程潮铁矿西区地表塌陷成因分析
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摘要
以程潮铁矿西区为例,结合矿区的地层岩性和地下采矿情况,系统分析了金属矿山地下开采引起的地下水位变化及地表突发性塌陷的原因。研究表明:地表塌陷主要受地下采矿的影响;在一定的地质水文条件下,地表塌陷时采空区高度与采矿深度呈线型关系;地表变形大小和扩展范围与地层岩性息息相关;连续降雨能诱发地表塌陷。地表塌陷可被分为4个阶段:间歇性向上崩落阶段、裂缝连通及扩展阶段、疏干塌陷阶段及地表塌坑群形成阶段。采空区上部岩体垮落是非充分的,岩体空隙随时间的积累和岩体崩落动态变化,崩落呈间歇性、跳跃性地向上发展。岩体崩落的高度与地层岩性有关,岩体强度越小,完整性越差,每次崩落高度越小,总崩落高度越大。随着矿体的开采,漏斗状水位降形成。地下水位降低不仅与采空区的相对位置有关,还受岩性构造所控制。岩体裂隙的产生及发展贯通为地下水向下流动提供了有利通道,可溶岩不断被侵蚀,黏土及岩屑被地下水容冲刷带走易在地下形成隐伏空区。硬石膏整体变形破坏会造成地下水的突涌,在地下隐伏空区内产生瞬时高负压,诱发地表塌陷。
In this study, Chengchao western iron mine is taken as a case to systematically analyze the variation of groundwater and the sudden collapse caused by underground mining by considering the lithology of rock mass and the influence of underground mining. The surface collapse is mainly controlled by underground mining. The relationship between goaf height and the mining depth is linear when the surface subsidence occurs under certain geological and hydrological conditions. The magnitude and extension range of surface deformation are closely related to lithology of strata around the goaf. Meanwhile, continuous rainfall may induce a sudden surface collapse. The surface collapse could be divided into 4 stages: intermittent upward caving stage, cracks connectivity and expansion stage, drainage collapse stage and formation stage of surface collapse pits group. Moreover, the collapse of rock mass above goaf is not sufficient. The accumulation of rock mass cracks with time and the dynamic change of rock mass collapse show intermittent and leaping upward development. The caving height of the overlying rock mass is related to lithology of strata. When rock mass strength decreases and rock mass integrity becomes poor, the single caving height becomes smaller while the total caving height becomes larger. A funnel-like water level drop gradually forms with the orebody exploitation. The decrease of groundwater level is not only related to the relative position of the goaf, but is controlled by the lithology and structure of surrounding rock. Furthermore, the formation and development of cracks in the rock mass provide favorable channels for the downward flow of groundwater. Soluble rocks are eroded continuously, clay and debris are washed away by groundwater, consequently, a hidden space is easily formed underground. The deformation and failure of the whole gypsum may cause the groundwater inrush which generates an instantaneous high negative pressure in the subsurface area, inducing the surface collapse.
In this study, Chengchao western iron mine is taken as a case to systematically analyze the variation of groundwater and the sudden collapse caused by underground mining by considering the lithology of rock mass and the influence of underground mining. The surface collapse is mainly controlled by underground mining. The relationship between goaf height and the mining depth is linear when the surface subsidence occurs under certain geological and hydrological conditions. The magnitude and extension range of surface deformation are closely related to lithology of strata around the goaf. Meanwhile, continuous rainfall may induce a sudden surface collapse. The surface collapse could be divided into 4 stages: intermittent upward caving stage, cracks connectivity and expansion stage, drainage collapse stage and formation stage of surface collapse pits group. Moreover, the collapse of rock mass above goaf is not sufficient. The accumulation of rock mass cracks with time and the dynamic change of rock mass collapse show intermittent and leaping upward development. The caving height of the overlying rock mass is related to lithology of strata. When rock mass strength decreases and rock mass integrity becomes poor, the single caving height becomes smaller while the total caving height becomes larger. A funnel-like water level drop gradually forms with the orebody exploitation. The decrease of groundwater level is not only related to the relative position of the goaf, but is controlled by the lithology and structure of surrounding rock. Furthermore, the formation and development of cracks in the rock mass provide favorable channels for the downward flow of groundwater. Soluble rocks are eroded continuously, clay and debris are washed away by groundwater, consequently, a hidden space is easily formed underground. The deformation and failure of the whole gypsum may cause the groundwater inrush which generates an instantaneous high negative pressure in the subsurface area, inducing the surface collapse.
引文
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[5]宋卫东,杜建华,尹小鹏,等.金属矿山崩落法开采顶板围岩崩落机制与塌陷规律[J].煤炭学报,2010,7:1078-1083.SONG Wei-dong,DU Jian-hua,YIN Xiao-peng,et al.Caving mechanism of hangwall rock and rules of surface subsidence due to no-pillar sub-level caving method in an iron mine[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,7:1078-1083.
[6]夏开宗,陈从新,付华,等.程潮铁矿西区不同采矿水平下的岩体变形规律分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(4):792-805.XIA Kai-zong,CHEN Cong-xin,FU Hua,et al.Deformation analysis of rock mass at different mining levels in west area of Chengchao iron[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(4):792-805.
[7]夏开宗,刘秀敏,陈从新,等.程潮铁矿西区地下开采引起的地表变形规律初探[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(8):1572-1578.XIA Kai-zong,LIU Xiu-min,CHEN Cong-xin,et al.Study on surface deformation caused by underground mining in western area of Chenchao iron mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(8):1572-1578.
[8]付华,陈从新,夏开宗,等.金属矿山地下开采引起岩体变形规律浅析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(9):1859-1868.FU Hua,CHEN Cong-xin,XIA Kai-zong,et al.Analysis briefly about the law of rock deformation caused by underground mining of metal mines[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(9):1859-1868.
[9]XIA K Z,CHEN C X,LIU X M,et al.Mining-induced ground deformation in tectonic stress metal mines:A case study[J].Engineering Geology,2016,210:212-230.
[10]黄平路.构造应力型矿山地下开采引起岩层移动规律研究[D].武汉:中科院武汉岩土力学研究所,2008.HUANG Ping-lu.Study on rock movement caused by underground mining in tectonic stress-mines[D].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2008.
[11]XIA K Z,CHEN C X,LIU X M,et al.Mining-induced ground movement in tectonic stress metal mines:A case study[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2016,75(3):1-27.
[12]席人双,陈从新,肖国锋,等.结构面对程潮铁矿东区地表及岩体移动变形的影响研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(增刊2):532-538.XI Ren-shuang,CHEN Cong-xin,XIAO Guo-feng,et al.Study of influence of discontinuities on rock movement and surface deformation in eastern area of Chengchao iron mine[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(Supp.2):532-538.
[13]邓洋洋,陈从新,夏开宗,等.地下采矿引起的程潮铁矿东区地表变形规律研究[J].岩土力学,2018,39(9):3385-3394.DENG Yang-yang,CHEN Cong-xin,XIA Kai-zong,et al.Ground movement and deformation caused by underground mining in eastern area of Chengchao iron mine[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2018,39(9):3385-3394.
[14]邓洋洋,陈从新,夏开宗,等.程潮铁矿东主井区地表变形特征和机制分析[J].岩土力学,2016,37(增刊1):455-461.DENG Yang-yang,CHEN Cong-xin,XIA Kai-zong,et al.Analysis of deformation characteristics of surface around east main shaft in Chengchao Iron Mine[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(Supp.1):455-461.
[15]杨逾,刘文生,冯国才.地下水位下降对采矿覆岩下沉影响探析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2004,15(2):67-70.YANG Yu,LIU Wen-sheng,FENG Guo-cai.Study on the influence of ground-water lowering to the subsidence of overlying strata in mining area[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2004,15(2):67-70.
[16]马荣振.厚松散层及承压水失水条件下重复采动地表移动变形规律研究[D].淮南:安徽理工大学,2014.MA Rong-zhen.Research the law of surface movement and deformation of multiple mining under confined water loss and thick unconsolidated layers[D].Huainan:Anhui University of Science and Technology,2014.
[17]林丹,游省易,唐小明.矿坑排水与岩溶地面塌陷的关系[J].中国岩溶,2016,35(2):202-210.LIN Dan,YOU Sheng-yi,TANG Xiao-ming.Relationship between mining drainage and karst ground collapse[J].Carsologica Sinica,2016,35(2):202-210.
[18]BELL F G.Foundation engineering in difficult ground[M].[S.l.]:Newnes-Butterworth,1978.
[19]夏开宗,陈从新,刘秀敏,等.基于突变理论的石膏矿矿柱-护顶层支撑体系的破坏分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(增刊2):3837-3845.XIA Kai-zong,CHEN Cong-xin,LIU Xiu-min,et al.Study of the failure of pillar-roof system in gypsum mines based on catastrophe theory[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(Supp.2):3837-3845.
[20]YILMAZ I,MARSCHALKO M,BEDNARIK M.Gypsum collapse hazards and importance of hazard mapping[J].Carbonates and Evaporites,2011,26(2):193-209.
[21]FIDELIBUS M D,GUTIéRREZ F,SPILOTRO G.Human-induced hydrogeological changes and sinkholes in the coastal gypsum karst of Lesina Marina area(Foggia Province,Italy)[J].Engineering Geology,2011,118(1-2):1-19.
[22]KARIMI H,TAHERI K.Hazards and mechanism of sinkholes on Kabudar Ahang and Famenin plains of Hamadan,Iran[J].Natural Hazards,2010,55(2):481-499.
[23]LOUREN?O S D N,SASSA K,FUKUOKA H.Failure process and hydrologic response of a two layer physical model:Implications for rainfall-induced landslides[J].Geomorphology,2006,73(1):115-130.
[24]周意超,陈从新,刘秀敏,等.荆门石膏矿岩遇水软化力学特性试验研究[J].岩土力学,2017,38(10):2847-2854,2864.ZHOU Yi-chao,CHEN Cong-xin,LIU Xiu-min,et al.Experimental study on mechanical properties of water-softening gypsum rock[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(10):2847-2854,2864.
[25]刘秀敏,陈从新,沈强,等.覆盖型岩溶塌陷的空间预测与评价[J].岩土力学,2011,32(9):2785-2790.LIU Xiu-min,CHEN Cong-xin,SHEN Qiang,et al.Spatial prediction and evaluation of collapse of covered karst[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(9):2785-2790.
[26]祝艳波,吴银亮,余宏明.隧道石膏质围岩强度特性试验研究[J].长江科学院院报,2013,30(9):53-58.ZHU Yan-bo,WU Yin-liang,YU Hong-ming,et al.Strength behavior of tunnel’s gypsiferous surrounding[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,2013,30(9):53-58.
[27]鲁祖德.裂隙岩石水-岩作用力学特性试验研究与理论分析[D].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2010.LU Zu-de.Experimental and theoretical analysis on mechanical properties of fractured rock under water-rock interaction[D].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2010.
[2]CIDU R,DADEA C,DESOGUS P,et al.Assessment of environmental hazards at abandoned mining sites:A case study in Sardinia,Italy[J].Applied Geochemistry,2012,27(9):1795-1806.
[3]刁心宏,远洋,张传信.金属矿山地质灾害及其研究发展趋势[J].金属矿山,2006,(6):1-4.DIAO Xin-hong,YUAN Yang,ZHANG Chuan-xin.Geological disasters of metal mines and trend in their research[J].Metal Mine,2006,(6):1-4.
[4]李庶林.论我国金属矿山地质灾害与防治对策[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2002,13(4):44-48.LI Shu-lin.Study on the geological hazard in metal mines and its prevention countermeasures[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2002,13(4):44-48.
[5]宋卫东,杜建华,尹小鹏,等.金属矿山崩落法开采顶板围岩崩落机制与塌陷规律[J].煤炭学报,2010,7:1078-1083.SONG Wei-dong,DU Jian-hua,YIN Xiao-peng,et al.Caving mechanism of hangwall rock and rules of surface subsidence due to no-pillar sub-level caving method in an iron mine[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,7:1078-1083.
[6]夏开宗,陈从新,付华,等.程潮铁矿西区不同采矿水平下的岩体变形规律分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(4):792-805.XIA Kai-zong,CHEN Cong-xin,FU Hua,et al.Deformation analysis of rock mass at different mining levels in west area of Chengchao iron[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(4):792-805.
[7]夏开宗,刘秀敏,陈从新,等.程潮铁矿西区地下开采引起的地表变形规律初探[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(8):1572-1578.XIA Kai-zong,LIU Xiu-min,CHEN Cong-xin,et al.Study on surface deformation caused by underground mining in western area of Chenchao iron mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(8):1572-1578.
[8]付华,陈从新,夏开宗,等.金属矿山地下开采引起岩体变形规律浅析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(9):1859-1868.FU Hua,CHEN Cong-xin,XIA Kai-zong,et al.Analysis briefly about the law of rock deformation caused by underground mining of metal mines[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(9):1859-1868.
[9]XIA K Z,CHEN C X,LIU X M,et al.Mining-induced ground deformation in tectonic stress metal mines:A case study[J].Engineering Geology,2016,210:212-230.
[10]黄平路.构造应力型矿山地下开采引起岩层移动规律研究[D].武汉:中科院武汉岩土力学研究所,2008.HUANG Ping-lu.Study on rock movement caused by underground mining in tectonic stress-mines[D].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2008.
[11]XIA K Z,CHEN C X,LIU X M,et al.Mining-induced ground movement in tectonic stress metal mines:A case study[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2016,75(3):1-27.
[12]席人双,陈从新,肖国锋,等.结构面对程潮铁矿东区地表及岩体移动变形的影响研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(增刊2):532-538.XI Ren-shuang,CHEN Cong-xin,XIAO Guo-feng,et al.Study of influence of discontinuities on rock movement and surface deformation in eastern area of Chengchao iron mine[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(Supp.2):532-538.
[13]邓洋洋,陈从新,夏开宗,等.地下采矿引起的程潮铁矿东区地表变形规律研究[J].岩土力学,2018,39(9):3385-3394.DENG Yang-yang,CHEN Cong-xin,XIA Kai-zong,et al.Ground movement and deformation caused by underground mining in eastern area of Chengchao iron mine[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2018,39(9):3385-3394.
[14]邓洋洋,陈从新,夏开宗,等.程潮铁矿东主井区地表变形特征和机制分析[J].岩土力学,2016,37(增刊1):455-461.DENG Yang-yang,CHEN Cong-xin,XIA Kai-zong,et al.Analysis of deformation characteristics of surface around east main shaft in Chengchao Iron Mine[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(Supp.1):455-461.
[15]杨逾,刘文生,冯国才.地下水位下降对采矿覆岩下沉影响探析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2004,15(2):67-70.YANG Yu,LIU Wen-sheng,FENG Guo-cai.Study on the influence of ground-water lowering to the subsidence of overlying strata in mining area[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2004,15(2):67-70.
[16]马荣振.厚松散层及承压水失水条件下重复采动地表移动变形规律研究[D].淮南:安徽理工大学,2014.MA Rong-zhen.Research the law of surface movement and deformation of multiple mining under confined water loss and thick unconsolidated layers[D].Huainan:Anhui University of Science and Technology,2014.
[17]林丹,游省易,唐小明.矿坑排水与岩溶地面塌陷的关系[J].中国岩溶,2016,35(2):202-210.LIN Dan,YOU Sheng-yi,TANG Xiao-ming.Relationship between mining drainage and karst ground collapse[J].Carsologica Sinica,2016,35(2):202-210.
[18]BELL F G.Foundation engineering in difficult ground[M].[S.l.]:Newnes-Butterworth,1978.
[19]夏开宗,陈从新,刘秀敏,等.基于突变理论的石膏矿矿柱-护顶层支撑体系的破坏分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(增刊2):3837-3845.XIA Kai-zong,CHEN Cong-xin,LIU Xiu-min,et al.Study of the failure of pillar-roof system in gypsum mines based on catastrophe theory[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(Supp.2):3837-3845.
[20]YILMAZ I,MARSCHALKO M,BEDNARIK M.Gypsum collapse hazards and importance of hazard mapping[J].Carbonates and Evaporites,2011,26(2):193-209.
[21]FIDELIBUS M D,GUTIéRREZ F,SPILOTRO G.Human-induced hydrogeological changes and sinkholes in the coastal gypsum karst of Lesina Marina area(Foggia Province,Italy)[J].Engineering Geology,2011,118(1-2):1-19.
[22]KARIMI H,TAHERI K.Hazards and mechanism of sinkholes on Kabudar Ahang and Famenin plains of Hamadan,Iran[J].Natural Hazards,2010,55(2):481-499.
[23]LOUREN?O S D N,SASSA K,FUKUOKA H.Failure process and hydrologic response of a two layer physical model:Implications for rainfall-induced landslides[J].Geomorphology,2006,73(1):115-130.
[24]周意超,陈从新,刘秀敏,等.荆门石膏矿岩遇水软化力学特性试验研究[J].岩土力学,2017,38(10):2847-2854,2864.ZHOU Yi-chao,CHEN Cong-xin,LIU Xiu-min,et al.Experimental study on mechanical properties of water-softening gypsum rock[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(10):2847-2854,2864.
[25]刘秀敏,陈从新,沈强,等.覆盖型岩溶塌陷的空间预测与评价[J].岩土力学,2011,32(9):2785-2790.LIU Xiu-min,CHEN Cong-xin,SHEN Qiang,et al.Spatial prediction and evaluation of collapse of covered karst[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(9):2785-2790.
[26]祝艳波,吴银亮,余宏明.隧道石膏质围岩强度特性试验研究[J].长江科学院院报,2013,30(9):53-58.ZHU Yan-bo,WU Yin-liang,YU Hong-ming,et al.Strength behavior of tunnel’s gypsiferous surrounding[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,2013,30(9):53-58.
[27]鲁祖德.裂隙岩石水-岩作用力学特性试验研究与理论分析[D].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2010.LU Zu-de.Experimental and theoretical analysis on mechanical properties of fractured rock under water-rock interaction[D].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2010.