施磷量与小麦产量的关系及其对土壤、气候因素的响应
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摘要
【目的】分析在有效磷含量不同的土壤中磷肥施用量对小麦籽粒产量的影响,探明在保证小麦高产的前提下,不同有效磷含量土壤中施磷量与小麦籽粒产量之间的关系,为小麦生产中合理施用磷肥、改善农田生态环境提供理论依据。【方法】本研究根据1990—2017年间已公开发表的有关中国磷肥田间试验的文献,建立土壤有效磷、施磷量和小麦籽粒产量的数据库。采用数据整合分析方法 (Meta-analysis),研究在3个土壤有效磷梯度(<10、10～20、> 20 mg/kg)下,不同施磷(P_2O_5)量(<60、60～90、90～120、120～150、> 150 kg/hm2)对小麦籽粒产量的影响,分析施磷量与小麦籽粒产量之间的关系及其对环境因素的响应。【结果】1)除在有效磷>20 mg/kg的土壤上施用P_2O_5> 90 kg/hm2的高量磷肥外,在其它有效磷含量土壤上施用磷肥对小麦籽粒产量的提高均具有正影响。具体表现为:在有效磷<10 mg/kg的土壤上,小麦籽粒产量随施磷量的升高而呈直线上升趋势,其中施P_2O_5> 150 kg/hm2的磷肥对小麦的增产作用最强(36.6%);在有效磷含量为10～20 mg/kg的土壤上,90～120 kg/hm2的P_2O_5施用量对小麦的增产作用最强(25.8%);在有效磷含量> 20 mg/kg的土壤上,小麦籽粒产量与施磷量的关系符合米歇里西方程,即小麦籽粒产量随施磷量先增加后达到平衡,且磷肥施用对小麦的有效增产作用相对较弱(<8%)。2)在不同的环境因素下磷肥施用对小麦籽粒产量的提高均为正影响。具体表现为:在不同的气候类型条件下,亚热带季风气候条件下施用磷肥对小麦籽粒产量的提高幅度为19.4%,高于亚热带季风气候区(10.7%);在不同土壤类型条件下,黑垆土中磷肥施用对小麦籽粒产量的提高幅度为34.4%,显著高于黄棕壤(10.3%)、棕壤(9.2%)和褐土(15.6%);在不同小麦种植区中,春小麦区中磷肥施用对小麦籽粒产量的提升幅度为32.9%,显著高于北方冬小麦区(13.9%)和南冬小麦区(10.8%)。【结论】在试验前初始有效磷含量不同的土壤中,磷肥施用量对小麦籽粒产量的影响程度不尽相同,其中在亚热带季风气候、黑垆土、春小麦区条件下施磷的增产作用较强。因此,在小麦生产过程中施用磷肥时应充分考虑当地的土壤有效磷含量,适量施肥,减少磷素浪费,保护农业生态环境。
【Objectives】The effect of phosphorus fertilizer application on wheat grain yield and the relationship between phosphorus application amount and grain yield were analyzed in soils with different available phosphorus(P) content. The results can provide the theoretical basis for the rational application of phosphorus fertilizer and the improvement of the farmland ecological environment.【Methods】In this study, a database of soil availableP,P_2O_5 application amount and wheat grain yield was established based on published papers on Chinese field experiments during the period of 1990–2017. The effect ofP_2O_5 application amount(< 60, 60-90, 90-120,120-150, > 150 kg/hm~2) on wheat grain yield and the relationship betweenP_2O_5 application amount and wheat grain yield in soils with three soil available-P gradients(< 10, 10-20, and > 20 mg/kg) were analyzed using metaanalysis. The relationship between phosphorus application rate and grain yield of wheat, and the effects of environmental factors on the relationship between phosphorus fertilizer application and grain yield of wheat were studied.【Results】The application of phosphorus fertilizer showed a positive effect on the wheat grain yield,except when applying phosphorus fertilizer more than 90 kg/hm~2 in soils with available-P > 20 mg/kg. In detail, in soils with available-P < 10 mg/kg, the wheat grain yield increased linearly with the increase ofP_2O_5 application amount, with the strongest effect forP_2O_5 application amount more than 150 kg/hm~2(36.6%). In soils with available-P of 10-20 mg/kg, P application had a positive effect on the wheat grain yield, with the strongest effect forP_2O_5 application amount of 90-120 kg/hm~2(25.8%). In soils with available-P > 20 mg/kg, the relationship between wheat grain yield and P application amount was fitted well by the exponential rise to maximum equation.That is, wheat grain yield increased with the increase ofP_2O_5 application amount and then reached the balance.The effect of phosphorus fertilizer application on wheat grain yield was relatively weak(< 8%) in this situation.【Conclusions】The effect of phosphorus fertilizer on wheat grain yield varied with the soil available-P content and theP_2O_5 application amount. Therefore, soil available-P content should be considered when applying phosphorus fertilizer for wheat production, as proper fertilizer application not only reduce the waste of phosphorus fertilizer but also protect the farmland ecological environment.
【Objectives】The effect of phosphorus fertilizer application on wheat grain yield and the relationship between phosphorus application amount and grain yield were analyzed in soils with different available phosphorus(P) content. The results can provide the theoretical basis for the rational application of phosphorus fertilizer and the improvement of the farmland ecological environment.【Methods】In this study, a database of soil availableP,P_2O_5 application amount and wheat grain yield was established based on published papers on Chinese field experiments during the period of 1990–2017. The effect ofP_2O_5 application amount(< 60, 60-90, 90-120,120-150, > 150 kg/hm~2) on wheat grain yield and the relationship betweenP_2O_5 application amount and wheat grain yield in soils with three soil available-P gradients(< 10, 10-20, and > 20 mg/kg) were analyzed using metaanalysis. The relationship between phosphorus application rate and grain yield of wheat, and the effects of environmental factors on the relationship between phosphorus fertilizer application and grain yield of wheat were studied.【Results】The application of phosphorus fertilizer showed a positive effect on the wheat grain yield,except when applying phosphorus fertilizer more than 90 kg/hm~2 in soils with available-P > 20 mg/kg. In detail, in soils with available-P < 10 mg/kg, the wheat grain yield increased linearly with the increase ofP_2O_5 application amount, with the strongest effect forP_2O_5 application amount more than 150 kg/hm~2(36.6%). In soils with available-P of 10-20 mg/kg, P application had a positive effect on the wheat grain yield, with the strongest effect forP_2O_5 application amount of 90-120 kg/hm~2(25.8%). In soils with available-P > 20 mg/kg, the relationship between wheat grain yield and P application amount was fitted well by the exponential rise to maximum equation.That is, wheat grain yield increased with the increase ofP_2O_5 application amount and then reached the balance.The effect of phosphorus fertilizer application on wheat grain yield was relatively weak(< 8%) in this situation.【Conclusions】The effect of phosphorus fertilizer on wheat grain yield varied with the soil available-P content and theP_2O_5 application amount. Therefore, soil available-P content should be considered when applying phosphorus fertilizer for wheat production, as proper fertilizer application not only reduce the waste of phosphorus fertilizer but also protect the farmland ecological environment.
引文
[1]唐旭.小麦-玉米轮作土壤磷素长期演变规律研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院博士学位论文,2009.Tang X.Long-term change of phosphorus in soils under wheat-maize crop rotation in China[D].Beijing:PhD Dissertations of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2009.
[2]王旭东,于振文.施磷对小麦产量和品质的影响[J].山东农业科学,2003,6(17):1001-4942.Wang X D,Yang Z W.Effects of phosphorus application on yield and quality of wheat[J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2003,6(17):1001-4942.
[3]李生秀.提高旱地土壤氮肥利用效率的途径和对策[J].土壤学报,2002,39(Sup.):56-75.Li S X.Ways and countermeasures to improve nitrogen use efficiency in upland soil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2002,39(Sup.):56-75.
[4]Barker A V,Pilbeam D J.Handbook of plant nutrition[M].Boca Raton:Taylor&Francis,2006.
[5]刘华英,萧浪涛,彭克勤.土壤难溶态磷的高效利用研究进展[J].贵州农业科学,2002,30(6):61-63.Liu H Y,Xiao L T,Peng K Q.Research progress on the efficient utilization of insoluble phosphorus in soil[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2002,30(6):61-63.
[6]沈善敏.中国土壤肥力[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998.Shen S M.Soil fertility in China[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1998.
[7]Au lakh M S,Garg A K,Kabba B S.Phosphorus accumulation,leaching and residual effects on crop yields from long-term applications in the subtropics[J].Soil Use Manage,2007,23:417-427.
[8]Machler F,Nosberger J.Influence of inorganic phosphate on photosynthesis of wheat chloroplast II.Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activity[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,1984,35:488-494.
[9]Medhi D N,Baroova S R,Sharma A C,et al.Residual effect of intergrated phosphorus management of rice on wheat[J].Annals of Agricultural Research,1995,16(4):515-517.
[10]Michael A P.Grain protein response to phosphorus nutrition of wheat[J].Agronomy,1983,75(2):303-305.
[11]孙慧敏,于振文,颜红,等.不同土壤肥力条件下施磷量对小麦产量、品质和磷肥利用率的影响[J].山东农业科学,2006,03(16):1001-4942.Sun H M,Yu Z W,Yan H,et al.Effect of phosphorus rate applied on yield,quality and phosphorus utilization ratio in winter wheat under different fertility soil[J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2006,03(16):1001-4942.
[12]Luo Y Q,H ui,Da F,et al.Elevated CO2 stimulates net accumulations of carbon and nitrogen in land ecosystems:a metaanalysis[J].Ecology,2006,87(1):53-63.
[13]Curtis P S,Wang X.A meta-analysis of elevated CO2 effects on woody plant mass,form,and physiology[J].Oecologia,1998,113(3):299-313.
[14]Pallmann P.Applied meta-analysis with R[J].Journal of Applied Statistics,2015,42(4):914-915.
[15]Tirol-Padre A,Ladha J-K.Integrating rice and wheat productivity trends using the SAS mixed-procedure and meta-analysis[J].Field Crops Research,2006,95(1):75-88.
[16]区沃恒,焦志勇,傅显华.小麦的磷素营养[J].中国农业科学,1978,11(3):49-54.Qu W Y,Jiao Z Y,Fu X H.Phosphorus nutrition of wheat[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1978,11(3):49-54.
[17]张福锁,陈新平,陈清,等.中国主要作物施肥指南[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2009.Zhang F S,Zheng X P,Chen Q,et al.Guidelines for major crop fertilization in China[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2009.
[18]Rosenberg M S,Adams D C,Gurevitch J.Meta-win:Statistical software for meta-analysis with resampling tests[M].America:Sinauer Associates Inc,1997.
[19]何寒青,陈坤.Meta分析中的异质性检验方法[J].中国卫生统计,2006,(6):486-487,490.He H Q,Chen K.Heterogeneity test method in meta-analysis[J].Chinese Journal of Health Statistics,2006,(6):486-487,490.
[20]蔡岸冬,张文菊,杨品品,等.基于Meta-Analysis研究施肥对中国农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(15):2995-3004.Cai A D,Zhang W J,Yang P P,et al.Effect degree of fertilization practices on soil organic carbon and fraction of croplands in Chinabased on meta-analysis[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(15):2995-3004.
[21]任凤玲,张旭博,孙楠,等.施用有机肥对中国农田土壤微生物量影响的整合分析[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(15):2995-3004.Reng F L,Zhang X B,Sun N,et al.A Meta-analysis of manure application impact on soil microbial biomass across China’s croplands[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(15):2995-3004.
[22]彭正萍,张家铜,袁硕,等.不同供磷水平对玉米干物质和磷动态积累及分配的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(4):793-798.Peng Z P,Zhang J T,Yuan S,et al.Effects of different phosphorus application rates on the dynamic accumulation and distribution of dry matter and phosphorus in maize[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2009,15(4):793-798.
[23]鲁如坤,时正元,顾益初.土壤积累态磷研究Ⅱ.磷肥的表观积累利用率[J].土壤,1995,(6):286-289.Lu R K,Shi Z Y,Gu Y C.Study on accumulating phosphorus in soil II.Apparent accumulation and utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer[J].Soil,1995,(6):286-289.
[24]Bollons H M,Barraclough P B.Assessing the phosphorus status of winter wheat crops:inorganic orthophosphate in whole shoots[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1999,133(3):285-295.
[25]Colomb B,Debaeke P,Jouany C,et al.Phosphorus management in low input stockless cropping systems:Crop and soil responses to contrasting P regimes in a 36-year experiment in southern France[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2007,26(2):154-165.
[26]Johnston A E,Lane P W,Mattingly G E G,et al.Effects of soil and fertilizer P on yields of potatoes,sugar beet,barley and winter wheat on a sandy clay loam soil at Saxmundam,suffolk[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1986,106(1):155-167.
[27]Tang X,Ma Y,Hao X,et al.Determining critical values of soil Olsen-P for maize and winter wheat from long-term experiments in China[J].Plant and Soil,2009,323(1-2):143-151.
[28]张和平,刘晓楠.华北平原冬小麦根系生长规律及其与氮肥磷肥和水分的关系[J].华北农学报,1993,8(4):76-82.Zhang H P,Liu X N.Growth regularity of winter wheat root system in North China Plain and its relationship with nitrogen,phosphorus and water[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,1993,8(4):76-82.
[29]王宜伦,李慧,张晓佳,等.不同质地潮土夏玉米推荐施肥方法研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(4):402-407.Wang Y L,Li H,Zhang X J,et al.Studies on recommended fertilization methods of summer maize in different fluvo-aquic soil texture[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agricultural,2012,20(4):402-407.
[30]黄晓婷,赵亚丽,杨艳,等.不同土壤类型冬小麦-夏玉米轮作施肥效应[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(16):3140-3151.Huang X T,Zhao Y L,Yang Y,et al.Effects of fertilization on winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in different soil types[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(16):3140-3151.
[31]王殿武,刘树庆,文宏达,等.高寒半干旱区春小麦田施肥效应[J].土壤肥料,2000,(3):19-31.Wang D W,Liu S Q,Wen S D,et al.Fertilization effect of spring wheat field in high and cold semi-arid region[J].Soil and Fertilizer,2000,(3):19-31.
[32]黄润.不同春小麦品种磷营养效率差异机理研究[D].新疆石河子:石河子大学硕士学位论文,2009.Huang R.Mechanisms of genotype differences in phosphorus efficiency of spring wheat[D].Shihezi,Xingjiang:MS Thesis of Shihezi University,2009.
[2]王旭东,于振文.施磷对小麦产量和品质的影响[J].山东农业科学,2003,6(17):1001-4942.Wang X D,Yang Z W.Effects of phosphorus application on yield and quality of wheat[J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2003,6(17):1001-4942.
[3]李生秀.提高旱地土壤氮肥利用效率的途径和对策[J].土壤学报,2002,39(Sup.):56-75.Li S X.Ways and countermeasures to improve nitrogen use efficiency in upland soil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2002,39(Sup.):56-75.
[4]Barker A V,Pilbeam D J.Handbook of plant nutrition[M].Boca Raton:Taylor&Francis,2006.
[5]刘华英,萧浪涛,彭克勤.土壤难溶态磷的高效利用研究进展[J].贵州农业科学,2002,30(6):61-63.Liu H Y,Xiao L T,Peng K Q.Research progress on the efficient utilization of insoluble phosphorus in soil[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2002,30(6):61-63.
[6]沈善敏.中国土壤肥力[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998.Shen S M.Soil fertility in China[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1998.
[7]Au lakh M S,Garg A K,Kabba B S.Phosphorus accumulation,leaching and residual effects on crop yields from long-term applications in the subtropics[J].Soil Use Manage,2007,23:417-427.
[8]Machler F,Nosberger J.Influence of inorganic phosphate on photosynthesis of wheat chloroplast II.Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activity[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,1984,35:488-494.
[9]Medhi D N,Baroova S R,Sharma A C,et al.Residual effect of intergrated phosphorus management of rice on wheat[J].Annals of Agricultural Research,1995,16(4):515-517.
[10]Michael A P.Grain protein response to phosphorus nutrition of wheat[J].Agronomy,1983,75(2):303-305.
[11]孙慧敏,于振文,颜红,等.不同土壤肥力条件下施磷量对小麦产量、品质和磷肥利用率的影响[J].山东农业科学,2006,03(16):1001-4942.Sun H M,Yu Z W,Yan H,et al.Effect of phosphorus rate applied on yield,quality and phosphorus utilization ratio in winter wheat under different fertility soil[J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2006,03(16):1001-4942.
[12]Luo Y Q,H ui,Da F,et al.Elevated CO2 stimulates net accumulations of carbon and nitrogen in land ecosystems:a metaanalysis[J].Ecology,2006,87(1):53-63.
[13]Curtis P S,Wang X.A meta-analysis of elevated CO2 effects on woody plant mass,form,and physiology[J].Oecologia,1998,113(3):299-313.
[14]Pallmann P.Applied meta-analysis with R[J].Journal of Applied Statistics,2015,42(4):914-915.
[15]Tirol-Padre A,Ladha J-K.Integrating rice and wheat productivity trends using the SAS mixed-procedure and meta-analysis[J].Field Crops Research,2006,95(1):75-88.
[16]区沃恒,焦志勇,傅显华.小麦的磷素营养[J].中国农业科学,1978,11(3):49-54.Qu W Y,Jiao Z Y,Fu X H.Phosphorus nutrition of wheat[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1978,11(3):49-54.
[17]张福锁,陈新平,陈清,等.中国主要作物施肥指南[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2009.Zhang F S,Zheng X P,Chen Q,et al.Guidelines for major crop fertilization in China[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2009.
[18]Rosenberg M S,Adams D C,Gurevitch J.Meta-win:Statistical software for meta-analysis with resampling tests[M].America:Sinauer Associates Inc,1997.
[19]何寒青,陈坤.Meta分析中的异质性检验方法[J].中国卫生统计,2006,(6):486-487,490.He H Q,Chen K.Heterogeneity test method in meta-analysis[J].Chinese Journal of Health Statistics,2006,(6):486-487,490.
[20]蔡岸冬,张文菊,杨品品,等.基于Meta-Analysis研究施肥对中国农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(15):2995-3004.Cai A D,Zhang W J,Yang P P,et al.Effect degree of fertilization practices on soil organic carbon and fraction of croplands in Chinabased on meta-analysis[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(15):2995-3004.
[21]任凤玲,张旭博,孙楠,等.施用有机肥对中国农田土壤微生物量影响的整合分析[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(15):2995-3004.Reng F L,Zhang X B,Sun N,et al.A Meta-analysis of manure application impact on soil microbial biomass across China’s croplands[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(15):2995-3004.
[22]彭正萍,张家铜,袁硕,等.不同供磷水平对玉米干物质和磷动态积累及分配的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(4):793-798.Peng Z P,Zhang J T,Yuan S,et al.Effects of different phosphorus application rates on the dynamic accumulation and distribution of dry matter and phosphorus in maize[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2009,15(4):793-798.
[23]鲁如坤,时正元,顾益初.土壤积累态磷研究Ⅱ.磷肥的表观积累利用率[J].土壤,1995,(6):286-289.Lu R K,Shi Z Y,Gu Y C.Study on accumulating phosphorus in soil II.Apparent accumulation and utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer[J].Soil,1995,(6):286-289.
[24]Bollons H M,Barraclough P B.Assessing the phosphorus status of winter wheat crops:inorganic orthophosphate in whole shoots[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1999,133(3):285-295.
[25]Colomb B,Debaeke P,Jouany C,et al.Phosphorus management in low input stockless cropping systems:Crop and soil responses to contrasting P regimes in a 36-year experiment in southern France[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2007,26(2):154-165.
[26]Johnston A E,Lane P W,Mattingly G E G,et al.Effects of soil and fertilizer P on yields of potatoes,sugar beet,barley and winter wheat on a sandy clay loam soil at Saxmundam,suffolk[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1986,106(1):155-167.
[27]Tang X,Ma Y,Hao X,et al.Determining critical values of soil Olsen-P for maize and winter wheat from long-term experiments in China[J].Plant and Soil,2009,323(1-2):143-151.
[28]张和平,刘晓楠.华北平原冬小麦根系生长规律及其与氮肥磷肥和水分的关系[J].华北农学报,1993,8(4):76-82.Zhang H P,Liu X N.Growth regularity of winter wheat root system in North China Plain and its relationship with nitrogen,phosphorus and water[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,1993,8(4):76-82.
[29]王宜伦,李慧,张晓佳,等.不同质地潮土夏玉米推荐施肥方法研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(4):402-407.Wang Y L,Li H,Zhang X J,et al.Studies on recommended fertilization methods of summer maize in different fluvo-aquic soil texture[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agricultural,2012,20(4):402-407.
[30]黄晓婷,赵亚丽,杨艳,等.不同土壤类型冬小麦-夏玉米轮作施肥效应[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(16):3140-3151.Huang X T,Zhao Y L,Yang Y,et al.Effects of fertilization on winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in different soil types[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(16):3140-3151.
[31]王殿武,刘树庆,文宏达,等.高寒半干旱区春小麦田施肥效应[J].土壤肥料,2000,(3):19-31.Wang D W,Liu S Q,Wen S D,et al.Fertilization effect of spring wheat field in high and cold semi-arid region[J].Soil and Fertilizer,2000,(3):19-31.
[32]黄润.不同春小麦品种磷营养效率差异机理研究[D].新疆石河子:石河子大学硕士学位论文,2009.Huang R.Mechanisms of genotype differences in phosphorus efficiency of spring wheat[D].Shihezi,Xingjiang:MS Thesis of Shihezi University,2009.