湛江湖光岩玛珥湖中长链烷基二醇类化合物的检出及可能的环境意义
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摘要
通过对湛江湖光岩玛珥湖现代环境介质(水体和表层沉积物)中的长链烷基二醇类化合物的定性和定量分析,检测出了一系列的长链烷基二醇化合物,包括1,13-C28、1,13-C30、1,14-C30、1,15-C30和1,15-C32。表层水体中1,14-C30相对含量最高,中层水体中1,15-C30相对含量最高,而底层水体中1,13-C30相对含量最高。推测1,14-C30主要来源于硅藻,但也不排除异鞭藻来源。1,13-C28可能同时具有黄绿藻和硅藻来源。1,13-C30、1,15-C30和1,15-C32长链化合物主要来源于黄绿藻(Eustigmatophytes),但也存在其他藻类来源。表层沉积物中长链烷基二醇化合物的分布与中层水体颗粒物各二醇类化合物的分布相似,表明湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物中长链烷基二醇类化合物主要来源于浮游藻类。湖泊水体颗粒物中二醇指数(DIX)同实测的湖泊水体温度具有很强的线性相关性,而表层沉积物中DIX一致,表明湖光岩玛珥湖中二醇指数能够用来作为水体温度的替代性指标。此研究结果为长链烷基二醇类化合物在湖泊古环境重建应用中提供了现代过程证据。
Long-chain alkyl diols,including 1,13-C 28,1,13-C 30,1,14-C 30,1,15-C 30 and 1,15-C 32 diol,are identified in suspended particulate matter(SPM) at different water depths and surface sediments from the Huguangyan maar Lake.The highest percentage of diol is 1,14-C 30 in the SPM of surface water.The highest percentage of diol is 1,15-C 30 in the SPM of mid-depth water,and the highest percentage of diol is 1,13-C 30 in the SPM of bottom water.It can be deduced that 1,14-C 30 diol is mainly derived from diatom,and some possibly derived from Dictyochophyceae,1,13-C 28 diol from Eustigmatophytes and diatom,and 1,13-C 30,1,15-C 30 and 1,15-C 32 diols from Eustigmatophytes in the Huguangyan maar Lake.The distribution of diols in the surface sediments is similar to that in the SPM of mid-depth water,suggesting that the long-chain alkyl diols in sediments are derived from phytoplankton algae in the Hguangyan maar Lake.The significant positive relationship between measured watertemperature and Diol Isomer Index(DIX) of the SPM in water,and the consistency of DIX in the surface sediments suggest that DIX can be used as a palaeotemperature proxy in the Hugaungyan maar Lake.
Long-chain alkyl diols,including 1,13-C 28,1,13-C 30,1,14-C 30,1,15-C 30 and 1,15-C 32 diol,are identified in suspended particulate matter(SPM) at different water depths and surface sediments from the Huguangyan maar Lake.The highest percentage of diol is 1,14-C 30 in the SPM of surface water.The highest percentage of diol is 1,15-C 30 in the SPM of mid-depth water,and the highest percentage of diol is 1,13-C 30 in the SPM of bottom water.It can be deduced that 1,14-C 30 diol is mainly derived from diatom,and some possibly derived from Dictyochophyceae,1,13-C 28 diol from Eustigmatophytes and diatom,and 1,13-C 30,1,15-C 30 and 1,15-C 32 diols from Eustigmatophytes in the Huguangyan maar Lake.The distribution of diols in the surface sediments is similar to that in the SPM of mid-depth water,suggesting that the long-chain alkyl diols in sediments are derived from phytoplankton algae in the Hguangyan maar Lake.The significant positive relationship between measured watertemperature and Diol Isomer Index(DIX) of the SPM in water,and the consistency of DIX in the surface sediments suggest that DIX can be used as a palaeotemperature proxy in the Hugaungyan maar Lake.
引文
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[21]储国强.湖光岩玛珥湖近2000年来炭屑沉积通量的变化与人类活动[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(2):187.Chu Guo-qiang.Charcoal flux during the last2000years re-corded in maar lake Huguangyan and human activity[J].Quatern Sci,2001,21(2):187(in Chinese).
[22]吕厚远,刘嘉麒,储国强,顾兆炎,Negendank J,Schettler G,Mingram J.末次冰期以来湛江湖光岩玛珥湖孢粉记录及古环境变化[J].古生物学报,2003,42(2):284–291.LüHou-yuan,Liu Jia-qi,Chu Guo-qiang,Gu Zhao-yan,Negendank J,Schettler G,Mingram J.A study of pollen and environment in the Huguangyan maar lake since the last gla-ciation[J].Acta Palaeontol Sinica,2003,42(2):284–291(in Chinese with English abstract).
[23]Fuhrmann A,Mingram J,Lücke A,Lu H,Horsfield B,Liu J,Negendank J,Schleser G H,Wilkes H.Variations in organic matter composition in sediments from Lake Huguang Maar(Huguangyan),south China during the last68ka:Implications from environmental and climatic change[J].Org Geochem,2003,34(11):1497–1515.
[24]Mingram J,Schettler G,Nowaczyk N,Luo X,Lu H,Liu J,Negendank J.The Huguang maar lake:A high-resolution re-cord of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic changes over the last78,000years from South China[J].Quatern Int,2004,122(1):85–107.
[25]Yancheva G,Nowaczyk N R,Mingram J,Dulski P,Schettler G,Negendank J F W,Liu Jiaqi,Sigman D M,Peterson L C,HaugG H.Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East Asian monsoon[J].Nature,2007,445(7123):74–77.
[26]王文远,刘嘉麒,彭平安.湖泊沉积生物硅的测定与应用:以湖光岩玛珥湖为例[J].地球化学,2000,29(4):327–330.Wang Wen-yuan,Liu Jia-qi,Peng Ping-an.Determination and application of biogenic silica in lake sediments:An example from Huguangyan maar lake,southern China[J].Geochimica,2000,29(4):327–330(in Chinese with English abstract).
[27]胡建芳,彭平安,房殿勇,贾国东,汪品先.南海沉积物中C 30–C 32烷基二醇的检出及可能的古环境信息[J].地球化学,2001,30(6):569–578.Hu Jian-fang,Peng Ping-an,Fang Dian-yong,Jia Guo-dong,Wang Pin-xian.Identification and potential paleoenviron-mental information of C 30–C 32 diols in the South China Sea sediments[J].Geochimica,2001,30(6):569–578(in Chinese with English abstract).
[28]Rampen S,Willmott V,Kim J-H,Uliana E,Schefu E,Sin-ninghe-DamstéJ S,Schouten S.A reappraisal of long-chain diol proxies[C].IMOG2011Secretary.The25th Interna-tional Meeting on Organic Geochemistry(Book of Abstract).Middlesex:IMOG2011Secretary,2011:123.
[2]Grimalt J O,Simoneit B R T,Gómez-Belinchón J I,Fischer K,Dymond J.Ascending and descending fluxes of lipid compounds in North Atlantic and North Pacific abyssal waters[J].Nature,1990,345(6274):147–150.
[3]Volkman J K,Farrigton J W,Gagosian R B.Marine and ter-rigenous lipids in coastal sediments from the Peru upwelling region at15°S:Sterols and triterpene alcohols[J].Org Geo-chem,1987,11(6):463–477.
[4]O’Leary T,Leeming R L,Nichols D S,Volkman J K.Bio-marker assessment of natural and pollutant sources of organic matter in Port Phillip Bay,Australia[C]//Grimalt J O,Dor-ronsoro C.Organic Geochemistry:Developments and Appli-cations to Energy,Climate,Environment and Human History.San Sebastian:AIGOA,1995:680–681.
[5]Zeng Y B,Eglinton G,Robinson N,Cassani F M.Long-chain alkane-diol and alkan-keto-l-ol components of the Messel kerogen[J].Cour Forsch-Inst Senckenberg,1988,107:53–71.
[6]Schouten S,Hoefs M J L,Sinninghe Damste J S.A molecular and stable carbon isotopic study of lipids in late Quaternary sediments from the Arabian Sea[J].Org Geochem,2000,31(6):509–521.
[7]Zhao M,Mercer J L,Eglinton G,Higginson M J,Huang C.Comparative molecular biomarker assessment of phytoplank-ton paleoproductivity for the last160kyr off Cap Blanc,NW Africa[J].Org Geochem,2006,37(1):72–97.
[8]Xu Y,Simoneit B R T,Jaffe R.Occurrence of long-chain n-alkenols,diols,keto-ols and sec-alkanols in a sediment core from a hypereutrophic,freshwater lake[J].Org Geochem,2007,38(6):870–883.
[9]Shimokawara M,Nishimura M,Matsuda T,Akiyama N,Kawai T.Bound forms,compositional features,major sources and diagenesis of long chain,alkyl mid-chain diols in Lake Baikal sediments over the past28,000years[J].Org Geochem,2010,41(8):753–766.
[10]Zhang Z,Metzger P,Sachs J P.Co-occurrence of long chain diols,keto-ols,hydroxy acids and keto acids in recent sedi-ments of Lake El Junco,Galápagos Islands[J].Org Geochem,2011,42(7):823–837.
[11]Volkman J K,Barrett S M,Dunstan G A,Jeffrey S W.C30-C32alkyl diols and unsaturated alcohols in microalgae of the class Eustigmatophyceae[J].Org Geochem,1992,18(1):131–138.
[12]Volkman J K,Barrett S M,Blackburn S I.Eustigmatophyte microalgae are potential sources of C 29 sterols,C 22–C 28 n-alcohols and C 28–C 32 n-alkyl diols in freshwater environ-ments[J].Org Geochem,1999,30(5):307–318.
[13]Gelin F,Boogers I,Noordeloos A A M,Sinninghe DamstéJ S,Riegman R,de Leeuw J W.Resistant biomacromolecules in marine microalgae of the classes Eustigmatophyceae and Chlorophyceae:Geochemical implications[J].Org Geochem,1997,26(11/12):659–675.
[14]Méjanelle L,Sanchez-Gargallo A,Bentaleb I,Grimalt J O.Long chain n-alkyl diols,hydroxy ketones and sterols in a marine Eustigmatophyte,Nannochloropsis gaditana,and in Brachionus plicatilis feeding on the algae[J].Org Geochem,2003,34(4):527–538.
[15]Volkman J K,Barrett S M,Blackburn S I,Mansour M P,Sike E L,Gelin F.Microalgal biomarkers:A review of recent re-search developments[J].Org Geochem,1998,29(5–7):1163–1179.
[16]Sinninghe DamstéJ S,Rampen S W,Rijpstra W I C,Abbas B,Muyzer G,Schouten S.A diatomaceous origin for long-chain diols and mid-chain hydroxy methyl alkanoates widely occur-ring in Quaternary marine sediments:Indicators for high-nutrient conditions[J].Geochim Cosmochim Acta,2003,67(7):1339–1348.
[17]Rampen S W,Schouten S,Wakeham S G,Sinninghe DamstéJ S.Seasonal and spatial variation in the sources and fluxes oflong chain diols and mid-chain hydroxy methyl alkanoates in the Arabian Sea[J].Org Geochem,2007,38(2):165–179.
[18]Rampen S W,Schouten S,Sinninghe DamstéJ S.Occurrence of long chain1,14-diols in Apedinella radians[J].Org Geo-chem,2011,42(5):572–574.
[19]王文远,刘嘉麒,刘东生,彭平安,Negendank J.末次冰消期热带湖光岩玛珥湖古季风变化记录[J].地学前缘,2000,7(增刊):197–202.Wang Wen-yuan,Liu Jia-qi,Liu Dong-sheng,Peng Ping-an,Negendank J.Changes in tropical Asia monsoon during the Last deglaciation[J].Earth Sci Front,2000,7(suppl):197–202(in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]王文远,刘嘉麒,Negendank J,彭平安,储国强,刘东生,骆祥君,Mingram J.热带湖光岩玛珥湖记录的末次冰消期东亚夏季风两步式的变化[J].科学通报,2000,45(8):860–864.Wang Wenyuan,Liu Jiaqi,Liu Dongsheng,Peng Ping’an,LüHouyuan,Gu Zhaoyan,Chu Guoqiang,Negendank J,Luo Xiangjun,Mingram J.The two-step monsoon changes of the last deglaciation recorded in tropical Maar Lake Huguangyan,southern China[J].Chinese Sci Bull,2000,45(16):1529–1532.
[21]储国强.湖光岩玛珥湖近2000年来炭屑沉积通量的变化与人类活动[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(2):187.Chu Guo-qiang.Charcoal flux during the last2000years re-corded in maar lake Huguangyan and human activity[J].Quatern Sci,2001,21(2):187(in Chinese).
[22]吕厚远,刘嘉麒,储国强,顾兆炎,Negendank J,Schettler G,Mingram J.末次冰期以来湛江湖光岩玛珥湖孢粉记录及古环境变化[J].古生物学报,2003,42(2):284–291.LüHou-yuan,Liu Jia-qi,Chu Guo-qiang,Gu Zhao-yan,Negendank J,Schettler G,Mingram J.A study of pollen and environment in the Huguangyan maar lake since the last gla-ciation[J].Acta Palaeontol Sinica,2003,42(2):284–291(in Chinese with English abstract).
[23]Fuhrmann A,Mingram J,Lücke A,Lu H,Horsfield B,Liu J,Negendank J,Schleser G H,Wilkes H.Variations in organic matter composition in sediments from Lake Huguang Maar(Huguangyan),south China during the last68ka:Implications from environmental and climatic change[J].Org Geochem,2003,34(11):1497–1515.
[24]Mingram J,Schettler G,Nowaczyk N,Luo X,Lu H,Liu J,Negendank J.The Huguang maar lake:A high-resolution re-cord of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic changes over the last78,000years from South China[J].Quatern Int,2004,122(1):85–107.
[25]Yancheva G,Nowaczyk N R,Mingram J,Dulski P,Schettler G,Negendank J F W,Liu Jiaqi,Sigman D M,Peterson L C,HaugG H.Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East Asian monsoon[J].Nature,2007,445(7123):74–77.
[26]王文远,刘嘉麒,彭平安.湖泊沉积生物硅的测定与应用:以湖光岩玛珥湖为例[J].地球化学,2000,29(4):327–330.Wang Wen-yuan,Liu Jia-qi,Peng Ping-an.Determination and application of biogenic silica in lake sediments:An example from Huguangyan maar lake,southern China[J].Geochimica,2000,29(4):327–330(in Chinese with English abstract).
[27]胡建芳,彭平安,房殿勇,贾国东,汪品先.南海沉积物中C 30–C 32烷基二醇的检出及可能的古环境信息[J].地球化学,2001,30(6):569–578.Hu Jian-fang,Peng Ping-an,Fang Dian-yong,Jia Guo-dong,Wang Pin-xian.Identification and potential paleoenviron-mental information of C 30–C 32 diols in the South China Sea sediments[J].Geochimica,2001,30(6):569–578(in Chinese with English abstract).
[28]Rampen S,Willmott V,Kim J-H,Uliana E,Schefu E,Sin-ninghe-DamstéJ S,Schouten S.A reappraisal of long-chain diol proxies[C].IMOG2011Secretary.The25th Interna-tional Meeting on Organic Geochemistry(Book of Abstract).Middlesex:IMOG2011Secretary,2011:123.