enhanced cosmic-ray ionization and induced chemistry in a molecular clouds of W51C.Astrophys J,2011,740:L4–L8
25 Adriani O,Barbarino G C,Bazilevskaya G A,et al.PAMELA measurements of csomic-ray proton and helium spectra.Science,2011,332:69–72
26 Sun X H,Reich W,Waelkens A,et al.Radio observational constraints on Galactic 3D-emission models.Astron Astrophys,2008,477:573–592
27 Osterbrock D E,Ferland G J.Astrophysics of gaseous nebulae and active galactic nuclei.Sausalito:University Science Books,2006
28 Scheuer P A G,Ryle M.An investigation of the H II regions by a radio method.Mon Not R Astron Soc,1953,113:3–17
29 Kassim N E.The clark lake 30.9 MHz Galactic plane survey.Astrophys J Suppl Ser,1988,68:715–733
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31 Kassim N E,Perley R A,Erickson W W,et al.Subarcminute resolution imaging of radio sources at 74 MHz with the very large array.Astron J,1993,106:2218–2228
32 Nord M E,Henning P A,Rand R J,et al.74 MHz discrete H II absorption regions toward the inner Galaxy.Astrophys J,2006,132:242–252
33 Bowman J D,Cairns I,Kaplan D L,et al.Science with the murchison widefield array.Publ Astron Soc Austr,2013,30:31–58
34 de Vos M,Gunst A W,Nijboer R.The LOFAR telescope:System architecture and signal processing.IEEE,2009,97:1431–1437
35 Anderson L D,Bania T M,Balser D S,et al.The WISE catalog of Galactic H II regions.Astrophys J Suppl,2014,212:1–17
36 Hajian A R.Distance to planetary nebulae.IAUS.Planetary Nebulae in our Galaxy and Beyond,2006,234:41–48
37 Hou L G,Han J L.The observed spiral structure of the Milky Way.Astron Astrophys,2014,569:125–145
38 Kohoutek L.Version 2000 of the catalogue of Galactic planetary nebulae.Astron Astrophys,2001,378:843–846
39 Parker Q A,Acker A,Frew D J,et al.The macquarie/AAO/strasbourg Hαplanetary nebula catalogue:MASH.Mon Not R Astron Soc,2006,373 :79–94
40 Miszalski B,Parker Q A,Acker A,et al.MASH-II:More planetary nebulae from the AAO/UKST Hαsurvey.Mon Not R Astron Soc,2008,384:525 –534
41 Viironen K,Greimel R,Corradi R L M,et al.Candidate planetary nebulae in the IPHAS photometric catalogue.Astron Astrophys,2009,504:291 –301
42 Sabin L,Parker Q A,Corradi R L M,et al.First release of the IPHAS catalogue of new extended planetary nebulae.Mon Not R Astron Soc,2014,443 :3388–3401
43 Kraushaar W L,Clark G W,Garmire G P,et al.High-energy cosmic-ray observations from the OSO-3 satellite.Astrophys J,1972,177:341–363
44 Fichtek C E,Hartman R C,Kniffen D A,et al.High-energy gamma-ray results from the second small astronomy satellite.Astrophys J,1975,198:163 –182
45 Bignami G F,Boella G,Burger J J,et al.The COS-B experiment for gamma-ray astronomy.Space Science Instrumentation,1975,1:245–268
46 Hunter S D,Bertsch D L,Catelli J R,et al.EGRET observations of the diffuse gamma-ray emission from the Galactic plane.Astrophys J,1997,481 :205–240
47 Bouchet L,Jourdain E,Rogues J P,et al.INTEGRAL SPI all-sky view in soft gamma rays:A study of point-source and Galactic diffuse emission.Astrophys J,2008,679:1315–1326
48 Stecker F W,Solomon P M,Scoville N Z,et al.Molecular hydrogen in the Galaxy and galactic gamma rays.Astrophys J,1975,201:90–97
49 Strong A W,Bloemen J B G M,Dame T M,et al.The radial distribution of galactic gamma rays.IV-The whole galaxy.Astron Astrophys,1988,208 :1–15
50 Strong A W,Moskalenko I V,Reimer O.Diffuse Galactic continuum gamma rays:A model compatible with EGRET data and cosmic-ray measurements.Astrophys J,2004,613:962–976
51 Ackermann M,Ajello M,Atwood W B,et al.Fermi-LAT observations of the diffuseγ-ray emission:Implications for cosmic rays and the interstellar medium.Astrophys J,2012,750:3–37
52 Abdo A A,Ackermann M,Ajello M,et al.Fermi large area telescope measurements of the diffuse gamma-ray emission at intermediate Galactic latitudes.Phys Rev Lett,2009,103:251101
53 Abdo A A,Ackermann M,Ajello M,et al.Fermi LAT observation of diffuse gamma rays produced through interactions between local interstellar matter and high-energy cosmic rays.Astrophys J,2009,703:1249–1256
54 Abdo A A,Ackermann M,Ajello M,et al.Fermi observations of cassiopeia and cepheus:Diffuse gamma-ray emission in the outer galaxy.Astrophys J,2010,710:133–149
55 Ackmann M,Ajello M,Baldini L,et al.Constraints on the cosmic-ray density gradient beyond the solar circle from Fermiγ-ray observations of the third galactic quadrant.Astrophys J,2011,726:81–95
56 Kalberla P M W,Burton W B,Hartmann D,et al.The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn(LAB)Survey of Galactic HI.Final data release of the combined LDS and IAR surveys with improved stray-radiation corrections.Astron Astrophys,2005,440:775–782
57 Dame T M,Hartmann D,Thaddeus P.The milky way in molecular clouds:A new complete CO survey.Astrophys J,2001,547:792–813
58 Schlegel D J,Finkberner D P,Davis M.Maps of dust infrared emission for use in estimation of reddening and cosmic microwave background radiation foregrounds.Astrophys J,1998,500:525–553
59 Cords J M,Lazio T J W.NE2001.I.A new model for the Galactic distribution of free electrons and its fluctuations.ar Xiv:astro-ph/0207156
60 Strong A W,Orlando E,Jaffe T R.The interstellar cosmic-ray electron spectrum from synchrotron radiation and direct measurements.Astron Astrophys,2011,534:54–66
61 Roger R S,Costain C H,Landecker T L,et al.The radio emission from the Galaxy at 22 MHz.Astron Astrophys Suppl,1999,137:7–19
62 Guzman A E,May J,Alvarez H,et al.All-sky Galactic radiation at 45 MHz and spectral index between 45 and 408 MHz.Asteon Astrophys,2011,525:138–147
63 Landecker T L,Wielebinski R.The Galactic metre wave radiation:A two-frequency survey between declinations+25?and-25?and the preparation of a map of the whole sky.Austr J Phys Suppl,1970,16:1–30
64 Jones T W.Particle acceleration at shocks:Insights from supernova remnant shocks.J Astrophys Astron,2011,32:427–435
65 Riguelme M A,Spitkosky A.Electron injection by whistler waves in non-relativistic shocks.Astrophys J,2011,733:63–77
66 Umeda T,Yamao M,Yamazaki R.Electron acceleration at a low Mach number perpendicular collisionless shock.Astrophys J,2009,695:574–579
67 Yang Z W,Lembege B,Lu Q M.Impact of the rippling of a perpendicular shock front on ion dynamics.J Geophys Res,2012,117:A07222
68 Oka M,Terasawa T,Seki Y,et al.Whistler critical Mach number and electron acceleration at the bow shock:Geotail observation.Geophys Res Lett,2006,33:L24104
69 Wilson L B III,Koval A,Szabo A,et al.Observations of electromagnetic whistler precursors at supercritical interplanetary shocks.Geophys Res Lett,2012,39:L08109
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