基于粒度数据重建的近2000a新疆博斯腾湖区域风沙活动
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摘要
干旱区风沙活动对全球环境和区域人类活动都可能造成巨大的影响。位于亚洲内陆的塔里木盆地是全球风沙活动最强烈的地区之一,然而该区域历史时期高分辨率的风沙活动记录比较缺少。博斯腾湖作为中国最大的内陆淡水湖,东南角湖区三面为沙丘包围,远离河流影响,可获得该区域的风沙活动记录。以博斯腾湖东南角钻取的长2.07 m沉积岩芯(BH08B)为研究对象,基于AMS ~(14)C年代学框架,利用粒级-标准偏差模型和端元分析模型,提取钻孔沉积物中对环境变化敏感的粒度组分。结果表明:粒径变化的敏感组分2(>19.35μm)和端元分析的风成沙端元EM2+EM3含量具有很好的一致性,均能指示研究区近2 000 a的风沙活动历史。重建结果表明:280—410AD和1320—1800 AD两个时段风沙活动最强,410—1320 AD风沙活动最弱,而70—280 AD和1800 AD以来两个时段整体表现为较弱、低频率风沙活动。对比其他指示温度和湿度变化的古气候指标显示:风沙活动主要出现在冷期(如魏晋南北朝冷期和小冰期),气候变冷,西伯利亚高压强度增加,春季高压解体时风力增强,致使风沙活动频繁;干旱区风沙活动主要受温度控制,与干湿变化相关性不明显。值得注意的是,区域在280—410 AD的强风沙活动可能导致了楼兰古城的废弃。
Eolian activity in arid areas can result in global-scale climate change as well as severely disrupt regional human activities. The Tarim Basin,located in the interior of Asia,is one of the regions with the strongest eolian activity in the world. However,high resolution records of late Quaternary eolian activity in this area are relatively scarce.Here we present the results of grain-size based regional eolian activity reconstructions from the Bosten Lake in the Yanqi Basin,Xinjiang,NW China. The sediment core,BH08B,was drilled in the southeastern part of Bosten Lake,which is surrounded by sand dunes and is isolated from fluvial influence. As two usually used methods of environment dynamics in arid area,the grain size-standard deviation curves and end-menmber models extracted grainsize sensitive component 2( >19.35 μm) and end-member 2 and 3 were used to reconstruct the history of eolian activity over the past nearly 2 000 years. The grain-size sensitive component 2( >19.35 μm) and end-member 2 and 3 extracted by grain size-standard deviation curves and end-member models should relate to eolian activities in this region,and the two proxies were used to reconstruct the history of eolian activity over the past nearly 2000 years. The results indicate the periods 280-410 AD and 1320-1800 AD were characterized by the most intense eolian activity. Conversely the period 410-1320 AD was characterized by the weakest eolian activity. However,70-280 AD and since 1800 AD,eolian activity was also very low with few distinct accretionary episodes. On the basis of comparisons with independent climate records,phases of intense eolian activity mainly occurred during cold,dry climatic conditions,whilst weak eolian activity corresponded to relatively warm and humid climatic condition. The variable of temperature was found to provide highest explanation for intensity of eolian processes. Lower temperatures likely resulted in a strengthening of the Siberian High( SH) and then strengthen the ground wind when SH breaking out in spring accordingly. It is worth noting that the stronger eolian activity during 280-410 AD recorded in the Bosten Lake may have led to the abandonment of the ancient city of Loulan on the northern side of the Tarim Basin.
Eolian activity in arid areas can result in global-scale climate change as well as severely disrupt regional human activities. The Tarim Basin,located in the interior of Asia,is one of the regions with the strongest eolian activity in the world. However,high resolution records of late Quaternary eolian activity in this area are relatively scarce.Here we present the results of grain-size based regional eolian activity reconstructions from the Bosten Lake in the Yanqi Basin,Xinjiang,NW China. The sediment core,BH08B,was drilled in the southeastern part of Bosten Lake,which is surrounded by sand dunes and is isolated from fluvial influence. As two usually used methods of environment dynamics in arid area,the grain size-standard deviation curves and end-menmber models extracted grainsize sensitive component 2( >19.35 μm) and end-member 2 and 3 were used to reconstruct the history of eolian activity over the past nearly 2 000 years. The grain-size sensitive component 2( >19.35 μm) and end-member 2 and 3 extracted by grain size-standard deviation curves and end-member models should relate to eolian activities in this region,and the two proxies were used to reconstruct the history of eolian activity over the past nearly 2000 years. The results indicate the periods 280-410 AD and 1320-1800 AD were characterized by the most intense eolian activity. Conversely the period 410-1320 AD was characterized by the weakest eolian activity. However,70-280 AD and since 1800 AD,eolian activity was also very low with few distinct accretionary episodes. On the basis of comparisons with independent climate records,phases of intense eolian activity mainly occurred during cold,dry climatic conditions,whilst weak eolian activity corresponded to relatively warm and humid climatic condition. The variable of temperature was found to provide highest explanation for intensity of eolian processes. Lower temperatures likely resulted in a strengthening of the Siberian High( SH) and then strengthen the ground wind when SH breaking out in spring accordingly. It is worth noting that the stronger eolian activity during 280-410 AD recorded in the Bosten Lake may have led to the abandonment of the ancient city of Loulan on the northern side of the Tarim Basin.
引文
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[3]Chen S,Huang J,Kang L,et al.Emission,transport,and radiative effects of mineral dust from the Taklimakan and Gobi deserts:comparison of measurements and model results[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2017,17(1/2/3):1-43.
[4]Ridgwell A J.Dust in the Earth system:the biogeochemical linking of land,air and sea[J].Philosophical Transactions Mathematical Physical&Engineering Sciences,2002,360(1801):2905-2924.
[5]Shen J.Spatiotemporal variations of Chinese lakes and their driving mechanisms since the Last Glacial Maximum:a review and synthesis of lacustrine sediment archives[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(1):17-31.
[6]Yang X,Preusserb F,Radtkec U.Late Quaternary environmental changes in the Taklamakan Desert,western China,inferred from OSL-dated lacustrine and aeolian deposits[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2006,25(9):923-932.
[7]Long H,Shen J,Chen J,et al.Holocene moisture variations over the arid central Asia revealed by a comprehensive sand-dune record from the central Tian Shan,NW China[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2017,174:13-32.
[8]李晋昌,苏志珠,胡光印.风沙活动强度的常用判断指标及其应用评述[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(4):788-795.
[9]陈发虎,黄小忠,张家武,等.新疆博斯腾湖记录的亚洲内陆干旱区小冰期湿润气候研究[J].中国科学,2007,37(1):77-85.
[10]黄小忠,陈发虎,肖舜,等.新疆博斯腾湖沉积物粒度的古环境意义初探[J].湖泊科学,2008,20(3):291-297.
[11]Chen F,Qiang M,Zhou A,et al.A 2000-year dust storm record from Lake Sugan in the dust source area of arid China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2013,118(5):1-12.
[12]Qiang M,Liu Y,Jin Y,et al.Holocene record of aeolian activity from Genggahai Lake,northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2014,41(2):589-595.
[13]王永波,刘兴起,张恩楼,等.青藏高原北部可可西里地区近4 000年来尘暴事件初探---来自库赛湖沉积物粒度的证据[J].沉积学报,2009,27(4):691-696.
[14]程其畴.博斯腾湖研究[M].南京:河海大学出版社,1995:1-7.
[15]刘强吉,武胜利.新疆博斯腾湖流域风沙环境特征[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(5):1128-1135.
[16]王苏民.窦鸿身.中国湖泊志[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:490.
[17]黄小忠.新疆博斯腾湖记录的亚洲中部干旱区全新世气候变化研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2006.
[18]周刚.新疆博斯腾湖记录的我国西北干旱区过去2 000年气候变化研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2011.
[19]Lu H,An Z.Paleoclimatic significance of grain size of loesspalaeosol deposit in Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Science China Earth Sciences,1998,41(6):626-631.
[20]Sun J,Zhu X.Temporal variations in Pb isotopes and trace element concentrations within Chinese eolian deposits during the past 8Ma:implications for provenance change[J].Earth&Planetary Science Letters,2010,290(3/4):438-447.
[21]Ding Z L,Sun J M,Yang S L,et al.Geochemistry of the Pliocene red clay formation in the Chinese Loess Plateau and implications for its origin,source provenance and paleoclimate change[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2001,65(6):901-913.
[22]陈圣乾,王鑫,陈建徽,等.山西公海湖泊沉积物记录的大气粉尘现代过程[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(2):228-236.
[23]Wang W L,Blum P,Boulay S,et al.Mineralogy and sedimentology of pleistocene sediment in the South China Sea(ODP Site1144)[C]//Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results,2003:184.
[24]Weltje G J.End-member modeling of compositional data:numericalstatistical algorithms for solving the explicit mixing problem[J].Mathematical Geosciences,1997,29(4):503-549.
[25]Guan Q,Pan B,Li N,et al.Loess record of the evolution history of severe sandstorms in the Tengger Desert during the Last Interglacial Period(MIS5)[J].Geosciences Journal,2010,14(2):155-162.
[26]隆浩,王乃昂,马海州,等.腾格里沙漠西北缘湖泊沉积记录的区域风沙特征[J].沉积学报,2007,25(4):626-631.
[27]Prins M A,Vriend M,Nugteren G,et al.Late Quaternary aeolian dust input variability on the Chinese Loess Plateau:inferences from unmixing of loess grain-size records[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2007,26(1/2):230-242.
[28]Liu X,Dong H,Yang X,et al.Late Holocene forcing of the Asian winter and summer monsoon as evidenced by proxy records from the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Earth&Planetary Science Letters,2009,280(1):276-284.
[29]Paterson G A,Heslop D.New methods for unmixing sediment grain size data[J].Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems,2015,16(12):4494-4506.
[30]Sun D,Bloemendal J,Rea D K,et al.Bimodal grain-size distribution of Chinese loess,and its palaeoclimatic implications[J].Catena,2004,55(3):325-340.
[31]孙千里,周杰,肖举乐.岱海沉积物粒度特征及其古环境意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2001,21(1):93-95.
[32]安福元,马海州,魏海成,等.柴达木盆地察尔汗湖相沉积物的粒度分布模式及其环境意义[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(2):212-220.
[33]樊恒文,肖洪浪,段争虎,等.中国沙漠地区降尘特征与影响因素分析[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(6):559-565.
[34]Qiang M,Chen F,Wang Z,et al.Aeolian deposits at the southeastern margin of the Tengger Desert(China):implications for surface wind strength in the Asian dust source area over the past 20,000 years[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,2010,286(1/2):66-80.
[35]Jiang H,Ding Z.Eolian grain-size signature of the Sikouzi lacustrine sediments(Chinese Loess Plateau):implications for Neogene evolution of the East-Asian winter monsoon[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2010,122(5/6):843-854.
[36]Huang X Z,Chen F H,Fan Y X,et al.Dry late-glacial and early Holocene climate in arid central Asia indicated by lithological and palynological evidence from Bosten Lake,China[J].Quaternary International,2009,194(1):19-27.
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