京津冀城市生长和形态的径向维数分析
|
摘要
城市生长与形态是地理学规模与形状研究的重要内容,分维则是刻画城市形态、反映城市生长的标度指数。论文以城市建设用地为研究对象,采用2000、2005、2010年3个年份的遥感数据,利用分形理论的径向维数和相应的标度区概念分析京津冀城市和城镇体系的空间格局及其演变特征。结果表明:其一,北京市第一标度区的范围最大,10 a间增长幅度也最大,对周边城市产生阴影效应;其二,以北京为中心,距离越远,第一标度区范围有越小的趋势;其三,几乎所有研究区内城市的第一标度区空间都被建设用地过度填充,外围则各有特色;其四,经济水平对京津冀整体城市建设用地扩张的影响最大,但北京的城市建设用地扩张已经由经济因素主导转变为人口因素主导;其五,随时间推移,第一标度区拟合径向维数效果提高,第二标度区拟合效果降低。由此得出结论:(1)北京在京津冀体现了城市首位效应和阴影效应的双重效应。一方面,京津冀地区城镇化区域体现出了以北京为核心的中央集聚特征,另一方面,北京市的巨大吸引力抑制了毗邻城市的生长。(2)城市中心和外围都出现二元化格局。地区内各个城市的中心部分过于紧凑,而外围则相对凌乱,中心-边缘缺乏一体化过程。(3)人口可能成为未来京津冀城市发展的第一动力。人口集聚的规模效应未来可能替代经济报酬递增效应。这些结果和结论有助于学术界和管理部门从新的角度认识京津冀城市化现状和未来的发展趋势,以便制定更为合理的城市发展政策和方针。
Urban growth and form are important contents of geographic research on sizes and shapes.Fractal dimension is an effective scaling parameter to describe urban form and reflect urban growth.Based on remote sensing data of construction land in 2000,2005 and 2010,this study analyzed the spatial pattern and change of cities and towns in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.Fractal measures,including radial dimension and the corresponding concept of scaling range,were applied.The main results are as follows:1) The first scaling area and its growth rate of Beijing are the largest in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban system,producing a shadow effect on the surrounding cities.2) On the whole,the farther from Beijing,the smaller the scope of the first scaling range of other cities.3) For almost all the cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,the first scaling areas are overfilled by construction land.4) Economic development level has the greatest impact on the overall urban construction land expansion in the region,but the driver of urban construction land expansion in Beijing has changed from economic factors to population factors.Based on these findings,several conclusions can be drawn:1) Beijing has dual effects in the process of urban development in the region,including the primary city effect,and the shadow effect.While Beijing drives the development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,it also inhibits the growth of some other cities.2) The central part of each city in the study region is too compact,but the development of the peripheries is relatively disorderly,and the main city areas and outskirts lack integration.3) Population may become the key dynamics of the urban change in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.The principal role of economic return growth may be replaced by the economies of scale based on urban population agglomeration in the future.These results and conclusions may help the research community and government authorities understand the status quo and future development trend of urbanization in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from a new perspective.
Urban growth and form are important contents of geographic research on sizes and shapes.Fractal dimension is an effective scaling parameter to describe urban form and reflect urban growth.Based on remote sensing data of construction land in 2000,2005 and 2010,this study analyzed the spatial pattern and change of cities and towns in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.Fractal measures,including radial dimension and the corresponding concept of scaling range,were applied.The main results are as follows:1) The first scaling area and its growth rate of Beijing are the largest in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban system,producing a shadow effect on the surrounding cities.2) On the whole,the farther from Beijing,the smaller the scope of the first scaling range of other cities.3) For almost all the cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,the first scaling areas are overfilled by construction land.4) Economic development level has the greatest impact on the overall urban construction land expansion in the region,but the driver of urban construction land expansion in Beijing has changed from economic factors to population factors.Based on these findings,several conclusions can be drawn:1) Beijing has dual effects in the process of urban development in the region,including the primary city effect,and the shadow effect.While Beijing drives the development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,it also inhibits the growth of some other cities.2) The central part of each city in the study region is too compact,but the development of the peripheries is relatively disorderly,and the main city areas and outskirts lack integration.3) Population may become the key dynamics of the urban change in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.The principal role of economic return growth may be replaced by the economies of scale based on urban population agglomeration in the future.These results and conclusions may help the research community and government authorities understand the status quo and future development trend of urbanization in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from a new perspective.
引文
陈彦光.2005.分形城市与城市规划[J].城市规划,29(2):33-40,51.[Chen Y G.2005.Fractal cities and city planning City Planning Review,29(2):33-40,51.]
陈彦光.2017.城市形态的分维估算与分形判定[J].地理科学进展,36(5):529-539.[Chen Y G.2017.Approaches to estimating fractal dimension and identifying fractals of urban form.Progress in Geography,36(5):529-539.]
陈彦光,刘继生.2007.城市形态分维测算和分析的若干问题[J].人文地理,22(3):98-103.[Chen Y G,Liu J S2007.On fractal dimension calculation and analysis of urban form.Human Geography,22(3):98-103.]
陈勇,艾南山.1994.城市结构的分形研究[J].地理学与国土研究,10(4):35-41.[Chen Y,Ai N S.1994.Studies on fractal structure of cities.Geography and Territorial Research,10(4):35-41.]
冯健.2003.杭州城市形态和土地利用结构的时空演化[J].地理学报,58(3):343-353.[Feng J.2003.Spatialtemporal evolution of urban morphology and land use structure in Hangzhou.Acta Geographica Sinica,58(3):343-353.]
姜世国,周一星.2006.北京城市形态的分形集聚特征及其实践意义[J].地理研究,2006,25(2):204-212.[Jiang SG,Zhou Y X.2006.The fractal urban form of Beijing and its practical significance.Geographical Research,25(2):204-212.]
李建民.2014.京津冀城镇化及其与长三角和珠三角的比较[J].人口与经济,35(1):3-7.[Li J M.2014.The urbanization of Beijing,Tianjin,Hebei and the comparison with the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta.Population&Economics,35(1):3-7.]
林炳耀.1998.城市空间形态的计量方法及其评价[J].城市规划汇刊,21(3):42-45.[Lin B Y.1998.The calculation method of urban spatial form and its evaluation.Urban Planning Forum,21(3):42-45.]
刘继生,陈彦光.2004.城市密度分布与异速生长定律的数理关系探讨[J].东北师范大学学报(自然科学版),36(4):139-148.[Liu J S,Chen Y G.2004.The spatial complexity of the law of allometric growth and urban population density.Journal of Northeast Normal University(Natural Sciences Edition),36(4):139-148.]
刘勇洪,徐永明.2015.利用分形的北京城市空间拓展分析[J].测绘科学,40(10):30-36.[Liu Y H,Xu Y M.2015.Urban spatial expansion of Beijing based on city fractal.Science of Surveying and Mapping,40(10):30-36.]
孙久文,丁鸿君.2012.京津冀区域经济一体化进程研究[J].经济与管理研究,35(7):52-58.[Sun J W,Ding H J.2012.Research on the stage of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional integration.Research on Economics and Management,35(7):52-58.]
王新生,刘纪远,庄大方,等.2005.中国特大城市空间形态变化的时空特征[J].地理学报,60(3):392-400.[Wang XS,Liu J Y,Zhuang D F,et al.2005.Spatial-temporal changes of urban spatial morphology in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,60(3):392-400.]
Batty M.1991a.Cities as fractals:Simulating growth and form[M]//Crilly A J,Earnshaw R A,Jones H.Fractals and Chaos.New York:Springer:43-69.
Batty M.1991b.Generating urban forms from diffusive growth[J].Environment and Planning A,23(4):511-544.
Batty M.2008.The size,scale,and shape of cities[J].Science,319:769-771.
Batty M,Fotheringham A S,Longley P A.1989.Urban growth and form:Scaling,fractal geometry and diffusion-limited aggregation[J].Environment and Planning A,21(11)1447-1472.
Batty M,Longley P.1994.Fractal cities:A geometry of form and function[M].London,UK:Academic Press.
Benguigui L,Czamanski D,Marinov M,et al.2000.When and where is a city fractal?[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,27(4):507-519.
Chen Y G.2011a.Derivation of the functional relations between fractal dimension and shape indices of urban form[J].Computers,Environment and Urban Systems,35(6)442-451.
Chen Y G.2011b.Fractal systems of central places based on intermittency of space-filling[J].Chaos,Solitons&Fractals,44(8):619-632.
Chen Y G.2014.Multifractals of central place systems:Models,dimension spectrums,and empirical analysis[J].Physica A,402(10):266-282.
Chen Y G,Wang J J,Feng J.2017.Understanding the fracta dimensions of urban forms through spatial entropy[J].Entropy,19(11):600.
De Keersmaecker M L,Frankhauser P,Thomas I.2003.Using fractal dimensions for characterizing intra-urban diversity The example of Brussels[J].Geographical Analysis,35(4):310-328.
Evans A W.1985.Urban economics:An introduction[M]New York:Basil Blackwell.
Fotheringham S,Batty M,Longley P.1989.Diffusion-limited aggregation and the fractal nature of urban growth[J].Papers of the Regional Science Association,67(1):55-69.
Frankhauser P.1998.The fractal approach:A new tool for the spatial analysis of urban agglomerations[J].Population An English Selection,10(1):205-240.
Frankhauser P.2000.GIS and the fractal formalisation of urban patterns:Towards a new paradigm for spatial analysis?[M]//Fotheringham AS,Wegener M.Spatial models and GIS:New potential and new models.London,UK:Taylor&Francis:121-142.
Frankhauser P.2007.Fractal geometry of urban patterns and their morphogenesis[J].Discrete Dynamics in Nature&Society,2(2):127-145.
Frankhauser P,Sadler R.1991.Fractal analysis of agglomerations[M]//Hilliges M.Natural structures:Principles,strategies,and models in architecture and nature.Stuttgart,Germany:University of Stuttgart:57-65.
Haggett P,Cliff A D,Frey A.1977.Locational analysis in human geography[M].The 2nd Edition.London,UK:Arnold.
Jefferson M.1939.The law of the primate city[J].Geographical Review,29(2):226-232.
Longley P A,Batty M,Shepherd J.1991.The size,shape and dimension of urban settlements[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,16(1):75-94.
Longley P A,Mesev V.2000.On the measurement and generalization of urban form[J].Environment and Planning A,32:473-488.
Makse H,Havlin S,Stanley H E.1995.Modelling urban growth patterns[J].Nature,377:608-612.
Makse H A,Andrade Jr J S,Batty M,et al.1998.Modeling urban growth patterns with correlated percolation[J].Physical Review E,58(6):7054-7062.
Stanley H E,Ostrowsky N.1986.On growth and form:Fractal and non-fractal patterns in physics[M].Boston:MartinusNijhoff.
Sun J,Huang Z J,Zhen Q,et al.2014.Fractally deforested landscape:Pattern and process in a tri-national Amazon frontier[J].Applied Geography,52:204-211.
Thomas I,Frankhauser P,Biernacki C.2008.The morphology of built-up landscapes in Wallonia(Belgium):A classification using fractal indices[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,84(2):99-115.
Thompson D W.1917.On growth and form[M].Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press.
White R,Engelen G.1993.Cellular automata and fractal urban form:A cellular modeling approach to the evolution of urban land-use patterns[J].Environment and Planning A,25(8):1175-1199.
White R,Engelen G.1994.Urban systems dynamics and cellular automata:Fractal structures between order and chaos[J].Chaos,Solitons&Fractals,4(4):563-583.
陈彦光.2017.城市形态的分维估算与分形判定[J].地理科学进展,36(5):529-539.[Chen Y G.2017.Approaches to estimating fractal dimension and identifying fractals of urban form.Progress in Geography,36(5):529-539.]
陈彦光,刘继生.2007.城市形态分维测算和分析的若干问题[J].人文地理,22(3):98-103.[Chen Y G,Liu J S2007.On fractal dimension calculation and analysis of urban form.Human Geography,22(3):98-103.]
陈勇,艾南山.1994.城市结构的分形研究[J].地理学与国土研究,10(4):35-41.[Chen Y,Ai N S.1994.Studies on fractal structure of cities.Geography and Territorial Research,10(4):35-41.]
冯健.2003.杭州城市形态和土地利用结构的时空演化[J].地理学报,58(3):343-353.[Feng J.2003.Spatialtemporal evolution of urban morphology and land use structure in Hangzhou.Acta Geographica Sinica,58(3):343-353.]
姜世国,周一星.2006.北京城市形态的分形集聚特征及其实践意义[J].地理研究,2006,25(2):204-212.[Jiang SG,Zhou Y X.2006.The fractal urban form of Beijing and its practical significance.Geographical Research,25(2):204-212.]
李建民.2014.京津冀城镇化及其与长三角和珠三角的比较[J].人口与经济,35(1):3-7.[Li J M.2014.The urbanization of Beijing,Tianjin,Hebei and the comparison with the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta.Population&Economics,35(1):3-7.]
林炳耀.1998.城市空间形态的计量方法及其评价[J].城市规划汇刊,21(3):42-45.[Lin B Y.1998.The calculation method of urban spatial form and its evaluation.Urban Planning Forum,21(3):42-45.]
刘继生,陈彦光.2004.城市密度分布与异速生长定律的数理关系探讨[J].东北师范大学学报(自然科学版),36(4):139-148.[Liu J S,Chen Y G.2004.The spatial complexity of the law of allometric growth and urban population density.Journal of Northeast Normal University(Natural Sciences Edition),36(4):139-148.]
刘勇洪,徐永明.2015.利用分形的北京城市空间拓展分析[J].测绘科学,40(10):30-36.[Liu Y H,Xu Y M.2015.Urban spatial expansion of Beijing based on city fractal.Science of Surveying and Mapping,40(10):30-36.]
孙久文,丁鸿君.2012.京津冀区域经济一体化进程研究[J].经济与管理研究,35(7):52-58.[Sun J W,Ding H J.2012.Research on the stage of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional integration.Research on Economics and Management,35(7):52-58.]
王新生,刘纪远,庄大方,等.2005.中国特大城市空间形态变化的时空特征[J].地理学报,60(3):392-400.[Wang XS,Liu J Y,Zhuang D F,et al.2005.Spatial-temporal changes of urban spatial morphology in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,60(3):392-400.]
Batty M.1991a.Cities as fractals:Simulating growth and form[M]//Crilly A J,Earnshaw R A,Jones H.Fractals and Chaos.New York:Springer:43-69.
Batty M.1991b.Generating urban forms from diffusive growth[J].Environment and Planning A,23(4):511-544.
Batty M.2008.The size,scale,and shape of cities[J].Science,319:769-771.
Batty M,Fotheringham A S,Longley P A.1989.Urban growth and form:Scaling,fractal geometry and diffusion-limited aggregation[J].Environment and Planning A,21(11)1447-1472.
Batty M,Longley P.1994.Fractal cities:A geometry of form and function[M].London,UK:Academic Press.
Benguigui L,Czamanski D,Marinov M,et al.2000.When and where is a city fractal?[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,27(4):507-519.
Chen Y G.2011a.Derivation of the functional relations between fractal dimension and shape indices of urban form[J].Computers,Environment and Urban Systems,35(6)442-451.
Chen Y G.2011b.Fractal systems of central places based on intermittency of space-filling[J].Chaos,Solitons&Fractals,44(8):619-632.
Chen Y G.2014.Multifractals of central place systems:Models,dimension spectrums,and empirical analysis[J].Physica A,402(10):266-282.
Chen Y G,Wang J J,Feng J.2017.Understanding the fracta dimensions of urban forms through spatial entropy[J].Entropy,19(11):600.
De Keersmaecker M L,Frankhauser P,Thomas I.2003.Using fractal dimensions for characterizing intra-urban diversity The example of Brussels[J].Geographical Analysis,35(4):310-328.
Evans A W.1985.Urban economics:An introduction[M]New York:Basil Blackwell.
Fotheringham S,Batty M,Longley P.1989.Diffusion-limited aggregation and the fractal nature of urban growth[J].Papers of the Regional Science Association,67(1):55-69.
Frankhauser P.1998.The fractal approach:A new tool for the spatial analysis of urban agglomerations[J].Population An English Selection,10(1):205-240.
Frankhauser P.2000.GIS and the fractal formalisation of urban patterns:Towards a new paradigm for spatial analysis?[M]//Fotheringham AS,Wegener M.Spatial models and GIS:New potential and new models.London,UK:Taylor&Francis:121-142.
Frankhauser P.2007.Fractal geometry of urban patterns and their morphogenesis[J].Discrete Dynamics in Nature&Society,2(2):127-145.
Frankhauser P,Sadler R.1991.Fractal analysis of agglomerations[M]//Hilliges M.Natural structures:Principles,strategies,and models in architecture and nature.Stuttgart,Germany:University of Stuttgart:57-65.
Haggett P,Cliff A D,Frey A.1977.Locational analysis in human geography[M].The 2nd Edition.London,UK:Arnold.
Jefferson M.1939.The law of the primate city[J].Geographical Review,29(2):226-232.
Longley P A,Batty M,Shepherd J.1991.The size,shape and dimension of urban settlements[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,16(1):75-94.
Longley P A,Mesev V.2000.On the measurement and generalization of urban form[J].Environment and Planning A,32:473-488.
Makse H,Havlin S,Stanley H E.1995.Modelling urban growth patterns[J].Nature,377:608-612.
Makse H A,Andrade Jr J S,Batty M,et al.1998.Modeling urban growth patterns with correlated percolation[J].Physical Review E,58(6):7054-7062.
Stanley H E,Ostrowsky N.1986.On growth and form:Fractal and non-fractal patterns in physics[M].Boston:MartinusNijhoff.
Sun J,Huang Z J,Zhen Q,et al.2014.Fractally deforested landscape:Pattern and process in a tri-national Amazon frontier[J].Applied Geography,52:204-211.
Thomas I,Frankhauser P,Biernacki C.2008.The morphology of built-up landscapes in Wallonia(Belgium):A classification using fractal indices[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,84(2):99-115.
Thompson D W.1917.On growth and form[M].Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press.
White R,Engelen G.1993.Cellular automata and fractal urban form:A cellular modeling approach to the evolution of urban land-use patterns[J].Environment and Planning A,25(8):1175-1199.
White R,Engelen G.1994.Urban systems dynamics and cellular automata:Fractal structures between order and chaos[J].Chaos,Solitons&Fractals,4(4):563-583.