高触变性高密度凝胶碳氢燃料的制备及性能
|
摘要
采用有机凝胶剂(Gn)和气相二氧化硅(SiO_2)分别与HD-01、HD-03、HD-03-I、QC四种纯液体高密度燃料制备了相应的凝胶碳氢燃料,研究了所需凝胶剂Gn和SiO_2的最小添加量,测定了凝胶碳氢燃料的密度、黏度、热值等基础物理性质。考察了其热稳定性、离心稳定性、长期存储挥发性等稳定性能,以及流变性能。结果表明,至少添加6%SiO_2才能使纯液体高密度燃料形成凝胶碳氢燃料,而Gn最小添加量不大于1%,且Gn对燃料本身的密度和热值几乎没有影响;Gn凝胶碳氢燃料在-40℃低温保存、长期室温存储或高速离心后无液体渗出现象;Gn凝胶碳氢燃料的黏度随剪切速率增加而明显下降,接近纯液体燃料黏度;通过扫描电镜发现Gn凝胶剂在燃料中可自组装形成三维纤维网状结构,搅拌或高温(150℃)可破坏该结构,静置或降温又可恢复,使得Gn凝胶碳氢燃料具有明显优于SiO_2凝胶燃料的流变性和触变性,更利于管道运输和雾化。
Synthesized organic gelling agent(Gn)and gaseous silica(SiO_2)were used to prepare corresponding gelled hydrocar-bon fuels with four kinds of high density liquid fuels HD-01,HD-03,HD-03-I and QC respectively. The minimum addition amount of gelling agents required was studied. The basic physical propertiessuch as density,viscosity,heat value for Gn and SiO_2 gelled fuels were determined. Their thermal stability,centrifugal stability,long-term storage perforemance and other stabili-ty properties,as well as rheological properties were also investigated. Results show that at least 6% SiO_2 was added to make the liquid fuel form the gelled fuel,while addition amount of Gn required for gelling the fuels is not greater than 1% with little influ-ence on the density and heat value of the fuel itself. No liquid exudation phenomenon happens after Gn galled hydrocarbon fuels are stored at -40 ℃,room temperature or high-speed centrifugation. The viscosity of Gn gelled hydrocarbon fuels decreases sig-nificantly with the increasing shear rate,approaching the viscosity of liquid fuel at high shear rate. By scanning electron micros-copy,it is found that Gn can be self-assembled to form a three-dimensional fiber network structure in fuel,which can be dam-aged by stirring or high temperature(150 ℃)and recovered by static or cooling,making the rheological and thixotropic proper-ties of Gn gelled hydrocarbon fuels significantly better than those of SiO_2 gelled hydrocarbon fuels and more conducive to pipe-line transportation and atomization.
Synthesized organic gelling agent(Gn)and gaseous silica(SiO_2)were used to prepare corresponding gelled hydrocar-bon fuels with four kinds of high density liquid fuels HD-01,HD-03,HD-03-I and QC respectively. The minimum addition amount of gelling agents required was studied. The basic physical propertiessuch as density,viscosity,heat value for Gn and SiO_2 gelled fuels were determined. Their thermal stability,centrifugal stability,long-term storage perforemance and other stabili-ty properties,as well as rheological properties were also investigated. Results show that at least 6% SiO_2 was added to make the liquid fuel form the gelled fuel,while addition amount of Gn required for gelling the fuels is not greater than 1% with little influ-ence on the density and heat value of the fuel itself. No liquid exudation phenomenon happens after Gn galled hydrocarbon fuels are stored at -40 ℃,room temperature or high-speed centrifugation. The viscosity of Gn gelled hydrocarbon fuels decreases sig-nificantly with the increasing shear rate,approaching the viscosity of liquid fuel at high shear rate. By scanning electron micros-copy,it is found that Gn can be self-assembled to form a three-dimensional fiber network structure in fuel,which can be dam-aged by stirring or high temperature(150 ℃)and recovered by static or cooling,making the rheological and thixotropic proper-ties of Gn gelled hydrocarbon fuels significantly better than those of SiO_2 gelled hydrocarbon fuels and more conducive to pipe-line transportation and atomization.
引文
[1] Zhang X,Pan L,Wang L,et al. Review on synthesis and prop-erties of high-energy-density liquid fuels:hydrocarbons,nano-fluids and energetic ionic liquids[J]. Chemical Engineering Sci-ence,2018,180(3):95-125.
[2] Chung H S,Chen C S H,Kremer R A,et al. Recent develop-ments in high-energy density liquid hydrocarbon fuels[J]. Ener-gy&Fuels,1999,13(3):641-649.
[3]潘伦,邓强,鄂秀天凤,等.高密度航空航天燃料合成化学[J].化学进展,2015,27(11):1531-1541.PAN Lun, DENG Qiang, E Xiu-tian-feng, et al. Synthesis chemistry of high-density fuels for aviation and aerospace pro-pulsion[J]. Progress in Chemistry,2015,27(11):1531-1541.
[4]邹吉军,郭成,张香文,等.航天推进用高密度液体碳氢燃料:合成与应用[J].推进技术,2014,35(10):1419-1425.ZOU Ji-jun, GUO Cheng, ZHANG Xiang-wen, et al.High-density liquid hydrocarbon fuels for aerospace propul-sion:synthesis and application[J]. Journal of Propulsion Tech-nology,2014,35(10):1419-1425.
[5]邹吉军,张香文,王莅,等.高密度液体碳氢燃料合成及应用进展[J].含能材料,2007,15(4):411-415.ZOU Ji-jun,ZHANG Xiang-wen,WANG Li,et al. Progress on the synthesis and application of high-density hydrocarbon fuels[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials(Hanneng Cail-iao),2007,15(4):411-415.
[6] Zou J J,Xiong Z,Zhang X,et al. Kinetics of tricyclopentadi-ene hydrogenation over Pd-B/γ-Al2O3amorphous catalyst[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2007,46(13):4415-4420.
[7] Li Y,Zou J J,Zhang X,et al. Product distribution of tricyclo-pentadiene from cycloaddition of dicyclopentadiene and cy-clopentadiene:a theoretical and experimental study[J]. Fuel,2010,89(9):2522-2527.
[8] Wang L,Zou J J,Zhang X,et al. Rearrangement of tetrahydro-tricyclopentadiene using acidic ionic liquid:synthesis of dia-mondoid fuel[J]. Energy&Fuel,2011,25(4):1342-1347.
[9] Wang L,Zhang X,Zou J J,et al. Acid-catalyzed isomerization of tetrahydrotricyclopentadiene:synthesis of high-energy-densi-ty liquid fuel[J]. Energy&Fuels,2009,23(5):2383-2388.
[10] Zou J J,Liu Y,Pan L,et al. Photocatalytic isomerization of norbornadiene to quadricyclane over metal(V,Fe and Cr)-in-corporated Ti-MCM-41[J]. Applied Catalysis B,2010,95(3):439-445.
[11]潘伦,鄂秀天凤,邹吉军,等.四环庚烷的制备及自燃性[J].含能材料,2015,23(10):959-963.PAN Lun,E Xiu-tian-feng,ZOU Ji-jun,et al. Study on synthe-sis of quadricyclane and its hypergolic property[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao),2015,23(10):959-963.
[12] Pan L,Feng R,Peng H,et al. A solar-energy-derived strained hydrocarbon as anenergetic hypergolic fuel[J]. RSC Advanc-es,2014,4(92):50998-51001.
[13]王宁飞,莫红军,樊学忠.凝胶推进剂的发展和应用[J].含能材料,1998,6(3):139-143.WANG Ning-fei,MO Hong-jun,FAN Xue-zhong. A review on development and application of gelled propellants[J]. Chi-nese Journal of Energetic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao),1998,6(3):139-143.
[14]王宝成,李鑫,赵凤起,等.凝胶推进剂研究进展[J].化学推进剂与高分子材料,2015,13(1):1-6.WANG Bao-cheng,LI Xin,ZHAO Feng-qi,et al. Research progress of gel propellant[J]. Chemical Propellants&Polymer-ic Materials,2015,13(1):1-6.
[15]张蒙正,左博.幂律型凝胶推进剂管路中的流动特性[J].推进技术,2009,30(2):246-250.ZHANG Meng-zheng,ZUO Bo. Flow behavior of power law model gelled propellant in the pipe[J]. Journal of Propulsion Technology,2009,30(2):246-250.
[16]魏超.凝胶推进剂供应系统流动特性研究[D].西安:西北工业大学. 2011.WEI Chao. Study on flow characteristics of gel-propellant sup-ply system[D]. Xi'an:Northwestern Polytechnical University.2011.
[17]龚静芝,封锋,邓寒玉,等.石蜡基凝胶燃料的制备及性能表征[J].含能材料,2016,24(6):560-564.GONG Jing-zhi,FENG Feng,DENG Han-yu,et al. Prepara-tion and performance characterization of paraffin based gel fu-el[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials(Hanneng Cail-iao),2016,24(6):560-564.
[18]邱贤平,韦伟,陈克海,等.高密度碳氢燃料凝胶材料及其制备方法[P].中国发明专利,CN104230610A,2014.
[19]陶乃敏,田妥,宋健,等.十八醇/DMDBS凝胶态相变材料的制备与性能研究[J].功能材料,2013,44(13):1943-1947.TAO Nai-min,TIAN Tuo,SONG Jian,et al. Preparation and properties of 1-octadecanol/1,3:2,4-di-(3,4-dimethyl)benzyl-idene sorbitol gelatinous form-stable phase change materials[J]. Journal of Functional Materials,2013,44(13):1943-1947.
[20] Arnold R,Santos P H S,Campanella O H,et al. Rheological and thermal behavior of gelled hydrocarbon fuels[J]. Journal of Propulsion and Power,2011,27(1):151-161.
[21]丰松江,何博,聂万胜.液体火箭凝胶推进剂燃烧特性研究进展[J].火箭推进,2009,35(4):1-13.FENG Song-jiang,HE Bo,NIE Wan-sheng. Progress in com-bustion characteristic research of liquid rocket gelled propel-lants[J]. Journal of Rocket Propulsion,2009,35(4):1-13.
[22] Yeh C L,Zhao E,Ma H K. An experimental investigation of combustion synthesis of silicon dioxide(sio2)particles in pre-mixed flames[J]. Combustion Science and Technology,2001,173(1):25-46.
[2] Chung H S,Chen C S H,Kremer R A,et al. Recent develop-ments in high-energy density liquid hydrocarbon fuels[J]. Ener-gy&Fuels,1999,13(3):641-649.
[3]潘伦,邓强,鄂秀天凤,等.高密度航空航天燃料合成化学[J].化学进展,2015,27(11):1531-1541.PAN Lun, DENG Qiang, E Xiu-tian-feng, et al. Synthesis chemistry of high-density fuels for aviation and aerospace pro-pulsion[J]. Progress in Chemistry,2015,27(11):1531-1541.
[4]邹吉军,郭成,张香文,等.航天推进用高密度液体碳氢燃料:合成与应用[J].推进技术,2014,35(10):1419-1425.ZOU Ji-jun, GUO Cheng, ZHANG Xiang-wen, et al.High-density liquid hydrocarbon fuels for aerospace propul-sion:synthesis and application[J]. Journal of Propulsion Tech-nology,2014,35(10):1419-1425.
[5]邹吉军,张香文,王莅,等.高密度液体碳氢燃料合成及应用进展[J].含能材料,2007,15(4):411-415.ZOU Ji-jun,ZHANG Xiang-wen,WANG Li,et al. Progress on the synthesis and application of high-density hydrocarbon fuels[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials(Hanneng Cail-iao),2007,15(4):411-415.
[6] Zou J J,Xiong Z,Zhang X,et al. Kinetics of tricyclopentadi-ene hydrogenation over Pd-B/γ-Al2O3amorphous catalyst[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2007,46(13):4415-4420.
[7] Li Y,Zou J J,Zhang X,et al. Product distribution of tricyclo-pentadiene from cycloaddition of dicyclopentadiene and cy-clopentadiene:a theoretical and experimental study[J]. Fuel,2010,89(9):2522-2527.
[8] Wang L,Zou J J,Zhang X,et al. Rearrangement of tetrahydro-tricyclopentadiene using acidic ionic liquid:synthesis of dia-mondoid fuel[J]. Energy&Fuel,2011,25(4):1342-1347.
[9] Wang L,Zhang X,Zou J J,et al. Acid-catalyzed isomerization of tetrahydrotricyclopentadiene:synthesis of high-energy-densi-ty liquid fuel[J]. Energy&Fuels,2009,23(5):2383-2388.
[10] Zou J J,Liu Y,Pan L,et al. Photocatalytic isomerization of norbornadiene to quadricyclane over metal(V,Fe and Cr)-in-corporated Ti-MCM-41[J]. Applied Catalysis B,2010,95(3):439-445.
[11]潘伦,鄂秀天凤,邹吉军,等.四环庚烷的制备及自燃性[J].含能材料,2015,23(10):959-963.PAN Lun,E Xiu-tian-feng,ZOU Ji-jun,et al. Study on synthe-sis of quadricyclane and its hypergolic property[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao),2015,23(10):959-963.
[12] Pan L,Feng R,Peng H,et al. A solar-energy-derived strained hydrocarbon as anenergetic hypergolic fuel[J]. RSC Advanc-es,2014,4(92):50998-51001.
[13]王宁飞,莫红军,樊学忠.凝胶推进剂的发展和应用[J].含能材料,1998,6(3):139-143.WANG Ning-fei,MO Hong-jun,FAN Xue-zhong. A review on development and application of gelled propellants[J]. Chi-nese Journal of Energetic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao),1998,6(3):139-143.
[14]王宝成,李鑫,赵凤起,等.凝胶推进剂研究进展[J].化学推进剂与高分子材料,2015,13(1):1-6.WANG Bao-cheng,LI Xin,ZHAO Feng-qi,et al. Research progress of gel propellant[J]. Chemical Propellants&Polymer-ic Materials,2015,13(1):1-6.
[15]张蒙正,左博.幂律型凝胶推进剂管路中的流动特性[J].推进技术,2009,30(2):246-250.ZHANG Meng-zheng,ZUO Bo. Flow behavior of power law model gelled propellant in the pipe[J]. Journal of Propulsion Technology,2009,30(2):246-250.
[16]魏超.凝胶推进剂供应系统流动特性研究[D].西安:西北工业大学. 2011.WEI Chao. Study on flow characteristics of gel-propellant sup-ply system[D]. Xi'an:Northwestern Polytechnical University.2011.
[17]龚静芝,封锋,邓寒玉,等.石蜡基凝胶燃料的制备及性能表征[J].含能材料,2016,24(6):560-564.GONG Jing-zhi,FENG Feng,DENG Han-yu,et al. Prepara-tion and performance characterization of paraffin based gel fu-el[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials(Hanneng Cail-iao),2016,24(6):560-564.
[18]邱贤平,韦伟,陈克海,等.高密度碳氢燃料凝胶材料及其制备方法[P].中国发明专利,CN104230610A,2014.
[19]陶乃敏,田妥,宋健,等.十八醇/DMDBS凝胶态相变材料的制备与性能研究[J].功能材料,2013,44(13):1943-1947.TAO Nai-min,TIAN Tuo,SONG Jian,et al. Preparation and properties of 1-octadecanol/1,3:2,4-di-(3,4-dimethyl)benzyl-idene sorbitol gelatinous form-stable phase change materials[J]. Journal of Functional Materials,2013,44(13):1943-1947.
[20] Arnold R,Santos P H S,Campanella O H,et al. Rheological and thermal behavior of gelled hydrocarbon fuels[J]. Journal of Propulsion and Power,2011,27(1):151-161.
[21]丰松江,何博,聂万胜.液体火箭凝胶推进剂燃烧特性研究进展[J].火箭推进,2009,35(4):1-13.FENG Song-jiang,HE Bo,NIE Wan-sheng. Progress in com-bustion characteristic research of liquid rocket gelled propel-lants[J]. Journal of Rocket Propulsion,2009,35(4):1-13.
[22] Yeh C L,Zhao E,Ma H K. An experimental investigation of combustion synthesis of silicon dioxide(sio2)particles in pre-mixed flames[J]. Combustion Science and Technology,2001,173(1):25-46.