关中地区细颗粒物碳组分特征及来源解析
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摘要
为研究关中地区细颗粒物中碳组分的污染特征及其来源,于2017年9月4日至2018年1月19日在关中地区5个主要典型城市(西安、渭南、铜川、宝鸡和咸阳)设置采样点(XA、WN、TCH、BJ和XY)进行细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的手工采样观测,碳组分环境样品采用热光透射法(TOT)分析.结果表明,细颗粒物中OC和EC平均浓度分别为(14. 48±7. 86)μg·m~(-3)和(2. 27±0. 95)μg·m~(-3),占比分别为18. 04%和2. 99%,与其他城市相比污染较为严重.碳组分占比的空间分布为XY> WN> XA> BJ> TCH,且季节差异明显,冬季占比高于秋季. OC与EC的相关性显著(R~2=0. 79),有着较为相同的污染来源.OC1在碳组分中比例最高为23. 44%,碳组分的浓度顺序为OC1> EC2> EC3> OC4> EC1> OC2> OC3> EC4> EC6> EC5.正矩阵因子分解模型的源解析结果表明,该地区碳组分的4类主要贡献源为生物质燃烧与燃煤源、汽油车尾气、柴油车尾气和道路扬尘污染源,贡献率分别为48. 63%、23. 07%、18. 82%和9. 47%,各点位的污染贡献结构有着明显的差异.
In order to study the pollution characteristics and sources of fine particulate matter in the Guanzhong area of China,PM_(2.5) samples were collected and observed by hand from September 4,2017 to January 19,2018 at five sites( XA,WN,TCH,BJ and XY). The carbonaceous component of these samples was analyzed by thermal-optical transmission,which showed that the average concentrations of OC and EC in the fine particulate matter were( 14. 48 ± 7. 86) μg·m~(-3) and( 2. 27 ± 0. 95) μg·m~(-3),respectively,Percentages of OC and EC were 18. 04% and 2. 99%,respectively. Compared with other cities,the measured levels of pollution in the Guanzhong areas were more severe. The spatial distribution of percentage of carbon component in PM_(2.5) was XY > WN > XA > BJ >TCH,and the concentrations in winter were higher than in autumn. The correlation between OC and EC was significant( R~2= 0. 79),which indicates a common source. The highest proportion of OC1 was 23. 44%. The concentration of the carbonaceous component from high to low was OC1 > EC2 > EC3 > OC4 > EC1 > OC2 > OC3 > EC4 > EC6 > EC5. The results of PMF modeling show that the four main contributing sources of carbon components in pollution in this area are biomass combustion and coal-burning,gasoline vehicle exhaust emissions,diesel vehicle exhaust emissions,and road dust,contribution 48. 63%,23. 07%,18. 82%,and 9. 47%,respectively. Furthermore,there were clear differences in the pollution structure at each study site.
In order to study the pollution characteristics and sources of fine particulate matter in the Guanzhong area of China,PM_(2.5) samples were collected and observed by hand from September 4,2017 to January 19,2018 at five sites( XA,WN,TCH,BJ and XY). The carbonaceous component of these samples was analyzed by thermal-optical transmission,which showed that the average concentrations of OC and EC in the fine particulate matter were( 14. 48 ± 7. 86) μg·m~(-3) and( 2. 27 ± 0. 95) μg·m~(-3),respectively,Percentages of OC and EC were 18. 04% and 2. 99%,respectively. Compared with other cities,the measured levels of pollution in the Guanzhong areas were more severe. The spatial distribution of percentage of carbon component in PM_(2.5) was XY > WN > XA > BJ >TCH,and the concentrations in winter were higher than in autumn. The correlation between OC and EC was significant( R~2= 0. 79),which indicates a common source. The highest proportion of OC1 was 23. 44%. The concentration of the carbonaceous component from high to low was OC1 > EC2 > EC3 > OC4 > EC1 > OC2 > OC3 > EC4 > EC6 > EC5. The results of PMF modeling show that the four main contributing sources of carbon components in pollution in this area are biomass combustion and coal-burning,gasoline vehicle exhaust emissions,diesel vehicle exhaust emissions,and road dust,contribution 48. 63%,23. 07%,18. 82%,and 9. 47%,respectively. Furthermore,there were clear differences in the pollution structure at each study site.
引文
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[2]张承中,丁超,周变红,等.西安市冬、夏两季PM2.5中碳气溶胶的污染特征分析[J].环境工程学报,2013,7(4):1477-1481.Zhang C Z,Ding C,Zhou B H,et al.Pollution characteristics of carbon aerosol in PM2.5of Xi'an during winter and summer[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2013,7(4):1477-1481.
[3]Sharma S,Brook J R,Cachier H,et al.Light absorption and thermal measurements of black carbon in different regions of Canada[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2002,107(D24):4771.
[4]陶李.西安市大气中PM2.5及其碳气溶胶污染特征研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2011.
[5]Cao J J,Lee S C,Ho K F,et al.Spatial and seasonal variations of atmospheric organic carbon and elemental carbon in Pearl River Delta Region,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(27):4447-4456.
[6]唐小玲,毕新慧,陈颖军,等.不同粒径大气颗粒物中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的分布[J].环境科学研究,2006,19(1):104-108.Tang X L,Bi X H,Chen Y J,et al.Study on the size distribution of organic carbon(OC)and elemental carbon(EC)in the aerosol[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2006,19(1):104-108.
[7]杜博涵,黄晓锋,何凌燕,等.宁波市PM2.5中碳组分的时空分布特征和二次有机碳估算[J].环境科学,2015,36(9):3128-3134.Du B H,Huang X F,He L Y,et al.Seasonal and spatial variations of carbon fractions in PM2.5in Ningbo and the estimation of secondary organic carbon[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(9):3128-3134.
[8]Bian Q J,Alharbi B,Shareef M M,et al.Sources of PM2.5carbonaceous aerosol in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2018,18(6):3969-3985.
[9]宋天月.浅谈天津市主导产业[DB/OL].https://wenku.baidu.com/view/70561f780029bd64793e2c5b.html,2016-03-07.
[10]陕西省统计局.新常态下陕西能源生产平稳发展能源消费结构改善[DB/OL].http://www.shaanxitj.gov.cn/site/1/html/126/131/138/17854.htm,2018-05-23.
[11]田鹏山,曹军骥,韩永明,等.关中地区冬季PM2.5中碳气溶胶的污染特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,2016,37(2):427-433.Tian P S,Cao J J,Han Y M,et al.Pollution characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosol in PM2.5during winter in Guanzhong area[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(2):427-433.
[12]王帆,韩婧,张俊,等.西安城区大气PM2.5中有机碳与元素碳的污染特征[J].环境保护科学,2015,41(2):80-85.Wang F,Han J,Zhang J,et al.Simple analysis of pollution characteristics of organic carbon and elemental carbon in PM2.5in the atmosphere of Xi'an city[J].Environmental Protection Science,2015,41(2):80-85.
[13]Chow J C,Watson J G,Crow D,et al.Comparison of IMPROVEand NIOSH carbon measurements[J].Aerosol Science and Technology,2001,34(1):23-34.
[14]Ji D S,Zhang J K,He J,et al.Characteristics of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon aerosols in urban Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,125:293-306.
[15]Zhou S Z,Yang L X,Gao R,et al.A comparison study of carbonaceous aerosols in a typical North China Plain urban atmosphere:seasonal variability,sources and implications to haze formation[J].Atmospheric Environment,2017,149:95-103.
[16]Lai S C,Zhao Y,Ding A J,et al.Characterization of PM2.5and the major chemical components during a 1-year campaign in rural Guangzhou,Southern China[J].Atmospheric Research,2016,167:208-215.
[17]Zhou S Z,Wang T,Wang Z,et al.Photochemical evolution of organic aerosols observed in urban plumes from Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta of China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,88:219-229.
[18]元洁,刘保双,程渊,等.2017年1月天津市区PM2.5化学组分特征及高时间分辨率来源解析研究[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(3):1090-1101.Yuan J,Liu B S,Cheng Y,et al.Study on characteristics of PM2.5and chemical components and source apportionment of high temporal resolution in January 2017 in Tianjin urban area[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(3):1090-1101.
[19]Cesari D,Merico E,Dinoi A,et al.Seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosols in an urban background area in Southern Italy[J].Atmospheric Research,2018,200:97-108.
[20]Shirmohammadi F,Hasheminassab S,Saffari A,et al.Fine and ultrafine particulate organic carbon in the Los Angeles basin:trends in sources and composition[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,541:1083-1096.
[21]热比古丽·达木拉.乌鲁木齐大气多环芳烃、有机碳/元素碳粒径及季节性分布[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2013.
[22]Turpin B J,Huntzicker J J.Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS[J].Atmospheric Environment,1995,29(23):3527-3544.
[23]Tian J,Ni H Y,Cao J J,et al.Characteristics of carbonaceous particles from residential coal combustion and agricultural biomass burning in China[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2017,8(3):521-527.
[24]Chen Y J,Zhi G R,Feng Y L,et al.Measurements of emission factors for primary carbonaceous particles from residential rawcoal combustion in China[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33(20):L20815.
[25]Cao J J,Wu F,Chow J C,et al.Characterization and source apportionment of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon during fall and winter of 2003 in Xi'an,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2005,5(11):3127-3137.
[26]Cachier H,Brémond M P,Buat-Ménard P.Carbonaceous aerosols from different tropical biomass burning sources[J].Nature,1989,340(6232):371-373.
[27]Brown S G,Eberly S,Paatero P,et al.Methods for estimating uncertainty in PMF solutions:examples with ambient air and water quality data and guidance on reporting PMF results[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,518-519:626-635.
[28]Watson J G,Chow J C,Lowenthal D H,et al.Differences in the carbon composition of source profiles for diesel-and gasolinepowered vehicles[J].Atmospheric Environment,1994,28(15):2493-2505.