西南地区玉米养分管理现状分析与评价
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摘要
为了解西南地区玉米施肥现状与养分管理存在的问题,对西南地区4个省10个县的202份玉米养分调查数据进行了分析和评价。结果表明:(1)西南地区玉米生产中基肥以复合(混)肥为主,追肥以尿素和复合(混)肥为主;有机肥、玉米专用肥、缓(控)释肥等新型肥料使用率低。(2)化肥N、P_2O_5和K_2O平均投入量分别为323.52、80.93和56.55 kg·hm~(-2),总体表现为氮肥过量和钾肥不足,氮肥超量施用比例为62.38%,钾肥施用不足比例为60.89%,且区域之间差异较大。(3)玉米基肥以穴施覆土为主,但追肥养分管理粗放,第1次和第2次追肥中采用穴施不覆土的农户比例分别为63.22%和59.76%,表土撒施的比例分别为10.34%和25.61%。建议分区域明确玉米氮肥投入限量标准,引导农户降低氮肥用量;增施有机肥,发挥养分替代效应,同时推行秸秆还田,补充土壤钾素,提高土壤持续生产能力;推进玉米机械化生产,实现种、肥同播和化肥深施,降低农田养分流失。
In order to understand the current situation of fertilization and nutrient resource input problems of maize in Southwest China,and put forward countermeasures to solve the problems,household survey data which were collected from ten different counties from 2016 ～ 2017 were used to evaluate the situation.The results showed that in this area,compound fertilizer was the main type of basal fertilizer for maize,and topdressing fertilizer was mainly depended on urea and compound fertilizer.Inputs of regional special compound fertilizer and slow-controlled-release fertilizers were heavily deficient in total southwest China,as well as organic manure in Sichuan hilly area and Chengdu Plain.The average rates of total N,P and K inputs for maize were N 323.52,P_2O_5 80.93 and K_2O 56.55 kg·hm~(-2),respectively.It was found that 62.38% of farmers used too much nitrogen fertilizer for maize,and 60.89% of farmers were insufficient for K2 O application.Hill placement and backfilled with soil of basal fertilizer was accepted by most of farmers,but 63.22% of them chose hill placement with no backfilling in first topdressing and that of 59.76% in second topdressing,and more than 10% farmers even broadcasted fertilizer on soil surface with no backfilling for topdressing fertilizer.Therefore it is important to make sure the safety threshold of chemical fertilizer application for maize in southwest China,to reduce chemical fertilizer especially nitrogen application amount,and improve the technologies of organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer,straw returning,fertilizing and sowing at the same time by planter,otherwise,deep application of fertilizer also should be involved.
In order to understand the current situation of fertilization and nutrient resource input problems of maize in Southwest China,and put forward countermeasures to solve the problems,household survey data which were collected from ten different counties from 2016 ～ 2017 were used to evaluate the situation.The results showed that in this area,compound fertilizer was the main type of basal fertilizer for maize,and topdressing fertilizer was mainly depended on urea and compound fertilizer.Inputs of regional special compound fertilizer and slow-controlled-release fertilizers were heavily deficient in total southwest China,as well as organic manure in Sichuan hilly area and Chengdu Plain.The average rates of total N,P and K inputs for maize were N 323.52,P_2O_5 80.93 and K_2O 56.55 kg·hm~(-2),respectively.It was found that 62.38% of farmers used too much nitrogen fertilizer for maize,and 60.89% of farmers were insufficient for K2 O application.Hill placement and backfilled with soil of basal fertilizer was accepted by most of farmers,but 63.22% of them chose hill placement with no backfilling in first topdressing and that of 59.76% in second topdressing,and more than 10% farmers even broadcasted fertilizer on soil surface with no backfilling for topdressing fertilizer.Therefore it is important to make sure the safety threshold of chemical fertilizer application for maize in southwest China,to reduce chemical fertilizer especially nitrogen application amount,and improve the technologies of organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer,straw returning,fertilizing and sowing at the same time by planter,otherwise,deep application of fertilizer also should be involved.
引文
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[12]谢贤敏,李志琦,彭清.重庆市江津区农户施肥情况调查与评价[J].南方农业,2017,11(28):46-49.
[13]熊艳,窦晓黎,刘友林,等.云南省主要农作物肥料施用现状与发展研究[J].土壤通报,2005,(2):194-197.
[14]巨晓棠,谷保静.我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(4):783-795.
[15]Roberts T L.The role of fertilizer in growing the world’s food[J].Better Crops with Plant Food,2009,93(2):12-15.
[16]Guttierrez R A.Systems biology for enhanced plant nitrogen nutrition[J].Science,2012,336:1673-1675.
[2]金继运,李家康,李书田.化肥与粮食安全[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(5):601-609.
[3]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924.
[4]朱兆良.中国土壤氮素研究[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):778-783.
[5]武良,张卫峰,陈新平,等.中国农田氮肥投入和生产效率[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016,(4):76-83.
[6]李少昆,王崇桃.玉米高产潜力·途径[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.27-35.
[7]邢月华,汪仁,包红静,等.辽宁省玉米主产区农田土壤施肥状况调查[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(19):166-169.
[8]牛新胜,张宏彦.华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米生产肥料管理现状分析[J].耕作与栽培,2010,(5):1-4,8.
[9]常艳丽,刘俊梅,李玉会,等.陕西关中平原小麦/玉米轮作体系施肥现状调查与评价[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2014,42(8):51-61.
[10]范茂攀,郑毅,汤利,等.云南滇西玉米施肥现状分析[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(36):109-113.
[11]刘永红.四川玉米高产创建理论与技术[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2015.89-94.
[12]谢贤敏,李志琦,彭清.重庆市江津区农户施肥情况调查与评价[J].南方农业,2017,11(28):46-49.
[13]熊艳,窦晓黎,刘友林,等.云南省主要农作物肥料施用现状与发展研究[J].土壤通报,2005,(2):194-197.
[14]巨晓棠,谷保静.我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(4):783-795.
[15]Roberts T L.The role of fertilizer in growing the world’s food[J].Better Crops with Plant Food,2009,93(2):12-15.
[16]Guttierrez R A.Systems biology for enhanced plant nitrogen nutrition[J].Science,2012,336:1673-1675.
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