合流制面源污染传输过程与污染源解析
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摘要
科学认识和全面理解合流制面源污染发生路径和污染贡献源对于治理和改善城市水环境至关重要.本研究以珠海市典型老城区的合流制小排水区为例,分析了污染物在地表与管道中的累积-冲刷过程,并运用质量守恒法解析了污染物的贡献源.结果表明,地表街尘累积量为(28. 81±10. 69) g·m~(-2),多场降雨事件中地表街尘冲刷量为(19. 27±10. 90) g·m~(-2),冲刷率为(52. 69±13. 3)%,其冲刷形成的地表径流中SS场降雨浓度为52～109 mg·L~(-1),管道径流中SS的浓度为68～158mg·L~(-1);地表径流对SS的贡献率为39%～72%,旱流污水对SS的贡献率<20%,管道沉积物再悬浮对SS的贡献率为13%～56%;管道沉积物的厚度在小雨和中雨时增加1～14 cm,大雨和暴雨时,减少7～17 cm;降雨特征影响了污染源贡献比率,其中地表径流对各污染物的贡献范围为2%～52%,旱流污水对各污染物的贡献率范围为9%～65%,管道沉积物对各污染物的贡献范围为8%～81%.基于上述研究结果,为合流制面源污染提出控制措施,以期为我国城市受纳水体污染的解决提供参考.
A comprehensive and scientific understanding of non-point source pollutant transport pathways and source apportionment in combined sewer systems is essential for managing and improving the urban water environment.This study analyzed build-up and washoff processes of pollutants on road surfaces and in sewers within a catchment of combined sewer systems in a typical old district in Zhuhai.Besides,source apportionment of the entire urban non-point source pollution was investigated by using the mass conservation method.The outcomes revealed that the build-up load of road deposited sediments in the study area was(28.81±10.69)g·m~(-2).The average wash-off load of road deposited sediments during five different rainfall events was(19.27±10.90)g·m~(-2) and the wash-off percentage was(52.69±13.3)%.The event mean concentrations of suspended solids(SS) in road runoff were 52-109 mg·L~(-1),and the event mean concentrations of SS in sewer runoff were 68-158 mg·L~(-1).Source apportionment analysis showed that road runoff,domestic wastewater,and sewer sediments contributed 39%-72%,<20%,and 13%-56% to SS,respectively.The thickness of sewer sediments increased by 1-14 cm during light and moderate rains,and the thickness decreased by 7-17 cm during heavy rains.It was found that rainfall characteristics affected the contribution percentages of pollution sources.The contribution of pollution from road runoff,domestic sewage,and sewer sediments in combined sewer systems were 2%-52%,9%-65%,and 8%-81%,respectively.The derived outcomes should be useful for developing recommendations to control non-point source pollution in combined sewer systems and improve urban receiving water quality in China.
A comprehensive and scientific understanding of non-point source pollutant transport pathways and source apportionment in combined sewer systems is essential for managing and improving the urban water environment.This study analyzed build-up and washoff processes of pollutants on road surfaces and in sewers within a catchment of combined sewer systems in a typical old district in Zhuhai.Besides,source apportionment of the entire urban non-point source pollution was investigated by using the mass conservation method.The outcomes revealed that the build-up load of road deposited sediments in the study area was(28.81±10.69)g·m~(-2).The average wash-off load of road deposited sediments during five different rainfall events was(19.27±10.90)g·m~(-2) and the wash-off percentage was(52.69±13.3)%.The event mean concentrations of suspended solids(SS) in road runoff were 52-109 mg·L~(-1),and the event mean concentrations of SS in sewer runoff were 68-158 mg·L~(-1).Source apportionment analysis showed that road runoff,domestic wastewater,and sewer sediments contributed 39%-72%,<20%,and 13%-56% to SS,respectively.The thickness of sewer sediments increased by 1-14 cm during light and moderate rains,and the thickness decreased by 7-17 cm during heavy rains.It was found that rainfall characteristics affected the contribution percentages of pollution sources.The contribution of pollution from road runoff,domestic sewage,and sewer sediments in combined sewer systems were 2%-52%,9%-65%,and 8%-81%,respectively.The derived outcomes should be useful for developing recommendations to control non-point source pollution in combined sewer systems and improve urban receiving water quality in China.
引文
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[10]Mouri G,Oki T.Modelling sewer sediment deposition,erosion,and transport processes to predict acute influent and reduce combined sewer overflows and CO2emissions[J].Water Science&Technology,2010,62(10):2346-2356.
[11]赵泽坤,车伍,赵杨,等.中美合流制溢流污染控制概要比较[J].给水排水,2018,54(11):128-134.Zhao Z K,Che W,Zhao Y,et al.Summary comparison of combined sewer overflow control between China and the United States[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2018,54(11):128-134.
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[13]唐磊.合流制改造及溢流污染控制技术与策略研究[D].北京:北京建筑大学,2013.Tang L.Research on Technology and strategy of combined sewer system retrofits and overflow pollution control[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture,2013.
[14]车伍,唐磊.中国城市合流制改造及溢流污染控制策略研究[J].给水排水,2012,48(3):1-5.
[15]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[16]贾可欣,麦碧娴,盛国英,等.珠江广州河段不同粒径沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)的分布特征[J].地球化学,2003,32(6):606-612.Jia K X,Mai B X,Sheng G Y,et al.Grain-size distribution of polychlorobiphenyls in sediments of the Pearl River[J].Geochimica,2003,32(6):606-612.
[17]Kayhanian M,Suverkropp C,Ruby A,et al.Characterization and prediction of highway runoff constituent event mean concentration[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2006,85(2):279-295.
[18]李立青,尹澄清.雨、污合流制城区降雨径流污染的迁移转化过程与来源研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(2):368-375.Li L Q,Yin C Q.Transport and sources of runoff pollution from urban area with combined sewer system[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(2):368-375.
[19]Gromaire M C,Garnaud S,Saad M,et al.Contribution of different sources to the pollution of wet weather flows in combined sewers[J].Water Research,2001,35(2):521-533.
[20]Sutherland R A.Lead in grain size fractions of road-deposited sediment[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,121(2):229-237.
[21]王书敏,蒋山泉,孔花,等.小城镇街尘污染特征及控制对策[J].环境化学,2013,32(6):1009-1015.Wang S M,Jiang S Q,Kong H,et al.Pollution characteristic and control measures of street dust in small towns[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(6):1009-1015.
[22]汤霞,陈卫兵,李怀正.城市排水系统沉积物特性及清淤方式研究进展[J].城市道桥与防洪,2013,(3):106-110.Tang X.Chen W B,Li H Z.Study on characteristics of sediments in urban sewer system and its desilting mode[J].Urban Roads Bridges&Flood Control,2013,(3):106-110.
[23]GB/T 28592-2012,降水量等级[S].
[24]Al-Khashman O A.Determination of metal accumulation in deposited street dusts in Amman,Jordan[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2007,29(1):1-10.
[25]Zhao H T,Zhao J,Yin C Q,et al.Index models to evaluate the potential metal pollution contribution from washoff of roaddeposited sediment[J].Water Research,2014,59:71-79.
[26]Ma Y K,Hao S N,Zhao H T,et al.Pollutant transport analysis and source apportionment of the entire non-point source pollution process in separate sewer systems[J].Chemosphere,2018,211:557-565.
[27]Zhao H T,Li X Y,Wang X M.Heavy metal contents of roaddeposited sediment along the urban-rural gradient around Beijing and its potential contribution to runoff pollution[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(17):7120-7127.
[28]Sansalone J J,Kim J Y.Transport of particulate matter fractions in urban source area pavement surface runoff[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2008,37(5):1883-1893.
[29]车伍,葛裕坤,唐磊,等.我国城市排水(雨水)防涝综合规划剖析[J].中国给水排水,2016,32(10):15-21.Che W,Ge Y K,Tang L,et al.Analysis of integrated plan for urban drainage(stormwater)and flood control[J].China Water&Wastewater,2016,32(10):15-21.
[30]车伍,张鹍,张伟,等.初期雨水与径流总量控制的关系及其应用分析[J].中国给水排水,2016 32(6):9-14.Che W,Zhang K,Zhang W,et al.Analysis of initial rainfall and total runoff volume control[J].China Water&Wastewater,2016,32(6):9-14.
[31]新版规范局部修订编制组.2014版《室外排水设计规范》局部修订解读[J].给水排水,2014,40(4):7-11.
[2]李立青,尹澄清,何庆慈,等.武汉市城区降雨径流污染负荷对受纳水体的贡献[J].中国环境科学,2007,27(3):312-316.Li L Q,Yin C Q,He Q C,et al.Contribution of pollution load of storm runoff in urban areas of Hanyang,Wuhan city on the receiving water[J].China Environmental Science,2007,27(3):312-316.
[3]Zhang L Y,Rao B Q,Xiong Y,et al.The micobial mechanism of horizonal constructed wetland used to treated black-odor river[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2010,34(2):256-261.
[4]赵越,姚瑞华,徐敏,等.我国城市黑臭水体治理实践及思路探讨[J].环境保护,2015,43(13):27-29.Zhao Y,Yao R H,Xu M,et al.Study on the practice and route of combating urban black-and-malodorous water body[J].Environmental Protection,2015,43(13):27-29.
[5]Soonthornnonda P,Christensen E R.Source apportionment of pollutants and flows of combined sewer wastewater[J].Water Research,2008,42(8-9):1989-1998.
[6]Gasperi J,Gromaire M C,Kafi M,et al.Contributions of wastewater,runoff and sewer deposit erosion to wet weather pollutant loads in combined sewer systems[J].Water Research,2010,44(20):5875-5886.
[7]戴梅红,李田,张伟.合流制排水系统雨天溢流污染CMB法源解析[J].环境科学,2013,34(11):4226-4230.Dai M H,Li T,Zhang W.Pollutant source apportionment of combined sewer overflows using chemical mass balance method[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(11):4226-4230.
[8]汉京超.城市雨水径流污染特征及排水系统模拟优化研究[D].上海:复旦大学,2013.Han J C.Characteristics of urban rianwater runoff pollution and simulation&optimization of diacharge systems[D].Shanghai:Fudan University,2013.
[9]杨逢乐,赵磊.合流制排水系统降雨径流污染物特征及初期冲刷效应[J].生态环境学报,2007,16(6):1627-1632.Yang F L,Zhao L.Pollutant characteristics and first flush effect of runoff in combined sewer system[J].Ecology and Environment,2007,16(6):1627-1632.
[10]Mouri G,Oki T.Modelling sewer sediment deposition,erosion,and transport processes to predict acute influent and reduce combined sewer overflows and CO2emissions[J].Water Science&Technology,2010,62(10):2346-2356.
[11]赵泽坤,车伍,赵杨,等.中美合流制溢流污染控制概要比较[J].给水排水,2018,54(11):128-134.Zhao Z K,Che W,Zhao Y,et al.Summary comparison of combined sewer overflow control between China and the United States[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2018,54(11):128-134.
[12]王家卓,胡应均,张春洋,王晨.对我国合流制排水系统及其溢流污染控制的思考[J].环境保护,2018,46(17):14-19.Wang J Z,Hu Y J,Zhang C Y,et al.Some perspectives on combined sewer system and its overflow control in China[J].Environmental Protection,2018,46(17):14-19.
[13]唐磊.合流制改造及溢流污染控制技术与策略研究[D].北京:北京建筑大学,2013.Tang L.Research on Technology and strategy of combined sewer system retrofits and overflow pollution control[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture,2013.
[14]车伍,唐磊.中国城市合流制改造及溢流污染控制策略研究[J].给水排水,2012,48(3):1-5.
[15]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[16]贾可欣,麦碧娴,盛国英,等.珠江广州河段不同粒径沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)的分布特征[J].地球化学,2003,32(6):606-612.Jia K X,Mai B X,Sheng G Y,et al.Grain-size distribution of polychlorobiphenyls in sediments of the Pearl River[J].Geochimica,2003,32(6):606-612.
[17]Kayhanian M,Suverkropp C,Ruby A,et al.Characterization and prediction of highway runoff constituent event mean concentration[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2006,85(2):279-295.
[18]李立青,尹澄清.雨、污合流制城区降雨径流污染的迁移转化过程与来源研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(2):368-375.Li L Q,Yin C Q.Transport and sources of runoff pollution from urban area with combined sewer system[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(2):368-375.
[19]Gromaire M C,Garnaud S,Saad M,et al.Contribution of different sources to the pollution of wet weather flows in combined sewers[J].Water Research,2001,35(2):521-533.
[20]Sutherland R A.Lead in grain size fractions of road-deposited sediment[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,121(2):229-237.
[21]王书敏,蒋山泉,孔花,等.小城镇街尘污染特征及控制对策[J].环境化学,2013,32(6):1009-1015.Wang S M,Jiang S Q,Kong H,et al.Pollution characteristic and control measures of street dust in small towns[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(6):1009-1015.
[22]汤霞,陈卫兵,李怀正.城市排水系统沉积物特性及清淤方式研究进展[J].城市道桥与防洪,2013,(3):106-110.Tang X.Chen W B,Li H Z.Study on characteristics of sediments in urban sewer system and its desilting mode[J].Urban Roads Bridges&Flood Control,2013,(3):106-110.
[23]GB/T 28592-2012,降水量等级[S].
[24]Al-Khashman O A.Determination of metal accumulation in deposited street dusts in Amman,Jordan[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2007,29(1):1-10.
[25]Zhao H T,Zhao J,Yin C Q,et al.Index models to evaluate the potential metal pollution contribution from washoff of roaddeposited sediment[J].Water Research,2014,59:71-79.
[26]Ma Y K,Hao S N,Zhao H T,et al.Pollutant transport analysis and source apportionment of the entire non-point source pollution process in separate sewer systems[J].Chemosphere,2018,211:557-565.
[27]Zhao H T,Li X Y,Wang X M.Heavy metal contents of roaddeposited sediment along the urban-rural gradient around Beijing and its potential contribution to runoff pollution[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(17):7120-7127.
[28]Sansalone J J,Kim J Y.Transport of particulate matter fractions in urban source area pavement surface runoff[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2008,37(5):1883-1893.
[29]车伍,葛裕坤,唐磊,等.我国城市排水(雨水)防涝综合规划剖析[J].中国给水排水,2016,32(10):15-21.Che W,Ge Y K,Tang L,et al.Analysis of integrated plan for urban drainage(stormwater)and flood control[J].China Water&Wastewater,2016,32(10):15-21.
[30]车伍,张鹍,张伟,等.初期雨水与径流总量控制的关系及其应用分析[J].中国给水排水,2016 32(6):9-14.Che W,Zhang K,Zhang W,et al.Analysis of initial rainfall and total runoff volume control[J].China Water&Wastewater,2016,32(6):9-14.
[31]新版规范局部修订编制组.2014版《室外排水设计规范》局部修订解读[J].给水排水,2014,40(4):7-11.