微生物致裂的热力学和动力学分析
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摘要
现场调查和实验研究均证实了微生物致裂的存在并提出了合理的机理模型,但是缺乏微生物致裂的热力学和动力学理论分析。基于Gutman的力学-化学交互作用理论、微生物能量学和腐蚀电化学理论,本文尝试给出SRB/NRB致裂的热力学和动力学解释。热力学计算结果表明,应力和SRB/NRB共同作用下金属材料腐蚀反应的摩尔Gibbs自由能下降,腐蚀反应向环境释放出更多的热量,从热力学上来说具有更高的腐蚀趋势。与SRB腐蚀和SRB致裂相比,铁基金属材料NRB腐蚀和NRB致裂具有更强的热力学倾向。动力学分析表明,外加应力和微生物共同作用下金属材料腐蚀速率和微裂纹扩展速率加快。本工作的研究结果能丰富人们对金属材料菌致开裂行为的认识。
Microbiologically influenced corrosion(MIC) is one of the most common corrosion types of buried pipelines. Many investigations in field survey and laboratory simulation studies have verified that microorganisms in soil and applied stresses can synergistically participate in and significantly affect the crack initiation and propagation of pipeline steels. This phenomenon was named as"microbiologically assisted cracking(MAC)". Relevant mechanisms, such as pitting mechanism, hydrogen damage mechanism, have been proposed to illuminate this phenomenon. However, there is still a lack of thermodynamic interpretation of MAC and the dynamic analysis deriving from thermodynamic interpretation. In the paper, the thermodynamic interpretation and the dynamic analysis for sulfate reducing bacteria(SRB)/nitrate-reducing bacteria(NRB)-assisted cracking were proposed based on the mechano-chemical interaction theory, bioenergetics and corrosion electrochemistry. The thermodynamic results showed that under the combined actions of SRB/NRB and external stress, the changes of Gibbs free energy of the corrosion reactions decrease and the releasing energies increase accordingly, revealing the stronger corrosion tendency in thermodynamics. For Fe-based alloys, NRB corrosion and NRB-assisted cracking are the more thermodynamically favorable processes, as compared to SRB corrosion and SRB-assisted cracking, respectively. The dynamic results showed that the corrosion rate and the crack propagation rate increase under the combined actions of applied stresses and microorganisms.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion(MIC) is one of the most common corrosion types of buried pipelines. Many investigations in field survey and laboratory simulation studies have verified that microorganisms in soil and applied stresses can synergistically participate in and significantly affect the crack initiation and propagation of pipeline steels. This phenomenon was named as"microbiologically assisted cracking(MAC)". Relevant mechanisms, such as pitting mechanism, hydrogen damage mechanism, have been proposed to illuminate this phenomenon. However, there is still a lack of thermodynamic interpretation of MAC and the dynamic analysis deriving from thermodynamic interpretation. In the paper, the thermodynamic interpretation and the dynamic analysis for sulfate reducing bacteria(SRB)/nitrate-reducing bacteria(NRB)-assisted cracking were proposed based on the mechano-chemical interaction theory, bioenergetics and corrosion electrochemistry. The thermodynamic results showed that under the combined actions of SRB/NRB and external stress, the changes of Gibbs free energy of the corrosion reactions decrease and the releasing energies increase accordingly, revealing the stronger corrosion tendency in thermodynamics. For Fe-based alloys, NRB corrosion and NRB-assisted cracking are the more thermodynamically favorable processes, as compared to SRB corrosion and SRB-assisted cracking, respectively. The dynamic results showed that the corrosion rate and the crack propagation rate increase under the combined actions of applied stresses and microorganisms.
引文
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[2] Ye S, Moradi M, Song Z L, et al. Inhibition effect of Pseudoal‐teromonas Piscicida on corrosion of Q235 carbon steel in simulated flowing seawater[J]. J. Chin. Soc. Corros. Prot., 2018, 38:174(叶赛, Moradi M,宋振纶等.杀鱼假交替单胞菌对模拟海水流动环境下Q235碳钢腐蚀的抑制行为[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报,2018, 38:174)
[3] Chen J N, Wu J J, Wang P, et al. Effect of Desulfovibrio sp. and Vib‐rio Alginolyticus on corrosion behavior of 907 steel in seawater[J].J. Chin. Soc. Corros. Prot., 2017, 37:402(陈菊娜,吴佳佳,王鹏等.脱硫弧菌和溶藻弧菌对船体结构材料907钢海水腐蚀行为的影响研究[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2017,37:402)
[4] Liu H W, Liu H F. Research progress of corrosion of steels induced by iron oxidizing bacteria[J]. J. Chin. Soc. Corros. Prot., 2017,37:195(刘宏伟,刘宏芳.铁氧化菌引起的钢铁材料腐蚀研究进展[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2017, 37:195
[5] Guan F, Zhai X F, Duan J Z, et al. Progress on influence of cathodic polarization on sulfate-reducing bacteria induced corrosion[J]. J.Chin. Soc. Corros. Prot., 2018, 38:1(管方,翟晓凡,段继周等.阴极极化对硫酸盐还原菌腐蚀影响的研究进展[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2018, 38:1)
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[18] Javaherdashti R, Nwaoha C, Ebenso E E. Fuzzy prediction of cor‐rosion resistance of duplex stainless steel to biotic iron reducing bacteria and abiotic synthetic seawater environments:A phenome‐nological approach towards a multidisciplinary concept[J]. Int. J.Electrochem. Sci., 2012, 7:12573
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[22] Reguera G, McCarthy K D, Mehta T, et al. Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowires[J]. Nature, 2005, 435:1098
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[34] Wu T Q, Sun C, Ke W. Interpreting microbiologically assisted cracking with Ee-pH diagram[J]. Bioelectrochemistry, 2018,120:57
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[40] Venzlaff H, Enning D, Srinivasan J, et al. Accelerated cathodic re‐action in microbial corrosion of iron due to direct electron uptake by sulfate-reducing bacteria[J]. Corros. Sci., 2013, 66:88
[41] Xu D K, Gu T Y. Carbon source starvation triggered more aggres‐sive corrosion against carbon steel by the Desulfovibrio vulgaris biofilm[J]. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 2014, 91:74
[42] Zhang P Y, Xu D K, Li Y C, et al. Electron mediators accelerate the microbiologically influenced corrosion of 304 stainless steel by the Desulfovibrio vulgaris biofilm[J]. Bioelectrochemistry,2015, 101:14
[43] Xu D K, Li Y C, Song F M, et al. Laboratory investigation of mi‐crobiologically influenced corrosion of C1018 carbon steel by ni‐trate reducing bacterium Bacillus licheniformis[J]. Corros. Sci.,2013, 77:385
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[2] Ye S, Moradi M, Song Z L, et al. Inhibition effect of Pseudoal‐teromonas Piscicida on corrosion of Q235 carbon steel in simulated flowing seawater[J]. J. Chin. Soc. Corros. Prot., 2018, 38:174(叶赛, Moradi M,宋振纶等.杀鱼假交替单胞菌对模拟海水流动环境下Q235碳钢腐蚀的抑制行为[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报,2018, 38:174)
[3] Chen J N, Wu J J, Wang P, et al. Effect of Desulfovibrio sp. and Vib‐rio Alginolyticus on corrosion behavior of 907 steel in seawater[J].J. Chin. Soc. Corros. Prot., 2017, 37:402(陈菊娜,吴佳佳,王鹏等.脱硫弧菌和溶藻弧菌对船体结构材料907钢海水腐蚀行为的影响研究[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2017,37:402)
[4] Liu H W, Liu H F. Research progress of corrosion of steels induced by iron oxidizing bacteria[J]. J. Chin. Soc. Corros. Prot., 2017,37:195(刘宏伟,刘宏芳.铁氧化菌引起的钢铁材料腐蚀研究进展[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2017, 37:195
[5] Guan F, Zhai X F, Duan J Z, et al. Progress on influence of cathodic polarization on sulfate-reducing bacteria induced corrosion[J]. J.Chin. Soc. Corros. Prot., 2018, 38:1(管方,翟晓凡,段继周等.阴极极化对硫酸盐还原菌腐蚀影响的研究进展[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2018, 38:1)
[6] National Transportation Safety Board. Pipeline accident report:Nat‐ural gas pipeline rupture and fire near Carlsbad, New Mexico[R].Washington, D.C.National Transportation Safety Board, 2003
[7] Jacobson G A. Corrosion at prudhoe bay:A lesson on the line[J].Mater. Perform., 2007, 46:26
[8] Kholodenko V P, Jigletsova S K, Chugunov V A, et al. Chemicomi‐crobiological diagnostics of stress corrosion cracking of trunk pipe‐lines[J]. Appl. Biochem. Microbiol., 2000, 36:594
[9] Abedi S S, Abdolmaleki A, Adibi N. Failure analysis of SCC and SRB induced cracking of a transmission oil products pipeline[J].Eng. Fail. Anal., 2007, 14:250
[10] Wu T Q, Sun C, Xu J, et al. A study on bacteria-assisted cracking of X80 pipeline steel in soil environment[J]. Corros. Eng., Sci.Technol., 2018, 53:265
[11] Javaherdashti R, Singh Raman R K, Panter C, et al. Microbiologi‐cally assisted stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel in mixed and pure cultures of sulfate reducing bacteria[J]. Int. Biodeterior.Biodegrad., 2006, 58:27
[12] Raman R K S, Javaherdashti R, Panter C, et al. Hydrogen embrit‐tlement of a low carbon steel during slow strain testing in chloride solutions containing sulphate reducing bacteria[J]. Mater. Sci.Technol., 2005, 21:1094
[13] Dom?alicki P, Lunarska E, Birn J. Effect of cathodic polarization and sulfate reducing bacteria on mechanical properties of different steels in synthetic sea water[J]. Mater. Corros., 2007, 58:413
[14] Wu T Q, Xu J, Yan M C, et al. Synergistic effect of sulfate-reduc‐ing bacteria and elastic stress on corrosion of X80 steel in soil so‐lution[J]. Corros. Sci., 2014, 83:38
[15] Stipani?ev M, Rosas O, Basseguy R, et al. Electrochemical and fractographic analysis of microbiologically assisted stress corro‐sion cracking of carbon steel[J]. Corros. Sci., 2014, 80:60
[16] Robinson M J, Kilgallon P J. Hydrogen embrittlement of cathodi‐cally protected high-strength, low-alloy steels exposed to sulfatereducing bacteria[J]. Corrosion, 1994, 50:626
[17] Javaherdashti R. Impact of sulphate-reducing bacteria on the per‐formance of engineering materials[J]. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech‐nol., 2011, 91:1507
[18] Javaherdashti R, Nwaoha C, Ebenso E E. Fuzzy prediction of cor‐rosion resistance of duplex stainless steel to biotic iron reducing bacteria and abiotic synthetic seawater environments:A phenome‐nological approach towards a multidisciplinary concept[J]. Int. J.Electrochem. Sci., 2012, 7:12573
[19] Vaidya R U, Butt D P, Hersman L E, et al. Effect of microbiologi‐cally influenced corrosion on the tensile stress-strain response of aluminum and alumina-particle reinforced aluminum composite[J]. Corrosion, 1997, 53:136
[20] Wu T Q, Yan M C, Zeng D C, et al. Stress corrosion cracking of X80 steel in the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria[J]. J. Mater.Sci. Technol., 2015, 31:413
[21] Wu T Q, Xu J, Sun C, et al. Microbiological corrosion of pipeline steel under yield stress in soil environment[J]. Corros. Sci., 2014,88:291
[22] Reguera G, McCarthy K D, Mehta T, et al. Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowires[J]. Nature, 2005, 435:1098
[23] Yu L, Duan J Z, Du X Q, et al. Accelerated anaerobic corrosion of electroactive sulfate-reducing bacteria by electrochemical imped‐ance spectroscopy and chronoamperometry[J]. Electrochem. Com‐mun., 2013, 26:101
[24] Sheng X X, Ting Y P, Pehkonen S O. The influence of sulphate-re‐ducing bacteria biofilm on the corrosion of stainless steel AISI 316[J]. Corros. Sci., 2007, 49:2159
[25] Iverson W P. Corrosion of iron and formation of iron phosphide by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans[J]. Nature, 1968, 217:1265
[26] Wu T Q, Yan M C, Zeng D C, et al. Hydrogen permeation of X80steel with superficial stress in the presence of sulfate-reducing bac‐teria[J]. Corros. Sci., 2015, 91:86
[27] Robinson M J, Kilgallon P J. A review of the effects of sulphate re‐ducing bacteria in the marine environment on the corrosion fatigue and hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steels[R]. Health and Safety Executive-Offshore Technology Report, 1998
[28] Edyvean R G J. Hydrogen sulphide:a corrosive metabolite[J]. Int.Biodeter., 1991, 27:109
[29] Gee R, Chen Z Y. Hydrogen embrittlement during the corrosion of steel by wet elemental sulphur[J]. Corros. Sci., 1995, 37:2003
[30] Zucchi F, Grassi V, Monticelli C, et al. Hydrogen embrittlement of duplex stainless steel under cathodic protection in acidic artificial sea water in the presence of sulphide ions[J]. Corros. Sci., 2006,48:522
[31] Eadie R L, Szklarz K E, Sutherby R L. Corrosion fatigue and nearneutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipeline steel and the effect of hydrogen sulfide[J]. Corrosion, 2005, 61:167
[32] Sowards J W, Williamson C H D, Weeks T S, et al. The effect of Acetobacter sp. and a sulfate-reducing bacterial consortium from ethanol fuel environments on fatigue crack propagation in pipeline and storage tank steels[J]. Corros. Sci., 2014, 79:128
[33] Serednyts'kyi Y A. Mechanism of corrosion of 40KH steel near a crack tip in the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria[J]. Mater.Sci., 1997, 33:29
[34] Wu T Q, Sun C, Ke W. Interpreting microbiologically assisted cracking with Ee-pH diagram[J]. Bioelectrochemistry, 2018,120:57
[35] Cao C N. Principles of Electrochemistry of Corrosion[M]. 3rd Ed.Beijing:Chemical Industry Press, 2008:158(曹楚南.腐蚀电化学原理[M].第3版.北京:化学工业出版社,2008:158)
[36] Yu L B, Yan M C, Wang B B, et al. Microbial corrosion of Q235steel in acidic red soil environment[J]. J. Chin. Soc. Corros. Prot.,2018, 38:10(于利宝,闫茂成,王彬彬等.酸性土壤环境中Q235钢的微生物腐蚀行为[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2018, 38:10)
[37] Teng Y, Chen X, He C, et al. Effect of microstructure on corrosion behavior of X70 steel in 3.5%NaCl solution with SRB[J]. J. Chin.Soc. Corros. Prot., 2017, 37:168(滕彧,陈旭,何川等.显微组织对X70钢在含有硫酸盐还原菌的3.5%NaCl溶液中腐蚀行为的影响[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报,2017, 37:168)
[38] Yuan S J, Liang B, Zhao Y, et al. Surface chemistry and corrosion behaviour of 304 stainless steel in simulated seawater containing inorganic sulphide and sulphate-reducing bacteria[J]. Corros. Sci.,2013, 74:353
[39] Sherar B W A, Power I M, Keech P G, et al. Characterizing the ef‐fect of carbon steel exposure in sulfide containing solutions to mi‐crobially induced corrosion[J]. Corros. Sci., 2011, 53:955
[40] Venzlaff H, Enning D, Srinivasan J, et al. Accelerated cathodic re‐action in microbial corrosion of iron due to direct electron uptake by sulfate-reducing bacteria[J]. Corros. Sci., 2013, 66:88
[41] Xu D K, Gu T Y. Carbon source starvation triggered more aggres‐sive corrosion against carbon steel by the Desulfovibrio vulgaris biofilm[J]. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 2014, 91:74
[42] Zhang P Y, Xu D K, Li Y C, et al. Electron mediators accelerate the microbiologically influenced corrosion of 304 stainless steel by the Desulfovibrio vulgaris biofilm[J]. Bioelectrochemistry,2015, 101:14
[43] Xu D K, Li Y C, Song F M, et al. Laboratory investigation of mi‐crobiologically influenced corrosion of C1018 carbon steel by ni‐trate reducing bacterium Bacillus licheniformis[J]. Corros. Sci.,2013, 77:385
[44] Mei M, Zheng H A, Chen H D, et al. Effect of sulfate reducing bacteria on corrosion behavior of Cu in circulation cooling water system[J]. J. Chin. Soc. Corros. Prot., 2017, 37:533(梅朦,郑红艾,陈惠达等.硫酸盐还原菌对Cu在循环冷却水中腐蚀行为的影响[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2017, 37:533)
[45] Gutman E M. Thermodynamics of the mechanico-chemical effect:II. The range of operation of nonlinear laws[J]. Sov. Mater. Sci.,1967, 3:293
[46] Gutman E M. Thermodynamics of the mechanico-chemical effect:I. Derivation of basic equations. Nature of the effect[J]. Sov. Ma‐ter. Sci., 1968, 3:190
[47] Gutman E M, translated by Jin S. Mechanochemistry and Corro‐sion Prevention of Metals[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 1989(Gutman E M著,金石译.金属力学化学与腐蚀防护[M].北京:科学出版社, 1989)
[48] Wu T Q, Yan M C, Xu J, et al. Mechano-chemical effect of pipe‐line steel in microbiological corrosion[J]. Corros. Sci., 2016,108:160
[49] Al-Nabulsi K M, Al-Abbas F M, Rizk T Y, et al. Microbiologically assisted stress corrosion cracking in the presence of nitrate reduc‐ing bacteria[J]. Eng. Fail. Anal., 2015, 58:165
[50] Bogkris J O M, Beck W, Genshaw M A, et al. The effect of stress on the chemical potential of hydrogen in iron and steel[J]. Acta Metall., 1971, 19:1209
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