北宋政府时政舆论管理研究
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摘要
宋代是古代中国时政舆论发展的高峰时期,政府针对时政评论建立起了一套非常严密的管理机制:统一的时政新闻发布机制、法规管理机制、监察机制。统一的时政新闻发布机制是由都进奏院统一发行邸报、进奏院月报,以及其他不定期新闻出版物的方式实现的。舆论法规管理是通过制定法典和临时出台敕、御笔、指挥等规章来完成。监察机制包括以御史台、谏院和皇城司为代表公察、私察两套机制。宋代的时政舆论管理是约束规范和主动利用并行的,较之前代有相当大的进步。但当时的舆论管理也存在舆论监督滞后、利用虚假舆论打击政敌等负面效应,其根本原因在于舆论本质与皇权专制特点两者间的格格不入。
The Song Dynasty was the peak period of the development of the current public opinion politics in ancient China. The government set up a very strict management mechanism for the current political commentary: a unified political news release mechanism, a regulatory regime and a monitoring mechanism. A unified mechanism for issuing news on current affairs is achieved through the unified publication of the Dibao, the Jinzouyuan Yuebao, and other occasional news publications. The regulation of public opinion is accomplished through the formulation of codes and the temporary promulgation of Chi, Yubi, Guidelines and other regulations. The monitoring mechanism includes Yushi Tai, Jianyuan and Huangchengsi as the representative of the public inspection system and imperial inspection system. The management of public opinion in the Song Dynasty was a combination of restraint norms and active utilization; there are still delay of public supervision and abuse of public opinion to crackdown on political opponents.The fundamental reason is that the essence of public opinion is incompatible with the autocratic character of imperial power.
The Song Dynasty was the peak period of the development of the current public opinion politics in ancient China. The government set up a very strict management mechanism for the current political commentary: a unified political news release mechanism, a regulatory regime and a monitoring mechanism. A unified mechanism for issuing news on current affairs is achieved through the unified publication of the Dibao, the Jinzouyuan Yuebao, and other occasional news publications. The regulation of public opinion is accomplished through the formulation of codes and the temporary promulgation of Chi, Yubi, Guidelines and other regulations. The monitoring mechanism includes Yushi Tai, Jianyuan and Huangchengsi as the representative of the public inspection system and imperial inspection system. The management of public opinion in the Song Dynasty was a combination of restraint norms and active utilization; there are still delay of public supervision and abuse of public opinion to crackdown on political opponents.The fundamental reason is that the essence of public opinion is incompatible with the autocratic character of imperial power.
引文
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[18]司马光.司马温公集编年笺注[M].李之亮,笺注.成都:巴蜀书社,2008.
(1)定本制度创始的原因是宋辽边境局势紧张,避免泄密。但是,等到紧张局势过去后,很长时间定本制度都不废除,舆论引导始终是原因之一。
(2)徐松:《宋会要辑稿》刑法二禁约之一八、五四、一二四、三四、四七、一二三、三十、一二四、八八,中华书局1957年版,第6504、6522、6557、6557、6512、6519、6510、6557、6539页。
[2]纪昀.四库全书总目提要[M].石家庄:河北人民出版社,2000.
[3]徐松.宋会要辑稿[M].北京:中华书局,1957.
[4]魏海岩.中国最早的新闻月刊——进奏院月报[J].国际新闻界,2013(2):97-101.
[5]李焘.续资治通鉴长编[M].上海师范大学古籍整理研究所,华东师范大学古籍整理研究所,点校.北京:中华书局,1995.
[6]叶适.水心集[M].文渊阁四库全书.
[7]窦仪.宋刑统[M].北京:中华书局,1984.
[8]奥尔波特等.谣言心理学[M].刘永平,等,译.沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,2003.
[9]洪迈.容斋随笔·容斋五笔[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1978.
[10]脱脱等.宋史[M].北京:中华书局,1977.
[11]欧阳修.欧阳修全集[M].李逸安,点校.北京:中华书局,2001.
[12]虞云国.宋代台谏制度研究[M].上海:上海社会科学出版社,2001.
[13]黄淮,杨士奇,等.历代名臣奏议[M].文渊阁四库全书.
[14]程民生.北宋探事机构——皇城司[J].河南大学学报(社会科学版),1984(4):37-41.
[15]释文莹.湘山野录·湘山续录[M]//朱易安,等.全宋笔记:第一编第六册,郑州:大象出版社,2003.
[16]曹勋.松隐集[M].北京:文物出版社,1982.
[17]王安石.王安石全集[M].上海:大东书局,1935.
[18]司马光.司马温公集编年笺注[M].李之亮,笺注.成都:巴蜀书社,2008.
(1)定本制度创始的原因是宋辽边境局势紧张,避免泄密。但是,等到紧张局势过去后,很长时间定本制度都不废除,舆论引导始终是原因之一。
(2)徐松:《宋会要辑稿》刑法二禁约之一八、五四、一二四、三四、四七、一二三、三十、一二四、八八,中华书局1957年版,第6504、6522、6557、6557、6512、6519、6510、6557、6539页。