一种生物矿质复合材料对猪粪堆肥品质的影响
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摘要
QE制剂是一种含有微生物和矿物质的新型复合材料。为研究该材料对畜禽粪便高温堆肥进程及品质的影响,设置无添加剂(CK)、添加常规微生物菌剂(BJ)、添加QE制剂(QE)共3组处理,并以猪粪为原料,立式密闭发酵塔(容量50t)为反应装置,进行了为期7d的堆肥实验。结果表明:QE组堆温于第3天达到最大值72.7℃,比CK、BJ组分别提前2d、5d,且55℃以上持续天数为4d,高于其它两组处理。QE制剂可以有效提高堆肥的养分含量,堆肥7d后总氮、总磷、总钾含量分别达到2.62%、3.04%、2.29%,比BJ组高16.25%、2.36%、4.09%,比CK组高29.00%、14.72%、16.84%。同时,添加QE制剂的堆肥品质符合国家《有机肥料》(NY525-2012)标准,且优于其它两组处理。此外,QE、BJ组堆肥7d的种子发芽率指数分别为93.33%、90.00%,堆体已完全腐熟,而CK组为31.67%,未腐熟。研究表明,QE制剂在畜禽粪便高温堆肥过程中具有促进升温、加强保温、减少氮素损失、提高养分含量、改善堆肥品质的作用。
QE agent is a new composite material which contains microorganisms and minerals. In order to investigate the effects of the composite material on composting process and quality of manure, a 7 days composting experiment was conducted. The experiment included three treatments, no additives(CK), adding conventional microbial agent(BJ), and adding QE agent(QE). Pig manure was selected as the material and a vertical closed fermentation tower(capacity of 50 t) was selected as the reaction device. The results showed that at the 3rd day, the composting temperature of QE maximized to 72.7℃. It was earlier than treatment BJ and CK by 2 and 5 days. Besides, the duration of treatment QE whose composting temperature above 55℃ lasted for 4 days, was more than other 2 treatments. Adding QE agent could effectively improve the nutrient contents, and were 2.62%, 3.04%, 2.29% for total nitrogen, phosphorus, kalium, respectively. The nutrient contents of treatment QE were higher than treatment BJ by 16.25%, 2.36%, 4.09%, and higher than treatment CK by 29.00%, 14.72%, 16.84%. Moreover, the composting quality with adding QE agent reached the criterion-"Organic Fertilizer"(NY525-2012), and it was better than the other two treatments. Besides, the germination indexes of treatment QE and BJ were 93.33% and 90.00% at the 7th day. This showed that the piles of the two treatments were totally matured. However, the pile of treatment CK was not matured because of its low germination index(31.67%). In summary, the QE agent enhanced the temperature, strengthened the heat preservation, reduced the nitrogen loss, and improved the composting quality of livestock manure.
QE agent is a new composite material which contains microorganisms and minerals. In order to investigate the effects of the composite material on composting process and quality of manure, a 7 days composting experiment was conducted. The experiment included three treatments, no additives(CK), adding conventional microbial agent(BJ), and adding QE agent(QE). Pig manure was selected as the material and a vertical closed fermentation tower(capacity of 50 t) was selected as the reaction device. The results showed that at the 3rd day, the composting temperature of QE maximized to 72.7℃. It was earlier than treatment BJ and CK by 2 and 5 days. Besides, the duration of treatment QE whose composting temperature above 55℃ lasted for 4 days, was more than other 2 treatments. Adding QE agent could effectively improve the nutrient contents, and were 2.62%, 3.04%, 2.29% for total nitrogen, phosphorus, kalium, respectively. The nutrient contents of treatment QE were higher than treatment BJ by 16.25%, 2.36%, 4.09%, and higher than treatment CK by 29.00%, 14.72%, 16.84%. Moreover, the composting quality with adding QE agent reached the criterion-"Organic Fertilizer"(NY525-2012), and it was better than the other two treatments. Besides, the germination indexes of treatment QE and BJ were 93.33% and 90.00% at the 7th day. This showed that the piles of the two treatments were totally matured. However, the pile of treatment CK was not matured because of its low germination index(31.67%). In summary, the QE agent enhanced the temperature, strengthened the heat preservation, reduced the nitrogen loss, and improved the composting quality of livestock manure.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国环境保护部,中华人民共和国国家统计局,中华人民共和国农业部.第一次全国污染源普查公报[N].人民日报,2010-02-10(016).Ministry of Environmental Protection,National Bureau of Statistics,Ministry of Agriculture,People's Republic of China.The bulletin of national pollution census bulletin[N].People's Daily,2010-02-10(016).(in Chinese)
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[15]徐智,张陇利,张发宝,等.堆肥反应器中2种微生物接种剂的堆肥效果研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(11):3409-3413.Xu Z,Zhang L L,Zhang F B,et al.Effects of microbial inoculation on composting in a bioreactor[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(11):3409-3413.(in Chinese)
[16]阿旺次仁,彭怀丽,朱昌雄,等.一种新型环境修复材料的制备及其功能分析[J].中国农业气象,2016,37(5):513-519.Awangciren,Peng H L,Zhu C X,et al.Preparation and function of a new environmental restoration material[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2016,37(5):513-519.(in Chinese)
[17]朱昌雄,叶婧,刘丽辉,等.微生物菌剂及其制备方法和生产生物腐植酸的方法[P].北京:CN101717722A,2010.Zhu C X,Ye J,Liu L H,et al.An microbial agent,the method for its preparation and producing biological humic acid[P].Beijing:CN101717722A,2010.(in Chinese)
[18]洪书群.一种直立式发酵槽结构[P].中国:CN203833842U,2014.Hong S Q.A vertical type fermentation tank structure[P].China:CN203833842U,2014.(in Chinese)
[19]中华人民共和国农业部.NY525-2012,有机肥料[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2012.Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China.NY525-2012,organic fertilizer[S].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2012.(in Chinese)
[20]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 23349-2009,肥料中砷、镉、铅、铬、汞生态指标[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection,Quarantine of the People's Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.GB/T23349-2009,Ecological index of arsenic,cadmium,lead,chromium and mercury for fertilizers[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2009.(in Chinese)
[21]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 19524.1-2004,肥料中粪大肠菌群的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2004.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.GB/T 19524.1-2004,Determination of fecal coliforms in fertilizers[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2004.(in Chinese)
[22]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 19524.2-2004,肥料中蛔虫卵死亡率的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2004.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.GB/T 19524.2-2004,determination of mortality of ascarid egg in fertilizers[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2004.(in Chinese)
[23]United States Environmental Protection Agency.Composting:yard trimmings,and municipal solid waste[M].Lancaster,Pa.:Technomic,1994.
[24]邱瑞宗.以粒径分布、碳氮比、固态氮为树皮堆肥腐熟度指标的探讨[J].中华农业化学杂志,1991,29(4):445-448.Qiu R Z.Study on particle size distribution,carbon nitrogen ratio,solid nitrogen for bark compost maturity index[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Chemistry,1991,29(4):445-448.(in Chinese)
[25]Zucconi F,Forte M,Monaco A,et al.Biological evaluation of compost maturity[J].Biocycle,1981,22(4):27-29.
[26]李娟.发酵床不同垫料筛选及其堆肥化效应的研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2012.Li J.Study on the selection of different litter ratio in deep-litter system and its effects on aging litter composting[D].Taian:Shandong Agricultural University,2012.(in Chinese)
[27]Bahng G W,Lee J D.Development of heat-generating polyester fiber harnessing catalytic ceramic powder combined with heat-generating super microorganisms[J].Textile Research Journal,2014,84(11):1220-1230.
[28]Rogers J R,Bennett P C.Mineral stimulation of subsurface microorganisms:release of limiting nutrients from silicates[J].Chemical Geology,2004,203(1-2):91-108.
[29]Huang Q,Liang W,Peng C.Adsorption,desorption and activities of acid phosphatase on various colloidal particles from an Ultisol[J].Colloids&Surfaces B Biointerfaces,2005,45(3-4):209-214.
[30]Chen W.Adsorption of copper and cadmium by cu-and cd-resistant bacteria and their composites with soil colloids and kaolinite[J].Geomicrobiology Journal,2005,22(5):227-236.
[2]Medina S,Krasnovsky A,Raviv M,et al.Conserving nitrogen during composting[J].Biocycle,2002,43(9):48-50.
[3]Barrington S,Choinière D,Trigui M,et al.Effect of carbon source on compost nitrogen and carbon losses[J].Bioresource Technology,2002,83(3):189-194.
[4]李国学,李玉春,李彦富.固体废物堆肥化及堆肥添加剂研究进展[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(2):252-256.Li G X,Li Y C,Li Y F.Advance on composting of solid waste and utilization of additives[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2003,22(2):252-256.(in Chinese)
[5]黄向东,韩志英,石德智,等.畜禽粪便堆肥过程中氮素的损失与控制[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(1):247-254.Huang X D,Han Z Y,Shi D Z,et al.Nitrogen loss and its control during livestock manure composting[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(1):247-254.(in Chinese)
[6]杨延梅,刘鸿亮,杨志峰,等.控制堆肥过程中氮素损失的途径和方法综述[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,41(2):213-216.Yang Y M,Liu H L,Yang Z F,et al.Nitrogen loss and technique for nitrogen conservation in high temperature composting[J].Journal of Beijing Normal University(Natural Science),2005,41(2):213-216.(in Chinese)
[7]Kithome M,Paul J W,Bomke A A.Reducing nitrogen losses during simulated composting of poultry manure using adsorbents or chemical amendments[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1999,28(1):194-201.
[8]李吉进,郝晋珉,邹国元,等.添加剂在猪粪堆肥过程中的作用研究[J].土壤通报,2004,35(4):483-486.Li J J,Hao J M,Zou G Y,et al.Role and application of addictive during composting pig manure[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2004,35(4):483-486.(in Chinese)
[9]朱昌雄,黄亚丽,龚明波,等.农业环境的微生物修复研究进展与应用[A].第四届全国微生物肥料生产技术研讨会论文集[C].长沙:第四届全国微生物肥料生产技术研讨会,2010.Zhu C X,Huang Y L,Gong M B,et al.Research progress and application of microbial remediation in ago-environment[A].Proceedings of the forth national symposium on microbial fertilizer production technology[C].Changsha:The Forth National Symposium on Microbial Fertilizer Production Technology,2010.(in Chinese)
[10]李天枢.畜粪堆肥高效复合微生物菌剂的研制与应用[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2013.Li T S.Preparation and application of efficient microbial compound fertilizer for dung compost[D].Yangling:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2013.(in Chinese)
[11]Forrest A K,Hollister E B,Gentry T J,et al.Comparison of mixed-acid fermentations inoculated with six different mixed cultures[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,118(4):343-349.
[12]马丽红.牛粪高温堆肥中氮素转化的微生物机理研究[D].西北农林科技大学,2009.Ma L H.Study on microbial mechanism of nitrogen transformation during cow manure composting[D].Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2009.(in Chinese)
[13]张丽,田云龙,叶婧,等.产酸菌的筛选及其对畜禽粪便氨气释放量的影响[A].第五届全国微生物资源学术暨国家微生物资源平台运行服务研讨会论文集[C].广州:第五届全国微生物资源学术暨国家微生物资源平台运行服务研讨会,2013.Zhang L,Tian Y L,Ye J,et al.Screening of acid producing bacteria and its effect on ammonia emission from livestock and poultry manure[A].Proceedings of the fifth national symposium on microbial resources and national microbial resource platform[C].Guangzhou:The Fifth National Symposium on Microbial Resources and National Microbial Resource Platform,2013.(in Chinese)
[14]李吉进.畜禽粪便高温堆肥机理与应用研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2004.Li J J.Study on mechanism of high temperature composting of livestock manure and its application[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2004.(in Chinese)
[15]徐智,张陇利,张发宝,等.堆肥反应器中2种微生物接种剂的堆肥效果研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(11):3409-3413.Xu Z,Zhang L L,Zhang F B,et al.Effects of microbial inoculation on composting in a bioreactor[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(11):3409-3413.(in Chinese)
[16]阿旺次仁,彭怀丽,朱昌雄,等.一种新型环境修复材料的制备及其功能分析[J].中国农业气象,2016,37(5):513-519.Awangciren,Peng H L,Zhu C X,et al.Preparation and function of a new environmental restoration material[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2016,37(5):513-519.(in Chinese)
[17]朱昌雄,叶婧,刘丽辉,等.微生物菌剂及其制备方法和生产生物腐植酸的方法[P].北京:CN101717722A,2010.Zhu C X,Ye J,Liu L H,et al.An microbial agent,the method for its preparation and producing biological humic acid[P].Beijing:CN101717722A,2010.(in Chinese)
[18]洪书群.一种直立式发酵槽结构[P].中国:CN203833842U,2014.Hong S Q.A vertical type fermentation tank structure[P].China:CN203833842U,2014.(in Chinese)
[19]中华人民共和国农业部.NY525-2012,有机肥料[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2012.Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China.NY525-2012,organic fertilizer[S].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2012.(in Chinese)
[20]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 23349-2009,肥料中砷、镉、铅、铬、汞生态指标[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection,Quarantine of the People's Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.GB/T23349-2009,Ecological index of arsenic,cadmium,lead,chromium and mercury for fertilizers[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2009.(in Chinese)
[21]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 19524.1-2004,肥料中粪大肠菌群的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2004.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.GB/T 19524.1-2004,Determination of fecal coliforms in fertilizers[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2004.(in Chinese)
[22]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 19524.2-2004,肥料中蛔虫卵死亡率的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2004.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.GB/T 19524.2-2004,determination of mortality of ascarid egg in fertilizers[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2004.(in Chinese)
[23]United States Environmental Protection Agency.Composting:yard trimmings,and municipal solid waste[M].Lancaster,Pa.:Technomic,1994.
[24]邱瑞宗.以粒径分布、碳氮比、固态氮为树皮堆肥腐熟度指标的探讨[J].中华农业化学杂志,1991,29(4):445-448.Qiu R Z.Study on particle size distribution,carbon nitrogen ratio,solid nitrogen for bark compost maturity index[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Chemistry,1991,29(4):445-448.(in Chinese)
[25]Zucconi F,Forte M,Monaco A,et al.Biological evaluation of compost maturity[J].Biocycle,1981,22(4):27-29.
[26]李娟.发酵床不同垫料筛选及其堆肥化效应的研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2012.Li J.Study on the selection of different litter ratio in deep-litter system and its effects on aging litter composting[D].Taian:Shandong Agricultural University,2012.(in Chinese)
[27]Bahng G W,Lee J D.Development of heat-generating polyester fiber harnessing catalytic ceramic powder combined with heat-generating super microorganisms[J].Textile Research Journal,2014,84(11):1220-1230.
[28]Rogers J R,Bennett P C.Mineral stimulation of subsurface microorganisms:release of limiting nutrients from silicates[J].Chemical Geology,2004,203(1-2):91-108.
[29]Huang Q,Liang W,Peng C.Adsorption,desorption and activities of acid phosphatase on various colloidal particles from an Ultisol[J].Colloids&Surfaces B Biointerfaces,2005,45(3-4):209-214.
[30]Chen W.Adsorption of copper and cadmium by cu-and cd-resistant bacteria and their composites with soil colloids and kaolinite[J].Geomicrobiology Journal,2005,22(5):227-236.