垂向裂隙各向异性煤层地震波响应
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摘要
煤层中存在的裂隙会导致介质表现为各向异性,本文以HTI型煤层为例,结合各向异性介质弹性矩阵和各向异性裂隙理论,推导出不同充填物的垂直裂隙中各向异性参数表达式,将其应用于地震波响应分析;通过改进的交错网格差分法和各向异性Christoffel方程波场分解法,得到地震波合成记录和分解后的P波和SV波记录;将Thomsen群速度与相速度公式,经过坐标轴旋转变换,得到HTI型煤层中不同各向异性参数的地震波速度响应表达式;建立不同类型煤层地质模型,分析了裂隙密度、裂隙充填物以及煤层厚度等参数变化时的地震波响应特征.研究结果为分析垂向裂隙各向异性薄煤层地震波传播规律提供工具,为选用相应地震数据进行地震波各向异性参数反演提供依据.
There are many kinds of cracks in coals beds,which induce anisotropy in seismic waves.In this paper,combining elastic matrix and fracture theory in anisotropic media,the expressions of anisotropic parameters in a HTI coal bed are derived when it is filled by different materials such as gas and water,which are used to analyze characteristics of seismic response.Seismic synthetic records and decomposed P-wave and SV-wave records are simulated by the revised staggered grid difference method and wave field decomposition method for anisotropic Christoffel equation.Seismic velocity variation with angle is indicated by rotating the coordinate axis in the Thomsen′s group and phase velocity equations.The geological models of different types of coal seams are established and the characteristics of seismic wave response with different parameters such as crack density,filling materials and thickness of coal seams are presented.Theresults provide tools for analyzing seismic wave propagation in anisotropic thin coal seams and a theoretical basis for choosing appropriate seismic data for inversion of anisotropic parameters.
There are many kinds of cracks in coals beds,which induce anisotropy in seismic waves.In this paper,combining elastic matrix and fracture theory in anisotropic media,the expressions of anisotropic parameters in a HTI coal bed are derived when it is filled by different materials such as gas and water,which are used to analyze characteristics of seismic response.Seismic synthetic records and decomposed P-wave and SV-wave records are simulated by the revised staggered grid difference method and wave field decomposition method for anisotropic Christoffel equation.Seismic velocity variation with angle is indicated by rotating the coordinate axis in the Thomsen′s group and phase velocity equations.The geological models of different types of coal seams are established and the characteristics of seismic wave response with different parameters such as crack density,filling materials and thickness of coal seams are presented.Theresults provide tools for analyzing seismic wave propagation in anisotropic thin coal seams and a theoretical basis for choosing appropriate seismic data for inversion of anisotropic parameters.
引文
Bakulin A,Grechka V,Tsvankin I.2000.Estimation of fracture parameters from reflection seismic data,Part I:HTI model due to a single fracture set.Geophysics,65(6):1788-1802.
Chen N,Xu L M,Song Z X.2017.Development and application of HTI media azimuth AVO(AVAZ)forward modeling software.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),32(3):1331-1338,doi:10.6038/pg20170351.
Chen T J,Wang X,Cui R F.2010.The detectability analysis on HTI tectonic coal cracks by azimuthal AVO′s forward modeling.Journal of China Coal Society(in Chinese),35(4):640-644.
Dellinger J A.1991.Anisotropic seismic wave propagation[Ph.D.thesis].USA:Stanford University.
Dong S H.2008.Test on elastic anisotropic coefficients of gas coal.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),51(3):947-952.
Du Q Z,Kong L Y,Han S C.2009.Wavefield propagation characteristics in the fracture-induced anisotropic double-porosity medium.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),52(4):1049-1058.
Ekanem A M,Wei J,Wang S,et al.2009.Fracture detection using2-D P-wave seismic data:A seismic physical modelling study.∥SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts.SEG,2647-2651.
Hudson J A.1981.Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves in material containing cracks.Geophysical Journal International,64(1):133-150.
Li D H.2012.Anisotropic wave field simulation and characteristic analysis of coal reservoirs.Xu zhou:China university of mining&technology.
Li Q,Ma S B,Zhao B.2018.Thin-bed reflectivity in anisotropic media.ICEEG.
Li X Y.1997.Fractured reservoir delineation using multicomponent seismic data.Geophys.Prospec.,45(1):39-64.
Liu C,Chi H Z,Gao W,et al.2016.Seismic wavefield simulation and feature analysis for a fracture-induced two-phase HTImedium based on the staggered-grid pseudo-spectral method.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),59(5):1776-1789,doi:10.6038/cjg20160521.
Liu C,Lan H T,Guo Z Q,et a1.2013.Pseudo-spectral modeling and feature analysis of wave propagation in two-phase HTImedium based on reformulated BISQ mechanism.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),56(10):3461-3473,doi:10.6038/cjg20131021.
Liu Y,Li C C.2000.Study of elastic wave propagation in two-phase anisotropic media by numerical modeling of pseudospectral method.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),22(2):132-138.
Pei Z L,Dong Y S,Peng S P.2007.Numeric simulation of azimuth anisotropic characters of elastic wavefield in fractural coal seams.OGP(in Chinese),42(6):665-672.
Peng S P,Wang H W,Du W F,et al.2013.AVO response characteristics and its influencing factors in HTI coalbed.Journal of China Coal Society(in Chinese),38(10):1715-1719.
Schoenberg M,Douma J.1988.Elastic wave propagation in media with parallel fractures and aligned cracks.Geophysical Prospecting,36(6):571-590.
Thomsen L.1986.Weak elastic anisotropy.Geophysics,51(10):1954-1966.
Tsvankin I.1997.Reflection moveout and parameter estimation for horizontal transverse isotropy.Geophysics,62(2):614-629.
Wang Y,Shi Y,Yang D Y.2008.Application of the weakness ratio in fracture medium fluid detection.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),51(4):1152-1155.
Xuan Y H,He Q D,Meng Q S,et a1.2006.Wavefield analysis of biphase EDA medium based on BISQ mechanism.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),41(5):550-556.
Yang D Y,Wang Y,Zhang M G.2011.The Wave field characteristics of the fracture weakness parameters.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(3):862-866,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.03.027.
Yin Z H,Li X Y,Wei J X,et al.2012.A physical modeling study on the 3DP-wave azimuthal anisotropy in HTI media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),55(11):3805-3812,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.11.027.
Zeng C,Xia J,Miller R D,et al.2012.An improved vacuum formulation for 2Dfinite-difference modeling of Rayleigh waves including surface topography and internal discontinuities.Geophysics,77(1):T1-T9.
Zhang Q S,McMechan G A.2010.2Dand 3Delastic wavefield vector decomposition in the wavenumber domain for VTImedia.Geophysics,75(3):D13-D26.
Zhang W S,He Q D.1998.Pseudo-spectral forward modeling in 2-D transversally isotropic medium.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),33(3):310-319.
陈楠,徐雷鸣,宋志翔.2017.HTI介质方位AVO(AVAZ)正演模拟软件研制与应用.地球物理学进展,32(3):1331-1338,doi:10.6038/pg20170351.
陈同俊,王新,崔若飞.2010.基于方位AVO正演的HTI构造煤裂隙可探测性分析.煤炭学报,35(4):640-644.
董守华.2008.气煤弹性各向异性系数实验测试.地球物理学报,51(3):947-952.
杜启振,孔丽云,韩世春.2009.裂缝诱导各向异性双孔隙介质波场传播特征.地球物理学报,52(4):1049-1058.
李东会.2012.煤储层各向异性波场模拟与特征分析.徐州:中国矿业大学.
刘财,迟唤昭,高炜等.2016.裂缝诱导双相HTI介质地震波场错格伪谱法模拟与波场特征分析.地球物理学报,59(5):1776-1789,doi:10.6038/cjg20160521.
刘财,兰慧田,郭智奇等.2013.基于改进BISQ机制的双相HTI介质波传播伪谱法模拟与特征分析.地球物理学报,56(10):3461-3473,doi:10.6038/cjg20131021.
刘洋,李承楚.2000.双相各向异性介质中弹性波传播伪谱法数值模拟研究.地震学报,22(2):132-138.
裴正林,董玉珊,彭苏萍.2007.裂隙煤层弹性波场方位各向异性特征数值模拟研究.石油地球物理勘探,42(6):665-672.
彭苏萍,王宏伟,杜文凤等.2013.HTI煤层AVO响应特征及其影响因素.煤炭学报,38(10):1715-1719.
王赟,石瑛,杨德义.2008.弱度比在裂隙含流体检测中的应用.地球物理学报,51(4):1152-1155.
轩义华,何樵登,孟庆生等.2006.基于BISQ机制的双相EDA介质的波场分析.石油地球物理勘探,41(5):550-556.
杨德义,王赟,张美根.2011.裂隙弱度参数的波场特征.地球物理学报,54(3):862-866,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.03.027.
尹志恒,李向阳,魏建新等.2012.利用物理模型三维纵波数据分析HTI介质的方位各向异性.地球物理学报,55(11):3805-3812,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.11.027.
张文生,何樵登.1998.二维横向各向同性介质的伪谱法正演模拟.石油地球物理勘探,33(3):310-319.
Chen N,Xu L M,Song Z X.2017.Development and application of HTI media azimuth AVO(AVAZ)forward modeling software.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),32(3):1331-1338,doi:10.6038/pg20170351.
Chen T J,Wang X,Cui R F.2010.The detectability analysis on HTI tectonic coal cracks by azimuthal AVO′s forward modeling.Journal of China Coal Society(in Chinese),35(4):640-644.
Dellinger J A.1991.Anisotropic seismic wave propagation[Ph.D.thesis].USA:Stanford University.
Dong S H.2008.Test on elastic anisotropic coefficients of gas coal.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),51(3):947-952.
Du Q Z,Kong L Y,Han S C.2009.Wavefield propagation characteristics in the fracture-induced anisotropic double-porosity medium.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),52(4):1049-1058.
Ekanem A M,Wei J,Wang S,et al.2009.Fracture detection using2-D P-wave seismic data:A seismic physical modelling study.∥SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts.SEG,2647-2651.
Hudson J A.1981.Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves in material containing cracks.Geophysical Journal International,64(1):133-150.
Li D H.2012.Anisotropic wave field simulation and characteristic analysis of coal reservoirs.Xu zhou:China university of mining&technology.
Li Q,Ma S B,Zhao B.2018.Thin-bed reflectivity in anisotropic media.ICEEG.
Li X Y.1997.Fractured reservoir delineation using multicomponent seismic data.Geophys.Prospec.,45(1):39-64.
Liu C,Chi H Z,Gao W,et al.2016.Seismic wavefield simulation and feature analysis for a fracture-induced two-phase HTImedium based on the staggered-grid pseudo-spectral method.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),59(5):1776-1789,doi:10.6038/cjg20160521.
Liu C,Lan H T,Guo Z Q,et a1.2013.Pseudo-spectral modeling and feature analysis of wave propagation in two-phase HTImedium based on reformulated BISQ mechanism.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),56(10):3461-3473,doi:10.6038/cjg20131021.
Liu Y,Li C C.2000.Study of elastic wave propagation in two-phase anisotropic media by numerical modeling of pseudospectral method.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),22(2):132-138.
Pei Z L,Dong Y S,Peng S P.2007.Numeric simulation of azimuth anisotropic characters of elastic wavefield in fractural coal seams.OGP(in Chinese),42(6):665-672.
Peng S P,Wang H W,Du W F,et al.2013.AVO response characteristics and its influencing factors in HTI coalbed.Journal of China Coal Society(in Chinese),38(10):1715-1719.
Schoenberg M,Douma J.1988.Elastic wave propagation in media with parallel fractures and aligned cracks.Geophysical Prospecting,36(6):571-590.
Thomsen L.1986.Weak elastic anisotropy.Geophysics,51(10):1954-1966.
Tsvankin I.1997.Reflection moveout and parameter estimation for horizontal transverse isotropy.Geophysics,62(2):614-629.
Wang Y,Shi Y,Yang D Y.2008.Application of the weakness ratio in fracture medium fluid detection.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),51(4):1152-1155.
Xuan Y H,He Q D,Meng Q S,et a1.2006.Wavefield analysis of biphase EDA medium based on BISQ mechanism.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),41(5):550-556.
Yang D Y,Wang Y,Zhang M G.2011.The Wave field characteristics of the fracture weakness parameters.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(3):862-866,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.03.027.
Yin Z H,Li X Y,Wei J X,et al.2012.A physical modeling study on the 3DP-wave azimuthal anisotropy in HTI media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),55(11):3805-3812,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.11.027.
Zeng C,Xia J,Miller R D,et al.2012.An improved vacuum formulation for 2Dfinite-difference modeling of Rayleigh waves including surface topography and internal discontinuities.Geophysics,77(1):T1-T9.
Zhang Q S,McMechan G A.2010.2Dand 3Delastic wavefield vector decomposition in the wavenumber domain for VTImedia.Geophysics,75(3):D13-D26.
Zhang W S,He Q D.1998.Pseudo-spectral forward modeling in 2-D transversally isotropic medium.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),33(3):310-319.
陈楠,徐雷鸣,宋志翔.2017.HTI介质方位AVO(AVAZ)正演模拟软件研制与应用.地球物理学进展,32(3):1331-1338,doi:10.6038/pg20170351.
陈同俊,王新,崔若飞.2010.基于方位AVO正演的HTI构造煤裂隙可探测性分析.煤炭学报,35(4):640-644.
董守华.2008.气煤弹性各向异性系数实验测试.地球物理学报,51(3):947-952.
杜启振,孔丽云,韩世春.2009.裂缝诱导各向异性双孔隙介质波场传播特征.地球物理学报,52(4):1049-1058.
李东会.2012.煤储层各向异性波场模拟与特征分析.徐州:中国矿业大学.
刘财,迟唤昭,高炜等.2016.裂缝诱导双相HTI介质地震波场错格伪谱法模拟与波场特征分析.地球物理学报,59(5):1776-1789,doi:10.6038/cjg20160521.
刘财,兰慧田,郭智奇等.2013.基于改进BISQ机制的双相HTI介质波传播伪谱法模拟与特征分析.地球物理学报,56(10):3461-3473,doi:10.6038/cjg20131021.
刘洋,李承楚.2000.双相各向异性介质中弹性波传播伪谱法数值模拟研究.地震学报,22(2):132-138.
裴正林,董玉珊,彭苏萍.2007.裂隙煤层弹性波场方位各向异性特征数值模拟研究.石油地球物理勘探,42(6):665-672.
彭苏萍,王宏伟,杜文凤等.2013.HTI煤层AVO响应特征及其影响因素.煤炭学报,38(10):1715-1719.
王赟,石瑛,杨德义.2008.弱度比在裂隙含流体检测中的应用.地球物理学报,51(4):1152-1155.
轩义华,何樵登,孟庆生等.2006.基于BISQ机制的双相EDA介质的波场分析.石油地球物理勘探,41(5):550-556.
杨德义,王赟,张美根.2011.裂隙弱度参数的波场特征.地球物理学报,54(3):862-866,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.03.027.
尹志恒,李向阳,魏建新等.2012.利用物理模型三维纵波数据分析HTI介质的方位各向异性.地球物理学报,55(11):3805-3812,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.11.027.
张文生,何樵登.1998.二维横向各向同性介质的伪谱法正演模拟.石油地球物理勘探,33(3):310-319.