我国技术转移制度的问题与分析——基于美对华的301调查报告
|
摘要
美国在对中国的301调查报告指出,中国关于技术转移方面的法律、政策或实践是不合理的或歧视性的,加重或限制了美国的商业。我国主要通过两种途径引入国外技术,一是通过技术转让合同,二是通过对外投资。虽然我国法律、政策或实践对于这两种途径或有所限制、或加以鼓励,但我国政府的行为并未违反相关的国际条约与义务。美国的指控并没有证据的支持,属于无稽之谈。我国应大力发展科学技术,掌握关键核心技术。同时,可以对某些法律加以完善,促进我国法治国家的建设。
In the section 301 report,U.S. finds out that China's acts, policies, and practices related with technology transfer are unreasonable or discriminatory and that burden or restrict U.S. Commerce. China introduces foreign technology by two means, one is technology transfer contract, and the other is foreign investment. Although the acts, policies and practices of our country restrict or encourage the two means, our government's actions do not violate the relevant international treaties or obligations. The accusation of the United States is nonsense, and there is no evidence supporting the conclusion in the report. China should develop science and technology vigorously, and master key core technologies. Meanwhile, we can improve some laws and promote the construction of legal state.
In the section 301 report,U.S. finds out that China's acts, policies, and practices related with technology transfer are unreasonable or discriminatory and that burden or restrict U.S. Commerce. China introduces foreign technology by two means, one is technology transfer contract, and the other is foreign investment. Although the acts, policies and practices of our country restrict or encourage the two means, our government's actions do not violate the relevant international treaties or obligations. The accusation of the United States is nonsense, and there is no evidence supporting the conclusion in the report. China should develop science and technology vigorously, and master key core technologies. Meanwhile, we can improve some laws and promote the construction of legal state.
引文
[1] USTR,Findings of the investigation into China’s acts,policies and practices related to technology transfer, intellectual property, and innovation under section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974[EB/OL]. http://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/section%20301%20FINAL.PDF.2015-03-22/2018-05-23.
[2] USTR,“2013 Special 301 report”[EB/OL]. http://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/2013%20special%20301%20-%20published.pdf.2018-05-23.
[3] USTR,“2016 Special 301 report”,[EB/OL]. http://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/2016%20special%20301%20-%20published.pdf.2018-05-23.
[4] USTR,“2017 Special 301 report”[EB/OL]. http://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/301/2017%20special%20301%20Report%20FINAL.PDF.2019-02-15.
[5] USTR,“2018 Special 301 report”[EB/OL]. http://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/press/Report/2018%20special%20301%20Report%20FINAL.PDF.2018-05-23.
[6] 郭雳.美国“301条款”与WTO争端解决机制的互动及其前景预测[J].中国法学,2001,(5): 145-151.
[7] 易继明,李春晖.美国对华启动301调查与我国的应对措施[J].西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2018, (1): 65-81.
[8] USTR. Following president Trump’s section 301 decisions, USTR launches new WTO challenge against China[EB/OL]. https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/march/following-president-trump%E2%80%99s-section. 2018-03-23/ 2018-05-23
[9] USPTR. The U.S. request for consultation[EB/OL]. https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/Releases/US%20Cons%20Req%20China%20-%20Final.pdf. 2018-05-23.
[10] USTR. Under section 301 action, USTR releases proposed tariff list on Chinese products[EB/OL]. https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/april/under-section-301-action-ustr. 2018-04-03/2018-05-23.
[11] USTR. Public hearings on the proposed section 301 tariffs[EB/OL]. https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/may/public-hearings-proposed-section-301. 2018-05-14/2018-05-23.
[12] 商务部.商务部新闻发言人就美方发布对华301调查项下征税产品建议清单发表谈话[EB/OL]. http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ag/201804/20180402728003.shtml. 2018-04-04/2018-05-23.
[13] 商务部.关于对原产于美国的部分进口商品加征关税的公告[EB/OL]. http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ai/201804/20180402728484.shtml. 2018-04-04/2018-05-23.
[14] 刘银良.知识产权法(第二版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2014: 37-41.
[15] 李健男.论特定国民待遇标准[J].法律科学,1996, (5):49-54.
[16] 张智勇,王慧.《与贸易有关的投资措施协议》与中国外资法[J].法学杂志, 2000, (1): 19-22.
[17] 陈振福.对当前技术进口管理的一些法律思考[J].国际商务研究, 2005, (2): 44-47.
[18] 毛涛.美国重振制造业及其对《中国制造2025》实施的启示(上)[EB/OL]. http://www.ccpitecc.com/article.asp?id=7338. 2017-06-15/ 2018-5-23.
[19] 陈小鸥,姚为克.让概念与产品零距离——美国设立制造业创新中心,推动政产学研协同创新[J].全球科技经济瞭望, 2015,(7):62-67.
[20] Corgress. Revitalize American manufacturing and innovation act of 2014(113th Congress(2013-2014)[EB/OL]. http://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2996/.2018-05-23.
[21] Rhodium Group. Chinese investment in the United States(December 2016)[EB/OL]. http://rhg.com/interactive/china-investment-monitor. 2016-12/2018-05-23.
[22] 杜兰英,陈鑫. 发达国家军民融合的经验与启示[J]. 科技进步与对策,2011,(12):126-130.
[23] 左晓栋. 近年中美网络安全贸易纠纷回顾及其对网络安全审查制度的启示[J]. 中国信息安全, 2014,(8):69-72.
[24] 赖明明,袁翼伦. 中美网络空间竞合出现新动向——评兰德公司《谋求与中国达成网络空间共识》报告[J].汕头大学学报, 2016,(8): 67-71.
(1)19 U. S. C.§2411(a)。
(2)19 U. S. C.§2411(b)。
(3)19 U.S.C.§2411(a)(1)。
(4)19 U.S.C.§2413(a)。
(5)DSU第23条的标题为“多边体制的加强”,第23.2(a)条规定各成员应“不对违反义务已发生、利益已丧失或减损或适用协定任何目标的实现已受到妨碍作出确定,除非通过依照本谅解的规则和程序援用争端解决,且应使任何此种确定与DSB通过的专家组或上诉机构报告所包含的调查结果或根据本谅解作出的仲裁裁决相一致”,23.2(c)规定各成员应:“遵循第22条所列程序,确定中止减让或其他义务的程度,并针对有关成员未能在该合理期限内执行建议和裁决的情况,在中止适用协定项下的减让或其他义务之前,依照这些程序获得DSB的授权”。
(6)DS152 summary,US-Section 301 trade Act。
(7)现行有效的是2017年修正版。
(8)现行有效的是2017年第二次修订版。
(9)《技术进出口管理条例》第29条:“技术进口合同中,不得含有下列限制性条款:‘……(三)限制受让人改进让与人提供的技术或者限制受让人使用所改进的技术;’”。
(10)《中外合资经营企业法》第5条,这里301调查报告错误引用为《中外合资经营企业法》第8条。
(11)19 U.S.C.§2411(d)(5)。
(12)Article 7,TRIPS。
(13)19 U.S.C.§2411(d)(3)(A)。
(14)19 U.S.C.§2411(d)(3)(D)。
(15)19 U.S.C.§2411(d)(3)(B)。
(16)数据来源,U.S.Bureau of Economic Analysis(BEA),https://www.bea.gov/international/index.htm#services,访问日期:2018年5月23日。
[2] USTR,“2013 Special 301 report”[EB/OL]. http://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/2013%20special%20301%20-%20published.pdf.2018-05-23.
[3] USTR,“2016 Special 301 report”,[EB/OL]. http://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/2016%20special%20301%20-%20published.pdf.2018-05-23.
[4] USTR,“2017 Special 301 report”[EB/OL]. http://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/301/2017%20special%20301%20Report%20FINAL.PDF.2019-02-15.
[5] USTR,“2018 Special 301 report”[EB/OL]. http://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/press/Report/2018%20special%20301%20Report%20FINAL.PDF.2018-05-23.
[6] 郭雳.美国“301条款”与WTO争端解决机制的互动及其前景预测[J].中国法学,2001,(5): 145-151.
[7] 易继明,李春晖.美国对华启动301调查与我国的应对措施[J].西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2018, (1): 65-81.
[8] USTR. Following president Trump’s section 301 decisions, USTR launches new WTO challenge against China[EB/OL]. https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/march/following-president-trump%E2%80%99s-section. 2018-03-23/ 2018-05-23
[9] USPTR. The U.S. request for consultation[EB/OL]. https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/Releases/US%20Cons%20Req%20China%20-%20Final.pdf. 2018-05-23.
[10] USTR. Under section 301 action, USTR releases proposed tariff list on Chinese products[EB/OL]. https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/april/under-section-301-action-ustr. 2018-04-03/2018-05-23.
[11] USTR. Public hearings on the proposed section 301 tariffs[EB/OL]. https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/may/public-hearings-proposed-section-301. 2018-05-14/2018-05-23.
[12] 商务部.商务部新闻发言人就美方发布对华301调查项下征税产品建议清单发表谈话[EB/OL]. http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ag/201804/20180402728003.shtml. 2018-04-04/2018-05-23.
[13] 商务部.关于对原产于美国的部分进口商品加征关税的公告[EB/OL]. http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ai/201804/20180402728484.shtml. 2018-04-04/2018-05-23.
[14] 刘银良.知识产权法(第二版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2014: 37-41.
[15] 李健男.论特定国民待遇标准[J].法律科学,1996, (5):49-54.
[16] 张智勇,王慧.《与贸易有关的投资措施协议》与中国外资法[J].法学杂志, 2000, (1): 19-22.
[17] 陈振福.对当前技术进口管理的一些法律思考[J].国际商务研究, 2005, (2): 44-47.
[18] 毛涛.美国重振制造业及其对《中国制造2025》实施的启示(上)[EB/OL]. http://www.ccpitecc.com/article.asp?id=7338. 2017-06-15/ 2018-5-23.
[19] 陈小鸥,姚为克.让概念与产品零距离——美国设立制造业创新中心,推动政产学研协同创新[J].全球科技经济瞭望, 2015,(7):62-67.
[20] Corgress. Revitalize American manufacturing and innovation act of 2014(113th Congress(2013-2014)[EB/OL]. http://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2996/.2018-05-23.
[21] Rhodium Group. Chinese investment in the United States(December 2016)[EB/OL]. http://rhg.com/interactive/china-investment-monitor. 2016-12/2018-05-23.
[22] 杜兰英,陈鑫. 发达国家军民融合的经验与启示[J]. 科技进步与对策,2011,(12):126-130.
[23] 左晓栋. 近年中美网络安全贸易纠纷回顾及其对网络安全审查制度的启示[J]. 中国信息安全, 2014,(8):69-72.
[24] 赖明明,袁翼伦. 中美网络空间竞合出现新动向——评兰德公司《谋求与中国达成网络空间共识》报告[J].汕头大学学报, 2016,(8): 67-71.
(1)19 U. S. C.§2411(a)。
(2)19 U. S. C.§2411(b)。
(3)19 U.S.C.§2411(a)(1)。
(4)19 U.S.C.§2413(a)。
(5)DSU第23条的标题为“多边体制的加强”,第23.2(a)条规定各成员应“不对违反义务已发生、利益已丧失或减损或适用协定任何目标的实现已受到妨碍作出确定,除非通过依照本谅解的规则和程序援用争端解决,且应使任何此种确定与DSB通过的专家组或上诉机构报告所包含的调查结果或根据本谅解作出的仲裁裁决相一致”,23.2(c)规定各成员应:“遵循第22条所列程序,确定中止减让或其他义务的程度,并针对有关成员未能在该合理期限内执行建议和裁决的情况,在中止适用协定项下的减让或其他义务之前,依照这些程序获得DSB的授权”。
(6)DS152 summary,US-Section 301 trade Act。
(7)现行有效的是2017年修正版。
(8)现行有效的是2017年第二次修订版。
(9)《技术进出口管理条例》第29条:“技术进口合同中,不得含有下列限制性条款:‘……(三)限制受让人改进让与人提供的技术或者限制受让人使用所改进的技术;’”。
(10)《中外合资经营企业法》第5条,这里301调查报告错误引用为《中外合资经营企业法》第8条。
(11)19 U.S.C.§2411(d)(5)。
(12)Article 7,TRIPS。
(13)19 U.S.C.§2411(d)(3)(A)。
(14)19 U.S.C.§2411(d)(3)(D)。
(15)19 U.S.C.§2411(d)(3)(B)。
(16)数据来源,U.S.Bureau of Economic Analysis(BEA),https://www.bea.gov/international/index.htm#services,访问日期:2018年5月23日。