基于N%理念的三江源国家公园区域功能优化实践
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摘要
三江源国家公园是我国第一个国家公园体制试点,要求实行最严格的生态保护,同时要处理好当地牧民生计与资源环境承载能力的关系,形成人与自然和谐发展新模式。本文就该国家公园所在地区区域尺度上生物多样保护最小面积与民生需求最大面积相协调的自然比例进行了探索,寻求可持续管理的途径与模式。通过国家公园区域内家畜(家耗牛Bos grunniens和藏系绵羊Ovis aries)和主要野生有蹄类草食动物(藏羚Pantholops hodgsonii、藏原羚Procapra picticaudata、野耗牛B.mutus和西藏野驴Equus kiang)的营养生态位体积和重叠,现有家畜和主要野生有蹄类草食动物的数量(分别为116.70×10~4羊单位和31.40×10~4羊单位),保障当地牧民(6.43×10~4人)基本生活需求的家畜存栏量(123.07×10~4羊单位)等核算出该国家公园需要保护的自然区域面积最低比例,即自然比例(Nature Proportion,N%),其理论值、现实值和预期值分别为90%、30%和74%。通过区域资源空间配置优化,将外围支撑区发展草产业生产的饲草资源用于"返青期休牧"模式和"暖牧冷饲两段式养殖"模式(可供饲养190 d所需饲草,即增加保护草地4.47×104 km~2),或用于满足当地牧民基本生活需求的家畜(可饲养60.25×10~4羊单位,即增加保护草地1.55×10~4 km~2)等优化了该国家公园N%的现实值和预期值,分别为67%和87%。不同的核算条件、方法和目的得到的N%存在较大差异。多重目标下三江源国家公园N%的核算,应考虑:生物多样性保护优先区域识别、生态安全屏障重点区域识别、应对未来气候变化影响保护区域识别及重要性区分、重要生态系统服务(如水资源)受益区域识别、当地牧民群众发展适宜区域识别及优先性区分、生态系统服务评估和生态系统服务商品供给量核算。合理核算三江源国家公园所在区域的N%,从而实现社会一生态系统可持续管理。
Sanjiangyuan National Park is the first pilot of the national park system in China.It requires the strictest ecological protection.At the same time,the relationship between the local pastoralists' livelihood and the carrying capacity of resources and environment should be properly handled to form a new model of harmonious development between humans and nature.This study explores the nature proportion(N%),i.e.,the minimum conservation area for biodiversity and ecosystem services and the maximum area for local pastoralists' livelihood at the regional scale of the Sanjiangyuan National Park,and seeks approaches and models of sustainable management of the social-ecological system.The theoretical,realized and predicted N% are calculated based on:the diet niche volume and overlap of dominant livestock(Domestic yak and Tibetan sheep)and wild ungulate herbivores(Tibetan antelope,Tibetan gazelle,Wild yak and Tibetan wild ass),the population,density and land use of dominated livestock(116.70 × 10~4 sheep unit)and wild ungulate herbivores(31.40 × 10~4 sheep unit),and the livestock population(123.07 × 10~4 sheep unit)at local(6.43 × 10~4)pastoralists' basic living needs,by 90%,30% and 74%,respectively.Furthermore,the realized and predicted N% can be optimized to 67% and 83%,respectively,by spatial coupling and optimizing of resource allocation among regions,and utilizing forage resources produced by the development of the grass industry in the peripheral support area for "Rest Grazing During Turning Green Period"and"Warm Grazing Cold Feeding Two-stage Feeding"(supplying forage for 190 days,i.e.,an increase of 4.47 ×10~4 km~2 grassland for conservation)or for livestock population(feeding livestock of 60.25 × 10~4 sheep unit,i.e.,an increase of 1.55 × 10~4 km~2 grassland for conservation)at local pastoralists' basic living needs.The N% obtained by different accounting conditions,methods,and purposes is quite different. The accounting of a practical and reasonable N% under multiple targets should consider identifying,prioritizing and zoning of biodiversity conservation areas,key areas of ecological security barriers,the areas offsetting the impact of future climate change,the beneficiary areas of important ecosystem services(such as water resources),suitable areas for local pastoralists' development,and ecosystem services assessment and quantifying of ecosystem services goods.By identifying and comprehensive consideration of all of the above factors affecting the social-ecological system,it is possible to quantify N% for Sanjiangyuan National Park at a scale of ecoregions,so as to realize its sustainable development.
Sanjiangyuan National Park is the first pilot of the national park system in China.It requires the strictest ecological protection.At the same time,the relationship between the local pastoralists' livelihood and the carrying capacity of resources and environment should be properly handled to form a new model of harmonious development between humans and nature.This study explores the nature proportion(N%),i.e.,the minimum conservation area for biodiversity and ecosystem services and the maximum area for local pastoralists' livelihood at the regional scale of the Sanjiangyuan National Park,and seeks approaches and models of sustainable management of the social-ecological system.The theoretical,realized and predicted N% are calculated based on:the diet niche volume and overlap of dominant livestock(Domestic yak and Tibetan sheep)and wild ungulate herbivores(Tibetan antelope,Tibetan gazelle,Wild yak and Tibetan wild ass),the population,density and land use of dominated livestock(116.70 × 10~4 sheep unit)and wild ungulate herbivores(31.40 × 10~4 sheep unit),and the livestock population(123.07 × 10~4 sheep unit)at local(6.43 × 10~4)pastoralists' basic living needs,by 90%,30% and 74%,respectively.Furthermore,the realized and predicted N% can be optimized to 67% and 83%,respectively,by spatial coupling and optimizing of resource allocation among regions,and utilizing forage resources produced by the development of the grass industry in the peripheral support area for "Rest Grazing During Turning Green Period"and"Warm Grazing Cold Feeding Two-stage Feeding"(supplying forage for 190 days,i.e.,an increase of 4.47 ×10~4 km~2 grassland for conservation)or for livestock population(feeding livestock of 60.25 × 10~4 sheep unit,i.e.,an increase of 1.55 × 10~4 km~2 grassland for conservation)at local pastoralists' basic living needs.The N% obtained by different accounting conditions,methods,and purposes is quite different. The accounting of a practical and reasonable N% under multiple targets should consider identifying,prioritizing and zoning of biodiversity conservation areas,key areas of ecological security barriers,the areas offsetting the impact of future climate change,the beneficiary areas of important ecosystem services(such as water resources),suitable areas for local pastoralists' development,and ecosystem services assessment and quantifying of ecosystem services goods.By identifying and comprehensive consideration of all of the above factors affecting the social-ecological system,it is possible to quantify N% for Sanjiangyuan National Park at a scale of ecoregions,so as to realize its sustainable development.
引文
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Cao Y,Yang R,Martin V G.2019.Nature needs half:a new vision for global protected areas.Landscape Architecture,(4):39-44.
Cazalis V,Loreau M,Henderson K.2018.Do we have to choose between feeding the human population and conserving nature? Modelling the global dependence of people on ecosystem services.Science of the Total Environment,634:1463-1474.
Dinerstein E,Vynne C,Sala E,Joshi A R,Femando S,Lovejoy T E,Mayorga J,Olson D,Asner G P,Baillie J E M,Burgess N D,Burkart K,Noss R F,Zhang Y P,Baccini A,Birch T,Hahn N,Joppa L N,Wikramanayake E.2019.A global deal for nature:Guiding principles,milestones,and targets.Scien.ce Advances,5(4):eaaw2869.
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Lafuite A S,de Mazancourt C,Loreau M.2017.Delayed behavioural shifts undermine the sustainability of social-ecological systems.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,284(1868):1192.
Lafuite A S,Denise G,Loreau M.2018.Sustainable land-use management under biodiversity lag effects.Ecological Economics,154:272-281.
Lafuite A S,Loreau M.2017.Time-delayed biodiversity feedbacks and the sustainability of social-ecological systems.Ecological Modelling,351:96-108.
Li X H,Gao E H,Li B D,Zhan X J.2019.Estimating abundance of Tibetan wild ass,Tibetan gazelle and Tibetan antelope using species distribution model and distance sampling.Scientia Sinica(Vitae),49(2):151-162.(in Chinese)
Li Y M,Wang Z W,Pi N L,Zhou L 1992.Linear programming model and optimal exploitation strategies for livestock populations in alpine meadow ecosystem.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,3(1):48-55.(in Chinese)
Ma Y S,Li S X,Wang Y L,Sun X D,Jing M L,Li S Y,Li L Q,Wang X L 2017.Effect of rest-grazing in the greenup period on degraded vegetation in alpine meadow.Acta Agrestia Sinica,25(2):290-295.(in Chinese)
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Shao Q Q,Guo X J,Li Y Z,Wang Y C,Wang D L,Liu J Y,Fan J W,Yang F.2018.Using UAV remote sensing to analyze the population and distribution of large wild herbivores.Journal of Remote Sensing,22(3):497-507.(in Chinese)
Song R D,Wang Y Z,Li G M,Niu Y J,He S Z.2014.Preliminary study and analysis of livestock breed and structure in Yushu Prefecture.Acta Ecologae Animalis Domastici,35(2):53-57.(in Chinese)
Tian D,Xie Y,Barnosky A D,Wei F.2018.Defining the balance point between conservation and development Conservation Biology,33(2):231-238.
Xie R Q,Zhen Q Y,Yang P G,Li H D.2006.Study on optimal slaughter ages for yak.Acta Ecologae Animalis Domastici,(1):60-62.(in Chinese)
Xin Y J,Du T Y,Xin Y C,Wu A D,Lu F G.2011.The evaluation of carrying capacity of grassland in Qinghai.Qinghai Prataculture,20(4):13-22.(in Chinese)
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Yang S X.2017.Temporal and spatial dynamics of alpine grassland biomass and grassland livestock balance and its influential factors in the Three River Headwaters Region.Ph.D thesis.Lanzhou; Lanzhou Univiersity.(in Chinese)
Yang Z X,Da W,Zhang J,Zhang S J,Zhai Y,Man Q Q,Ye X M,Dunzhuduoji,Pingcuociren,Zhao W H.2008.The influence of difference of dietary pattern between elderly Tibetans and Han peoples on blood lipids.Chinese Journal of Prevention and Control of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases,(3):239-241,274.(in Chinese)
Zhao X Q.2011.Rehabilitation and Sustainable Management of Degraded Grassland Ecosystems in Sanjiangyuan Regions.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Zhao X,Zhao L,Li Q,Chen H,Zhou H,Xu S,Dong Q,Wu G,He Y.2018.Using balance of seasonal herbage supply and demand to inform sustainable grassland management on the Qinghai-Tibetan Platea. Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering,5(1):1-8.
马玉寿,李世雄,王彦龙,孙小弟,景美玲,李松阳,李林栖,王晓丽.2017.返青期休牧对退化高寒草甸植被的影响.草地学报,25(2):290-295.
王清华,刘身庆,魏雅萍,张庭华.1990.牦牛牛群结构及其出栏方案最优化数学模型的研究.中国牦牛,(2):27-36.
皮南林,曾缙祥.1980.藏系绵羊产肉性能及体组织热值的研究.中国畜牧杂志,(5):10-12.
朱伟伟.2019.中国科学院科技服务网络计划2017年重点项目“三江源国家公园生物多样性保护及生态系统适应性管理技术与模式”课题二“生态承载力与生态安全评价”总结报告.西宁:中国科学院西北高原生物研究所.
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杨正雄,达瓦,张坚,张松建,翟屹,满青青,冶秀敏,顿珠多吉,彭措次仁,赵文华.2008.藏族与汉族中老年人膳食模式的差异对血脂的影响.中国慢性病预防与控制,(3):239-241,274.
杨帆,邵全琴,郭兴健,李愈哲,王东亮,张雅娴,汪阳春,刘纪远,樊江文.2018.玛多县大型野生食草动物种群数量对草畜平衡的影响研究.草业学报,27(7):1-13.
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辛有俊,杜铁瑛,辛玉春,吴阿迪,陆福根.2011.青海草地载畜量计算方法与载畜压力评价.青海草业,20(4):13-22.
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蔡振媛,覃雯,高红梅,吴彤,迟翔文,杨俊东,苗紫燕,张婧捷,宋鹏飞,连新明,苏建平,张同作.2018.三江源国家公园兽类物种多样性及区系分析,兽类学报,DOI:10.16829/j.slxb.150215.
Cao Y F,Zhang T Z,Lian X M,Cui Q H,Deng D D,Su J P.2009.Diet overlap among selected ungulates in Kekexili Region,Qinghai Province.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,28(1):49-54.(in Chinese)
Cao Y,Yang R,Martin V G.2019.Nature needs half:a new vision for global protected areas.Landscape Architecture,(4):39-44.
Cazalis V,Loreau M,Henderson K.2018.Do we have to choose between feeding the human population and conserving nature? Modelling the global dependence of people on ecosystem services.Science of the Total Environment,634:1463-1474.
Dinerstein E,Vynne C,Sala E,Joshi A R,Femando S,Lovejoy T E,Mayorga J,Olson D,Asner G P,Baillie J E M,Burgess N D,Burkart K,Noss R F,Zhang Y P,Baccini A,Birch T,Hahn N,Joppa L N,Wikramanayake E.2019.A global deal for nature:Guiding principles,milestones,and targets.Scien.ce Advances,5(4):eaaw2869.
Janis C M,Wilhelm P B.1993.Were there mammalian pursuit predators in the tertiary? Dances with wolf avatars.Journal of Mammalian Evolution,1(2):103-125.
Junker R R,Kuppler J,Bathke A C,Schreyer M L,Trutschnig W.2016.Dynamic range boxes-a robust nonparametric approach to quantify size and overlap of n-dimensional hypervolumes.Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7(12):1503-1513.
Lafuite A S,de Mazancourt C,Loreau M.2017.Delayed behavioural shifts undermine the sustainability of social-ecological systems.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,284(1868):1192.
Lafuite A S,Denise G,Loreau M.2018.Sustainable land-use management under biodiversity lag effects.Ecological Economics,154:272-281.
Lafuite A S,Loreau M.2017.Time-delayed biodiversity feedbacks and the sustainability of social-ecological systems.Ecological Modelling,351:96-108.
Li X H,Gao E H,Li B D,Zhan X J.2019.Estimating abundance of Tibetan wild ass,Tibetan gazelle and Tibetan antelope using species distribution model and distance sampling.Scientia Sinica(Vitae),49(2):151-162.(in Chinese)
Li Y M,Wang Z W,Pi N L,Zhou L 1992.Linear programming model and optimal exploitation strategies for livestock populations in alpine meadow ecosystem.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,3(1):48-55.(in Chinese)
Ma Y S,Li S X,Wang Y L,Sun X D,Jing M L,Li S Y,Li L Q,Wang X L 2017.Effect of rest-grazing in the greenup period on degraded vegetation in alpine meadow.Acta Agrestia Sinica,25(2):290-295.(in Chinese)
Ofstad E G,Herfindal I,Solberg E J,Sther B-E.2016.Home ranges,habitat and body mass:simple correlates of home range size in ungulates.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,283(1845):20161234.
Shao Q Q,Guo X J,Li Y Z,Wang Y C,Wang D L,Liu J Y,Fan J W,Yang F.2018.Using UAV remote sensing to analyze the population and distribution of large wild herbivores.Journal of Remote Sensing,22(3):497-507.(in Chinese)
Song R D,Wang Y Z,Li G M,Niu Y J,He S Z.2014.Preliminary study and analysis of livestock breed and structure in Yushu Prefecture.Acta Ecologae Animalis Domastici,35(2):53-57.(in Chinese)
Tian D,Xie Y,Barnosky A D,Wei F.2018.Defining the balance point between conservation and development Conservation Biology,33(2):231-238.
Xie R Q,Zhen Q Y,Yang P G,Li H D.2006.Study on optimal slaughter ages for yak.Acta Ecologae Animalis Domastici,(1):60-62.(in Chinese)
Xin Y J,Du T Y,Xin Y C,Wu A D,Lu F G.2011.The evaluation of carrying capacity of grassland in Qinghai.Qinghai Prataculture,20(4):13-22.(in Chinese)
Xu H G,Ding H,Ouyang Z Y,Zhang W G,Cui P,Xu W H,Liu L,Wu J,Lu X Q,Cao M C,Chen L,Le Z F,Wu Y,Lei J C.2016.Assessing China's progress toward the 2020 Global Biodiversity Targets.Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(13):3847-3858.(in Chinese)
Yang F,Shao Q Q,Guo X J,Li Y Z,Wang D L,Zhang Y X,Wang Y C,Liu J Y,Fan J W.2018.Effects of wild large herbivore populations on the grassland-livestock balance in Maduo County.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,27(7):1-13.(in Chinese)
Yang S X.2017.Temporal and spatial dynamics of alpine grassland biomass and grassland livestock balance and its influential factors in the Three River Headwaters Region.Ph.D thesis.Lanzhou; Lanzhou Univiersity.(in Chinese)
Yang Z X,Da W,Zhang J,Zhang S J,Zhai Y,Man Q Q,Ye X M,Dunzhuduoji,Pingcuociren,Zhao W H.2008.The influence of difference of dietary pattern between elderly Tibetans and Han peoples on blood lipids.Chinese Journal of Prevention and Control of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases,(3):239-241,274.(in Chinese)
Zhao X Q.2011.Rehabilitation and Sustainable Management of Degraded Grassland Ecosystems in Sanjiangyuan Regions.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Zhao X,Zhao L,Li Q,Chen H,Zhou H,Xu S,Dong Q,Wu G,He Y.2018.Using balance of seasonal herbage supply and demand to inform sustainable grassland management on the Qinghai-Tibetan Platea. Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering,5(1):1-8.
马玉寿,李世雄,王彦龙,孙小弟,景美玲,李松阳,李林栖,王晓丽.2017.返青期休牧对退化高寒草甸植被的影响.草地学报,25(2):290-295.
王清华,刘身庆,魏雅萍,张庭华.1990.牦牛牛群结构及其出栏方案最优化数学模型的研究.中国牦牛,(2):27-36.
皮南林,曾缙祥.1980.藏系绵羊产肉性能及体组织热值的研究.中国畜牧杂志,(5):10-12.
朱伟伟.2019.中国科学院科技服务网络计划2017年重点项目“三江源国家公园生物多样性保护及生态系统适应性管理技术与模式”课题二“生态承载力与生态安全评价”总结报告.西宁:中国科学院西北高原生物研究所.
李义明,王祖望,皮南林,周立.1992.高寒草甸生态系统牲畜种群的线性规划模型和最优化利用策略.应用生态学报,3(1):48-55.
李欣海,郜二虎,李百度,詹祥江.2019.用物种分布模型和距离抽样估计三江源藏野驴、藏原羚和藏羚羊的数量.中国科学:生命科学,49(2):151-162.
杨正雄,达瓦,张坚,张松建,翟屹,满青青,冶秀敏,顿珠多吉,彭措次仁,赵文华.2008.藏族与汉族中老年人膳食模式的差异对血脂的影响.中国慢性病预防与控制,(3):239-241,274.
杨帆,邵全琴,郭兴健,李愈哲,王东亮,张雅娴,汪阳春,刘纪远,樊江文.2018.玛多县大型野生食草动物种群数量对草畜平衡的影响研究.草业学报,27(7):1-13.
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