基于微波辐射计和闪电观测资料估算对流性降水方法初探
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摘要
利用闪电定位系统、MP-3000A地基微波辐射计、雷达、地面雨量计和探空等观测资料对2015年5月14—15日湖北地区一次强对流过程中降水量、闪电、水汽、液态水含量的时空分布特征等进行分析,并基于闪电和微波辐射计资料联合估算对流性天气中的降水量。结果表明,降水发生前,微波辐射计探测到空中水汽密度和液水含量明显增加,闪电活动峰值提前于降水峰值2 h。水汽密度与云闪数有较好的相关性,相关系数为0.98。利用水汽密度和地闪资料估算对流性降水结果与观测结果比较一致,估测的降水量好于仅用地闪资料的估算,且基于水汽密度、地闪得到的单个闪电表征的降水量为1.94×10~7kg·fl~(-1)。
A severe convective weather event occurring in Hubei Province during 14-15 on May 2015 was investigated by using the observations of radar,precipitation gauge,lightning location system and MP-3000 A ground microwave radiometer. Then the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation and lightning,water vapor and liquid water content were analyzed,and the precipitation was estimated based on the lightning data and microwave radiometer observations. The results show that the water vapor density and liquid water content increased significantly before heavy rainfall and the peak of lightning activity preceded rainfall peak about 2 h. The water vapor density had a good correlation with the number of cloud flash and the correlation coefficient was 0. 98. In addition,the water vapor density and ground flash( CG) were used to estimate the convective precipitation and the results were superior to that of values based only on CG flash data. Moreover,the convectional rain-yield per flash( RPF) was 1. 94 × 107 kg·fl-1 based on the water vapor density and CG flashes.
A severe convective weather event occurring in Hubei Province during 14-15 on May 2015 was investigated by using the observations of radar,precipitation gauge,lightning location system and MP-3000 A ground microwave radiometer. Then the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation and lightning,water vapor and liquid water content were analyzed,and the precipitation was estimated based on the lightning data and microwave radiometer observations. The results show that the water vapor density and liquid water content increased significantly before heavy rainfall and the peak of lightning activity preceded rainfall peak about 2 h. The water vapor density had a good correlation with the number of cloud flash and the correlation coefficient was 0. 98. In addition,the water vapor density and ground flash( CG) were used to estimate the convective precipitation and the results were superior to that of values based only on CG flash data. Moreover,the convectional rain-yield per flash( RPF) was 1. 94 × 107 kg·fl-1 based on the water vapor density and CG flashes.
引文
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[15]PIEPGRASS M V,KRIDER E P,MOOREC B.Lightning and surface rainfall during Florida thunderstorms[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1982,87(C13):11193-11201.
[16]周筠君,郄秀书,张义军.地闪与对流性天气系统中降水关系的分析[J].气象学报,1999,57(1):104-111.
[17]MADHULATHA A M,RAJEEVAN M V,RATNAM J,et al.Nowcasting severe convective activity over southeast India using ground-based microwave radiometer observations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2013,118:1-13.
[18]CALHEIROS A J P,MACHADO L A T.Cloud and rain liquid water statistics in the CHUVA campaign[J].Atmospheric Research,2014,144:126-140.
[19]李军霞,李培仁,晋立军,等.地基微波辐射计在遥测大气水汽特征及降水分析中的应用[J].干旱气象,2017,35(5):769-775.
[20]XU G R,WARE R,ZHANG W,et al.Effect of off-zenith observations on reducing the impact of precipitation on ground-based microwave radiometer measurement accuracy[J].Atmospheric Research,2014,140:85-94.
[21]XU G R,XI B K,ZHANG W G,et al.Comparison of atmospheric profiles between microwave radiometer retrievals and radiosonde soundings[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2015,DOI:10.1002/2015JD023438.
[22]KINZER G D.Cloud-to-ground lightning versus radar reflectivity in Oklahoma thunderstorms[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1974,31:787-799.
[23]BUECHLER D E,WRIGHT P D,GOODMAN S J.Lightning/rainfall relationships during COHMEX[J].Journal de Recherches Atmospheriques,1990,16:295-320.
[2]REAP R M,MACGORMAN D M.Cloud-to-ground lightning:Climatological characteristics and relationships to model fields,radar observations and severe local storms[J].Monthly Weather Review,1989,117:518-535.
[3]KEIGHTON S J,BLUESTEIN H B,MACGORMAN D R.The evolution of a severe mesoscale convective system:Cloud-to-ground lightning location and storm structure[J].Monthly Weather Review,1991,119:1533-1556.
[4]ORVILLE R E,SILVER A C.Lightning ground flash density in the contiguous United States:1992-1995[J].Monthly Weather Review,1997,125:631-638.
[5]ZHOU Y J,QIE X S,SOULA S.A study of the relationship between cloud-to-ground lightning and precipitation in the convective weather system in China[J].Annals of Geophysics,2002,20:107-113
[6]杨晓军,刘维成,宋强,等.甘肃中部地区短时强降水与闪电关系初步分析[J].干旱气象,2015,33(5):802-807.
[7]刘新伟,段海霞,杨晓军,等.甘肃东部两次短时强降水天气过程对比分析[J].干旱气象,2017,35(5):868-885.
[8]崔海华,金晓青,张彦勇,等.京津冀地区雷电活动时空分布特征[J].干旱气象,2017,35(1):36-42.
[9]HOLLE R L,WATSON A I,LóPEZ,et al.The life cycle of lightning and severe weather in a 3-4 June 1985 PRE-STORM mesoscale convective system[J].Monthly Weather Review,1994,122:1798-1808.
[10]WILLIAMS E R,BOLDI B,MATLIN A,et al.The behavior of total lightning activity in severe Florida thunderstorms[J].Atmospheric Research,1997,51:245-265.
[11]GUNGLE B,KRIDER E P.Cloud-to-ground lightning and surface rainfall in warm-season Florida thunderstorms[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2006,111:1029-1039,D19203.
[12]TAKAHASHI T,KAWANO T,ISHIHARA M.Different precipitation mechanisms produce heavy rain with and without lightning in Japan[J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,2015,93(2):245-263.
[13]LPEZ R E,ORTIZ R,OTTO W D,et al.The lightning activity and precipitation yield of convective cloud systems in central Florida[C].Preprints,25th International Conf.on Radar Meteorology,American,Meteorology,Society,1991:907-910.
[14]RIVAS S L,PABLO F D,DIEZ E G.Relationship between convective precipitation and cloud-to-ground lightning in the Iberian Peninsula[J].Monthly Weather Review,2001,129(12):2998-3003.
[15]PIEPGRASS M V,KRIDER E P,MOOREC B.Lightning and surface rainfall during Florida thunderstorms[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1982,87(C13):11193-11201.
[16]周筠君,郄秀书,张义军.地闪与对流性天气系统中降水关系的分析[J].气象学报,1999,57(1):104-111.
[17]MADHULATHA A M,RAJEEVAN M V,RATNAM J,et al.Nowcasting severe convective activity over southeast India using ground-based microwave radiometer observations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2013,118:1-13.
[18]CALHEIROS A J P,MACHADO L A T.Cloud and rain liquid water statistics in the CHUVA campaign[J].Atmospheric Research,2014,144:126-140.
[19]李军霞,李培仁,晋立军,等.地基微波辐射计在遥测大气水汽特征及降水分析中的应用[J].干旱气象,2017,35(5):769-775.
[20]XU G R,WARE R,ZHANG W,et al.Effect of off-zenith observations on reducing the impact of precipitation on ground-based microwave radiometer measurement accuracy[J].Atmospheric Research,2014,140:85-94.
[21]XU G R,XI B K,ZHANG W G,et al.Comparison of atmospheric profiles between microwave radiometer retrievals and radiosonde soundings[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2015,DOI:10.1002/2015JD023438.
[22]KINZER G D.Cloud-to-ground lightning versus radar reflectivity in Oklahoma thunderstorms[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1974,31:787-799.
[23]BUECHLER D E,WRIGHT P D,GOODMAN S J.Lightning/rainfall relationships during COHMEX[J].Journal de Recherches Atmospheriques,1990,16:295-320.