长白山天池及邻区次生火山灾害类型、分布及其与火山地质的关系
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摘要
基于对长白山天池及邻区火山地质和次生火山灾害的编图结果,从岩性、断裂、地形地貌和水系等方面,分析火山喷出物的地质特征与这些火山物质所导致的次生火山灾害之间的相关性。研究表明,崩塌发生在柱状节理发育的硬质岩中,多期火山喷发以及伴生的地震活动剥蚀掏空坚硬岩层间的松散堆积体,使岩体失稳发生崩塌,局部陡崖地貌在地震影响下亦会发生崩塌灾害。软质岩和松散堆积体受流水侵蚀,河谷下切,河流两岸斜坡前缘形成开阔的滑动空间,火山地震引起山体变形,斜坡岩体结构遭到破坏发生滑坡灾害。火山先期喷出的碎屑物和崩塌滑坡产生的碎石是火山泥石流的重要物质来源,火山喷发或强地震引发的洪水灾害以及地形地貌对火山泥石流的形成、搬运和分布范围起关键性作用。
Based on the mapping results of volcanic geology and secondary volcanic hazards in Changbaishan-Tianchi and its adjacent areas,from the aspects of lithology,fracture,landform,geomorphology and water system,the correlation between the geological characteristics of volcanic products and the secondary volcanic hazards caused by these volcanic products is analyzed.The research shows that the rock collapses occur in the hard rock with columnar joints,as multiple volcanic eruptions and associated seismic activities denudate the loose accumulation between hard rock layers,and the rock mass loses stability and collapse.Steep slope landforms also collapseunder earthquakes.The soft rocks and loose accumulation of sediment are eroded away by water and cut down by the valley,forming open sliding space in the front edge of the slope on both sides of the river,and the volcano earthquakes induce mountain deformation,which damages the slope rock mass structure and results in landslides.Fragments from early volcanic eruption and debris generated by landslides are important material sources of volcanic debris flow,while flood disasters caused by volcanic eruptions or strong earthquakes,together with landform and geomorphology,play a key role in the formation,transportation and distribution of volcanic debris flows.
Based on the mapping results of volcanic geology and secondary volcanic hazards in Changbaishan-Tianchi and its adjacent areas,from the aspects of lithology,fracture,landform,geomorphology and water system,the correlation between the geological characteristics of volcanic products and the secondary volcanic hazards caused by these volcanic products is analyzed.The research shows that the rock collapses occur in the hard rock with columnar joints,as multiple volcanic eruptions and associated seismic activities denudate the loose accumulation between hard rock layers,and the rock mass loses stability and collapse.Steep slope landforms also collapseunder earthquakes.The soft rocks and loose accumulation of sediment are eroded away by water and cut down by the valley,forming open sliding space in the front edge of the slope on both sides of the river,and the volcano earthquakes induce mountain deformation,which damages the slope rock mass structure and results in landslides.Fragments from early volcanic eruption and debris generated by landslides are important material sources of volcanic debris flow,while flood disasters caused by volcanic eruptions or strong earthquakes,together with landform and geomorphology,play a key role in the formation,transportation and distribution of volcanic debris flows.
引文
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[3]金伯禄,张希友.长白山火山地质研究[M].延吉:东北朝鲜民族教育出版社,1994:1-223.JIN Bo-lu,ZHANG Xi-you.Researching volcanic geology in mountain Changbai[M].Yanji:Northeast Korea Nationality Education Press,1994:1-223.
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[5]Horn S,Schmincke H U.Volatile emission during the eruption of Baitoushan volcano(China/North Korea)ca.969 ad[J].Bulletin of Volcanology,2000,61(8):537-555.
[6]崔钟燮,金东淳,李霓.长白山天池火山公元1199—1200年大喷发历史记载的发现及其意义[J].岩石学报,2000,16(2):191-193.CUI Zhong-xie,JIN Dong-chun,LI Ni.The historical record discovery of 1199--1200 AD large eruption of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano and its significance[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2000,16(2):191-193.
[7]樊祺诚,隋建立,孙谦,等.天池火山千年大喷发的岩浆混合作用与喷发机制初步探[J].岩石学报,2005,21(6):1703-1708.FAN Qi-cheng,SUI Jian-li,SUN Qian,et al.Preliminary research of magma mixing and explosive mechanism of the millennium eruption of Tianchi volcano[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2005,21(6):1703-1708.
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[9]刘祥,向天元.中国东北地区新生代火山和火山碎屑堆积物资源与灾害[M].长春:吉林大学出版社,1997:1-161.LIU Xiang,XIANG Tian-yuan.Cenozoic volcanoes and pyroclastic deposits in northeast China:resources and hazards[M].Changchun:Jilin University Press,1997:1-161.
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[12]杨清福,史兰斌,张羽,等.长白山天池火山千年大喷发火山碎屑流堆积的粒度特征与地质意义[J].地震地质,2007,29(3):480-491.YANG Qing-fu,SHI Lan-bin,ZHANG Yu,et al.Grain-size characteristics of the millennium pyroclastic flow deposits of Tianchi volcano and their geological implications[J].Seismology and Geology,2007,29(3):480-491.
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[14]聂保锋,刘永顺,彭年.长白山天池火山泥石流分布特征及其形成模式研究[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,30(1):70-75.NIE Bao-feng,LIU Yong-shun,PENG Nian.The characteristics of lahar deposits at Tianchi volcano[J].Journal of Capital Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2009,30(1):70-75.
[15]刘若新,卢振恒,任锦章.火山作用与人类环境[M].北京:地震出版社,1995:1-207.LIU Ruo-xin,LU Zhen-heng,REN Jin-zhang.Volcanism and human environment[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1995:1-207.
[16]张成梁.长白山天池瀑布附近地质灾害[J].地质论评,1999,45(增刊1):222-225.ZHANG Cheng-liang.The geological hazards near the waterfall of Tianchi lake,Changbai Mountains[J].Geological Review,1999,45(Suppl.1):222-225.
[17]刘永平,李广杰,佴磊.长白山天池观光长廊段边坡崩塌灾害:原因分析及其综合防治[J].自然灾害学报,2007,16(3):128-131.LIU Yong-ping,LI Guang-jie,NAI Lei.Collapse hazards of slope near sightseeing gallery in Tianchi region of Changbai Mountian[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2007,16(3):128-131.
[18]秦胜伍,马中骏,刘绪,等.基于简化Newmark模型的长白山天池火山诱发崩塌滑坡危险性评价[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2017,47(3):826-838.QIN Sheng-wu,MA Zhong-jun,LIU Xu,et al.Hazard assessment of collapse and landslide induced by Tianchi volcano in Changbai mountain area based on simplified Newmark displacement model[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2017,47(3):826-838.
[19]Wei H Q,Liu G,Gill J.Review of eruptive activity at Tianchi volcano,Changbaishan,northeast China:implications for possible future eruptions[J].Bulletin of Volcanology,2013,75(4):706.
[20]徐佩华,袁中凡,李广杰,等.长白山火山次生泥石流灾害危险范围预测[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2015,45(4):1155-1163.XU Pei-hua,YUAN Zhong-fan,LI Guang-jie,et al.Prediction on the hazardous extent of the secondary debris flow induced by volcanic disaster of Changbai mountains[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2015,45(4):1155-1163.
[21]吉林省区调队.抚松幅区域地质调查报告(1∶20万)[R].长春:吉林省地矿局,1971.Regional Geological Survey Team of Jilin Province.Fusong regional geological survey report(1∶200000)[R].Changchun:Jilin Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources,1971.
[22]吉林省区调队.白头山地质调查报告(1∶20万)[R].长春:吉林省地矿局,1974.Regional Geological Survey Team of Jilin Province.Baitoushan regional geological survey report(1∶200000)[R].Changchun:Jilin Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources,1974.
[23]吉林省区调队.漫江、长白幅区域地质调查报告(1∶20万)[R].长春:吉林省地矿局,1971.Regional Geological Survey Team of Jilin Province.Manjiang and Changbai regional geological survey report(1∶200000)[R].Changchun:Jilin Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources,1971.
[24]任纪舜,牛宝贵,王军,等.1∶500万国际亚洲地质图[J].地球学报,2013,34(1):24-30.REN Ji-shun,NIU Bao-gui,WANG Jun,et al.1∶5million international geological map of Asia[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2013,34(1):24-30.
[25]刘国明,杨景奎,王丽娟,等.长白山火山活动状态分析[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2011,30(4):393-399.LIU Guo-ming,YANG Jing-kui,WANG Li-juan,et al.Active level analysis of the Tianchi volcano in Changbai,China[J].Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,2011,30(4):393-399.
[26]蒋宗孝,江彩英,王加义,等.闽北地质灾害与降水关系分析[J].世界地质,2009,28(1):127-133.JIANG Zong-xiao,JIANG Cai-ying,WANG Jia-yi,et al.Analysis of geological hazard and its relationship with precipitation in northern Fujian[J].Global Geology,2009,28(1):127-133.
[27]李伟,宋京雷,喻永祥,等.无锡市雪浪山滑坡监测及诱发因素分析[J].世界地质,2016,35(4):1164-1168.LI Wei,SONG Jing-lei,YU Yong-xiang,et al.Analysis of landslide monitoring and inducing factors of Xuelang Mountain in Wuxi[J].Global Geology,2016,35(4):1164-1168.
[2]田丰,汤德平.吉林省长白山地区新生代火山岩的特点及其成因[J].岩石学报,1989,5(2):51-66.TIAN Feng,TANG De-ping.Petrogenesis of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the Changbaishan region[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,1989,5(2):51-66.
[3]金伯禄,张希友.长白山火山地质研究[M].延吉:东北朝鲜民族教育出版社,1994:1-223.JIN Bo-lu,ZHANG Xi-you.Researching volcanic geology in mountain Changbai[M].Yanji:Northeast Korea Nationality Education Press,1994:1-223.
[4]王璞珺,衣健,陈崇阳,等.火山地层学与火山架构:以长白山火山为例[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2013,43(2):319-339.WANG Pu-jun,YI Jian,CHEN Chong-yang,et al.Volcano stratigraphy and volcanic architecture of the Changbaishan volcanos,NE China[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2013,43(2):319-339.
[5]Horn S,Schmincke H U.Volatile emission during the eruption of Baitoushan volcano(China/North Korea)ca.969 ad[J].Bulletin of Volcanology,2000,61(8):537-555.
[6]崔钟燮,金东淳,李霓.长白山天池火山公元1199—1200年大喷发历史记载的发现及其意义[J].岩石学报,2000,16(2):191-193.CUI Zhong-xie,JIN Dong-chun,LI Ni.The historical record discovery of 1199--1200 AD large eruption of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano and its significance[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2000,16(2):191-193.
[7]樊祺诚,隋建立,孙谦,等.天池火山千年大喷发的岩浆混合作用与喷发机制初步探[J].岩石学报,2005,21(6):1703-1708.FAN Qi-cheng,SUI Jian-li,SUN Qian,et al.Preliminary research of magma mixing and explosive mechanism of the millennium eruption of Tianchi volcano[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2005,21(6):1703-1708.
[8]Machida H.The recent major eruption of Changbai volcano and its environmental effects[J].Geographical Reports of Tokyo Metropolitan University,1990,25:1-20.
[9]刘祥,向天元.中国东北地区新生代火山和火山碎屑堆积物资源与灾害[M].长春:吉林大学出版社,1997:1-161.LIU Xiang,XIANG Tian-yuan.Cenozoic volcanoes and pyroclastic deposits in northeast China:resources and hazards[M].Changchun:Jilin University Press,1997:1-161.
[10]刘祥.长白山火山历史上最大火山爆发火山碎屑物层序与分布[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006,36(3):313-318.LIU Xiang.Sequence and distribution of the pyroclastic deposits of the greatest eruption of Changbaishan volcano during the period of history[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2006,36(3):313-318.
[11]刘若新,魏海泉,李继泰,等.长白山天池火山近代喷发[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:1-159.LIU Ruo-xin,WEI Hai-quan,LI Ji-tai,et al.The modern eruption of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano[M].Beijing:Science Press,1998:1-159.
[12]杨清福,史兰斌,张羽,等.长白山天池火山千年大喷发火山碎屑流堆积的粒度特征与地质意义[J].地震地质,2007,29(3):480-491.YANG Qing-fu,SHI Lan-bin,ZHANG Yu,et al.Grain-size characteristics of the millennium pyroclastic flow deposits of Tianchi volcano and their geological implications[J].Seismology and Geology,2007,29(3):480-491.
[13]于红梅,许建东,赵谊.长白山天池火山千年大喷发空降碎屑物的数值模拟[J].地震地质,2007,29(3):522-534.YU Hong-mei,XU Jian-dong,ZHAO Yi.A numerical simulation of tephra transport and deposition for millennium eruption of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano[J].Seismology and Geology,2007,29(3):522-534.
[14]聂保锋,刘永顺,彭年.长白山天池火山泥石流分布特征及其形成模式研究[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,30(1):70-75.NIE Bao-feng,LIU Yong-shun,PENG Nian.The characteristics of lahar deposits at Tianchi volcano[J].Journal of Capital Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2009,30(1):70-75.
[15]刘若新,卢振恒,任锦章.火山作用与人类环境[M].北京:地震出版社,1995:1-207.LIU Ruo-xin,LU Zhen-heng,REN Jin-zhang.Volcanism and human environment[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1995:1-207.
[16]张成梁.长白山天池瀑布附近地质灾害[J].地质论评,1999,45(增刊1):222-225.ZHANG Cheng-liang.The geological hazards near the waterfall of Tianchi lake,Changbai Mountains[J].Geological Review,1999,45(Suppl.1):222-225.
[17]刘永平,李广杰,佴磊.长白山天池观光长廊段边坡崩塌灾害:原因分析及其综合防治[J].自然灾害学报,2007,16(3):128-131.LIU Yong-ping,LI Guang-jie,NAI Lei.Collapse hazards of slope near sightseeing gallery in Tianchi region of Changbai Mountian[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2007,16(3):128-131.
[18]秦胜伍,马中骏,刘绪,等.基于简化Newmark模型的长白山天池火山诱发崩塌滑坡危险性评价[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2017,47(3):826-838.QIN Sheng-wu,MA Zhong-jun,LIU Xu,et al.Hazard assessment of collapse and landslide induced by Tianchi volcano in Changbai mountain area based on simplified Newmark displacement model[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2017,47(3):826-838.
[19]Wei H Q,Liu G,Gill J.Review of eruptive activity at Tianchi volcano,Changbaishan,northeast China:implications for possible future eruptions[J].Bulletin of Volcanology,2013,75(4):706.
[20]徐佩华,袁中凡,李广杰,等.长白山火山次生泥石流灾害危险范围预测[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2015,45(4):1155-1163.XU Pei-hua,YUAN Zhong-fan,LI Guang-jie,et al.Prediction on the hazardous extent of the secondary debris flow induced by volcanic disaster of Changbai mountains[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2015,45(4):1155-1163.
[21]吉林省区调队.抚松幅区域地质调查报告(1∶20万)[R].长春:吉林省地矿局,1971.Regional Geological Survey Team of Jilin Province.Fusong regional geological survey report(1∶200000)[R].Changchun:Jilin Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources,1971.
[22]吉林省区调队.白头山地质调查报告(1∶20万)[R].长春:吉林省地矿局,1974.Regional Geological Survey Team of Jilin Province.Baitoushan regional geological survey report(1∶200000)[R].Changchun:Jilin Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources,1974.
[23]吉林省区调队.漫江、长白幅区域地质调查报告(1∶20万)[R].长春:吉林省地矿局,1971.Regional Geological Survey Team of Jilin Province.Manjiang and Changbai regional geological survey report(1∶200000)[R].Changchun:Jilin Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources,1971.
[24]任纪舜,牛宝贵,王军,等.1∶500万国际亚洲地质图[J].地球学报,2013,34(1):24-30.REN Ji-shun,NIU Bao-gui,WANG Jun,et al.1∶5million international geological map of Asia[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2013,34(1):24-30.
[25]刘国明,杨景奎,王丽娟,等.长白山火山活动状态分析[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2011,30(4):393-399.LIU Guo-ming,YANG Jing-kui,WANG Li-juan,et al.Active level analysis of the Tianchi volcano in Changbai,China[J].Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,2011,30(4):393-399.
[26]蒋宗孝,江彩英,王加义,等.闽北地质灾害与降水关系分析[J].世界地质,2009,28(1):127-133.JIANG Zong-xiao,JIANG Cai-ying,WANG Jia-yi,et al.Analysis of geological hazard and its relationship with precipitation in northern Fujian[J].Global Geology,2009,28(1):127-133.
[27]李伟,宋京雷,喻永祥,等.无锡市雪浪山滑坡监测及诱发因素分析[J].世界地质,2016,35(4):1164-1168.LI Wei,SONG Jing-lei,YU Yong-xiang,et al.Analysis of landslide monitoring and inducing factors of Xuelang Mountain in Wuxi[J].Global Geology,2016,35(4):1164-1168.