基于SODA资料的南海表层风能输入的空间分布与长期趋势研究
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摘要
海面风不仅是驱动上层海洋运动的主要动力,其能量也是维持海洋表层流动的主要机械能来源。为了分析南海表层流风能输入的变化,用SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)(1901—2010)资料估算了风向南海表层流(表层地转流+表层非地转流)的能量输入。结果表明,风向南海表层流、表层地转流和表层非地转流输入的能量总体均呈减少趋势, 110年间分别减小了约56%、65%和49%。导致风能输入减小的最主要因素是风应力的减弱(减小了35%)。由于南海受季风系统的控制,风向表层流及其各成分输入的能量呈现出显著的季节性变化。冬季风能输入最强,高值区位于南海西部及北部区域,呈一个显著的"回力镖"状结构。这些结果对深入认识南海环流具有理论意义。
Sea surface wind is not merely a major driving force to the upper-ocean currents; the wind energy input is the main source of mechanical energy to keep these currents moving. To analyze the secular trend of wind energy input into the South China Sea(SCS), we calculate the wind energy input into the surface current, surface geostrophic current and surface ageostrophic current from 1901 and 2010 by using SODA(v 2.2.4) data. The results show that during the past 110 years, the trend of the wind energy input into surface current, surface geostrophic current and surface ageostrophic current decreased on the whole. The reducing amplitude is 56%, 65% and 49%, respectively. The dominant factor is the decline of wind stress(about 35%). Due to the monsoon systems, seasonal variation of wind energy input into the SCS is significant. In winter, the wind energy input is the strongest, mainly in the north and west parts of the basin, and the shape of energy input distribution is like a "boomerang." Our results have some implication for further understanding SCS circulation in terms of energy.
Sea surface wind is not merely a major driving force to the upper-ocean currents; the wind energy input is the main source of mechanical energy to keep these currents moving. To analyze the secular trend of wind energy input into the South China Sea(SCS), we calculate the wind energy input into the surface current, surface geostrophic current and surface ageostrophic current from 1901 and 2010 by using SODA(v 2.2.4) data. The results show that during the past 110 years, the trend of the wind energy input into surface current, surface geostrophic current and surface ageostrophic current decreased on the whole. The reducing amplitude is 56%, 65% and 49%, respectively. The dominant factor is the decline of wind stress(about 35%). Due to the monsoon systems, seasonal variation of wind energy input into the SCS is significant. In winter, the wind energy input is the strongest, mainly in the north and west parts of the basin, and the shape of energy input distribution is like a "boomerang." Our results have some implication for further understanding SCS circulation in terms of energy.
引文
陈海花,李洪平,何林洁,等,2015.基于SODA数据集的南海海表面盐度分布特征与长期变化趋势分析[J].海洋技术学报,34(4):48-52.CHEN HAIHUA,LI HONGPING,HELINJIE,et al,2015.Analysis on the distribution characteristics of sea surface salinity and its long-term variation trend in the South China Sea based on SODA data set[J].Journal of Ocean Technology,34(4):48-52(in Chinese with English abstract).
崔超然,管玉平,朱耀华,等,2016.风对南海波浪的能量输入及其长期变化[J].热带海洋学报,35(4):21-30.CUICHAORAN,GUAN YUPING,ZHU YAOHUA,et al,2016.Wind energy input and its secular change of surface waves in the South China Sea[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,35(4):21-30(in Chinese with English abstract).
闫恒乾,王辉赞,周树道,等,2017.基于SODA资料的太平洋及我国周边海域温差能资源时空特征分析[J].海洋学报,39(11):128-140.YAN HENGQIAN,WANG HUIZHAN,ZHOU SHUDAO,et al,2017.Analysis on the temporal and spatial characteristics of the thermal energy in the Pacific Ocean and the sea area surrounding China based on SODAdata[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,39(11):128-140(in Chinese with English abstract).
张成成,蒋国荣,陈奕德,等,2016.南海西边界强流区季节和年际变化特征[J].海洋预报,33(6):81-92.ZHANGCHENGCHENG,JIANG GUORONG,CHEN YIDE,et al,2016.Study on seasonal and interannual variation of the SCSwestern boundary strong current[J].Marine Forecasts,33(6):81-92(in Chinese with English abstract).
BROWN J N,FEDOROV A V,2008.Mean energy balance in the tropical Pacific Ocean[J].Journal of Marine Research,66(1):1-23.
CARDONE V J,GREENWOOD J G,Cane M A,1990.On trends in historical marine wind data[J].Journal of Climate,3:113-127.
CARTON J A,GIESE B S,GRODSKY S A,2005.Sea level rise and the warming of the oceans in the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA)ocean reanalysis[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,110(C9):C09006.
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DAWE J T,THOMPSON L,2006.Effect of ocean surface currents on wind stress,heat flux,and wind power input to the ocean[J].Geophysical Research Letters,33(9):L09604.
DECARLO T M,KARNAUSKAS K B,DAVIS K A,et al,2015.Climate modulates internal wave activity in the Northern South China Sea[J].Geophysical Research Letters,42(3):831-838.
DU YAN,QU TANGDONG,2010.Three inflow pathways of the Indonesian through flow as seen from the simple ocean data assimilation[J].Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,50(2):233-256.
ELIPOT S,GILLE S T,2009.Estimates of wind energy input to the Ekman layer in the Southern Ocean from surface drifter data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,114(C6):C06003.
FANG GUOHONG,CHEN HAIYING,WE ZEXUN,et al,2006.Trends and interannual variability of the South China Sea surface winds,surface height,and surface temperature in the recent decade[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,111(C11):C11S16.
GIESE B S,RAY S,2011.El Ni?o variability in simple ocean data assimilation(SODA),1871-2008[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,116(C2):C02024.
HUANG RUIXIN,WANG WEI,LIU LINGLING,2006.Decadal variability of wind-energy input to the world ocean[J].Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,53(1-2):31-41.
HUANG RUIXIN,2010.Ocean circulation:wind-driven and thermohaline processes[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
HUGHES C W,WILSON C,2008.Wind work on the geostrophic ocean circulation:An observational study of the effect of small scales in the wind stress[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,113(C2):C02016.
LAUDERDALE J M,NAVEIRA GARABATO A C,OLIVER K IC,et al,2012.Climatic variations of the work done by the wind on the ocean’s general circulation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,117(C9):C09017.
MORIMOTO A,YOSHIMOTO K,YANAGI T,2000.Characteristics of sea surface circulation and eddy field in the South China Sea revealed by satellite altimetric data[J].Journal of Oceanography,56(3):331-344.
SCOTT R B,XU YONGSHENG,2009.An update on the wind power input to the surface geostrophic flow of the World Ocean[J].Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,56(3):295-304.
SHAW P T,CHAO S Y,FU L L,1999.Sea surface height variations in the South China Sea from satellite altimetry[J].Oceanologica Acta,22(1):1-17.
THOMPSON B,TKALICH P,2014.Mixed layer thermodynamics of the Southern South China Sea[J].Climate Dynamics,43(7-8):2061-2075.
THOMPSON B,TKALICH P,MALANOTTE-RIZZOLI P,2017.Regime shift of the South China Sea SST in the late 1990s[J].Climate Dynamics,48(5-6):1873-1882.
URAKAWA L S,HASUMI H,2009.The energetics of global thermohaline circulation and its wind enhancement[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,39(7):1715-1728.
VON STORCH J-S,SASAKI H,MAROTZKE J,2007.Wind-generated power input to the deep ocean:An estimate using a 1?10°general circulation model[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,37(7):657-672.
WANG BIN,HUANG FEI,WU ZHIWEI,et al,2009.Multi-scale climate variability of the South China Sea monsoon:Areview[J].Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,47(1-3):15-37.
WANG GUIHUA,CHEN DAKE,SU JILAN,2006.Generation and life cycle of the dipole in the South China Sea summer circulation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,111(C6):C06002.
WANG WEI,HUANG RUIXIN,2004.Wind energy input to the Ekman layer[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,34(5):1267-1275.
WANG ZHAOYUN,ZHAI FANGGUO,LI PEILIANG,2016.Ashift in the upper-ocean temperature trends in the South China Sea since the late 1990s[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,35(11):44-51.
WU KEJIAN,LIU BIN,2008.Stokes drift-induced and direct wind energy inputs into the Ekman layer within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,113(C10):C10002.
WU YANG,ZHAI XIAOMING,WANG ZHAOMIN,2016.Impact of Synoptic Atmospheric Forcing on the Mean Ocean Circulation[J].Journal of Climate,29(16):5709-5724.
WUNSCH C,1998.The work done by the wind on the oceanic general circulation[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,28(11):2332-2340.
YANG HAIYUAN,WU LIXIN,2012.Trends of upper-layer circulation in the South China Sea during 1959-2008[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,117(C8):C08037.
YANG HAIYUAN,WU LIXIN,SUN SHANTONG,et al,2015.Low-frequency variability of monsoon-driven circulation with application to the South China Sea[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,45(6):1632-1650.
YANG ZHITONG,LUO YIYONG,2016.Low-frequency variability of the shallow meridional overturning circulation in the South China Sea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,35(3):10-20.
ZHAI XIAOMING,2013.On the wind mechanical forcing of the ocean general circulation.Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,118(12):6561-6577.
ZHAI XIAOMING,JOHNSON H L,MARSHALL D P,et al,2012.On the wind power input to the ocean general circulation[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,42(8):1357-1365.
ZHAI XIAOMING,WUNSCH C,2013.On the variability of wind power input to the oceans with a focus on the subpolar North Atlantic[J].Journal of Climate,26(11):3892-3903.
ZHANG NINGNING,LAN JIAN,MA JIE,et al,2016.The shallow meridional overturning circulation in the South China Sea and the related internal water movement[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,35(7):1-7.
ZHANG YUMING,WU KEJIAN,ZHANG XIAOSHUANG,et al,2013.Improving the estimate of wind energy input into the Ekman layer within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,32(3):19-27.
ZHU YAOHUA,FANG GUOHONG,WEI ZEXUN,et al,2016.Seasonal variability of the meridional overturning circulation in the South China Sea and its connection with inter-ocean transport based on SODA2.2.4[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(5):3090-3105.
崔超然,管玉平,朱耀华,等,2016.风对南海波浪的能量输入及其长期变化[J].热带海洋学报,35(4):21-30.CUICHAORAN,GUAN YUPING,ZHU YAOHUA,et al,2016.Wind energy input and its secular change of surface waves in the South China Sea[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,35(4):21-30(in Chinese with English abstract).
闫恒乾,王辉赞,周树道,等,2017.基于SODA资料的太平洋及我国周边海域温差能资源时空特征分析[J].海洋学报,39(11):128-140.YAN HENGQIAN,WANG HUIZHAN,ZHOU SHUDAO,et al,2017.Analysis on the temporal and spatial characteristics of the thermal energy in the Pacific Ocean and the sea area surrounding China based on SODAdata[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,39(11):128-140(in Chinese with English abstract).
张成成,蒋国荣,陈奕德,等,2016.南海西边界强流区季节和年际变化特征[J].海洋预报,33(6):81-92.ZHANGCHENGCHENG,JIANG GUORONG,CHEN YIDE,et al,2016.Study on seasonal and interannual variation of the SCSwestern boundary strong current[J].Marine Forecasts,33(6):81-92(in Chinese with English abstract).
BROWN J N,FEDOROV A V,2008.Mean energy balance in the tropical Pacific Ocean[J].Journal of Marine Research,66(1):1-23.
CARDONE V J,GREENWOOD J G,Cane M A,1990.On trends in historical marine wind data[J].Journal of Climate,3:113-127.
CARTON J A,GIESE B S,GRODSKY S A,2005.Sea level rise and the warming of the oceans in the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA)ocean reanalysis[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,110(C9):C09006.
CARTON J A,GIESE B S,2008.A reanalysis of ocean climate using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA)[J].Monthly Weather Review,136(8):2999-3017.
DAWE J T,THOMPSON L,2006.Effect of ocean surface currents on wind stress,heat flux,and wind power input to the ocean[J].Geophysical Research Letters,33(9):L09604.
DECARLO T M,KARNAUSKAS K B,DAVIS K A,et al,2015.Climate modulates internal wave activity in the Northern South China Sea[J].Geophysical Research Letters,42(3):831-838.
DU YAN,QU TANGDONG,2010.Three inflow pathways of the Indonesian through flow as seen from the simple ocean data assimilation[J].Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,50(2):233-256.
ELIPOT S,GILLE S T,2009.Estimates of wind energy input to the Ekman layer in the Southern Ocean from surface drifter data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,114(C6):C06003.
FANG GUOHONG,CHEN HAIYING,WE ZEXUN,et al,2006.Trends and interannual variability of the South China Sea surface winds,surface height,and surface temperature in the recent decade[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,111(C11):C11S16.
GIESE B S,RAY S,2011.El Ni?o variability in simple ocean data assimilation(SODA),1871-2008[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,116(C2):C02024.
HUANG RUIXIN,WANG WEI,LIU LINGLING,2006.Decadal variability of wind-energy input to the world ocean[J].Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,53(1-2):31-41.
HUANG RUIXIN,2010.Ocean circulation:wind-driven and thermohaline processes[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
HUGHES C W,WILSON C,2008.Wind work on the geostrophic ocean circulation:An observational study of the effect of small scales in the wind stress[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,113(C2):C02016.
LAUDERDALE J M,NAVEIRA GARABATO A C,OLIVER K IC,et al,2012.Climatic variations of the work done by the wind on the ocean’s general circulation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,117(C9):C09017.
MORIMOTO A,YOSHIMOTO K,YANAGI T,2000.Characteristics of sea surface circulation and eddy field in the South China Sea revealed by satellite altimetric data[J].Journal of Oceanography,56(3):331-344.
SCOTT R B,XU YONGSHENG,2009.An update on the wind power input to the surface geostrophic flow of the World Ocean[J].Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,56(3):295-304.
SHAW P T,CHAO S Y,FU L L,1999.Sea surface height variations in the South China Sea from satellite altimetry[J].Oceanologica Acta,22(1):1-17.
THOMPSON B,TKALICH P,2014.Mixed layer thermodynamics of the Southern South China Sea[J].Climate Dynamics,43(7-8):2061-2075.
THOMPSON B,TKALICH P,MALANOTTE-RIZZOLI P,2017.Regime shift of the South China Sea SST in the late 1990s[J].Climate Dynamics,48(5-6):1873-1882.
URAKAWA L S,HASUMI H,2009.The energetics of global thermohaline circulation and its wind enhancement[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,39(7):1715-1728.
VON STORCH J-S,SASAKI H,MAROTZKE J,2007.Wind-generated power input to the deep ocean:An estimate using a 1?10°general circulation model[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,37(7):657-672.
WANG BIN,HUANG FEI,WU ZHIWEI,et al,2009.Multi-scale climate variability of the South China Sea monsoon:Areview[J].Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,47(1-3):15-37.
WANG GUIHUA,CHEN DAKE,SU JILAN,2006.Generation and life cycle of the dipole in the South China Sea summer circulation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,111(C6):C06002.
WANG WEI,HUANG RUIXIN,2004.Wind energy input to the Ekman layer[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,34(5):1267-1275.
WANG ZHAOYUN,ZHAI FANGGUO,LI PEILIANG,2016.Ashift in the upper-ocean temperature trends in the South China Sea since the late 1990s[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,35(11):44-51.
WU KEJIAN,LIU BIN,2008.Stokes drift-induced and direct wind energy inputs into the Ekman layer within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,113(C10):C10002.
WU YANG,ZHAI XIAOMING,WANG ZHAOMIN,2016.Impact of Synoptic Atmospheric Forcing on the Mean Ocean Circulation[J].Journal of Climate,29(16):5709-5724.
WUNSCH C,1998.The work done by the wind on the oceanic general circulation[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,28(11):2332-2340.
YANG HAIYUAN,WU LIXIN,2012.Trends of upper-layer circulation in the South China Sea during 1959-2008[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,117(C8):C08037.
YANG HAIYUAN,WU LIXIN,SUN SHANTONG,et al,2015.Low-frequency variability of monsoon-driven circulation with application to the South China Sea[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,45(6):1632-1650.
YANG ZHITONG,LUO YIYONG,2016.Low-frequency variability of the shallow meridional overturning circulation in the South China Sea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,35(3):10-20.
ZHAI XIAOMING,2013.On the wind mechanical forcing of the ocean general circulation.Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,118(12):6561-6577.
ZHAI XIAOMING,JOHNSON H L,MARSHALL D P,et al,2012.On the wind power input to the ocean general circulation[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,42(8):1357-1365.
ZHAI XIAOMING,WUNSCH C,2013.On the variability of wind power input to the oceans with a focus on the subpolar North Atlantic[J].Journal of Climate,26(11):3892-3903.
ZHANG NINGNING,LAN JIAN,MA JIE,et al,2016.The shallow meridional overturning circulation in the South China Sea and the related internal water movement[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,35(7):1-7.
ZHANG YUMING,WU KEJIAN,ZHANG XIAOSHUANG,et al,2013.Improving the estimate of wind energy input into the Ekman layer within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,32(3):19-27.
ZHU YAOHUA,FANG GUOHONG,WEI ZEXUN,et al,2016.Seasonal variability of the meridional overturning circulation in the South China Sea and its connection with inter-ocean transport based on SODA2.2.4[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(5):3090-3105.