热释汞:一种冻土区天然气水合物地球化学勘查新技术
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摘要
开发地球化学勘查新技术是提高中纬度冻土区天然气水合物探井预测成功率的重要课题之一。本文选择在祁连山聚乎更天然气水合物已知区进行土壤热释汞勘查技术试验,试验区为高寒沼泽景观,面积150 km~2,采样密度2点/km~2,采样深度60 cm,采集土壤样品300件,应用测汞仪对土壤样品进行了热释汞分析。试验结果表明,土壤热释汞在天然气水合物矿藏边界出现高值异常,在天然气水合物上方是低值带,与烃类异常浓度范围一致,为串珠状异常模式,热释汞最大值为127.37×10~(-9),平均值为32.59×10~(-9),异常下限为39.24×10~(-9)。结合地质和地球化学勘查成果进行了综合解释,认为祁连山聚乎更地区热释汞异常与天然气水合物矿藏关系密切,源于深部水合物矿藏,对天然气水合物进一步调查具有重要的参考价值。
The development of geochemical exploration technologies unaffected by marsh microorganisms is necessary for improving the prediction of wells and exploring natural gas hydrates in mid-latitude permafrost areas. The potential of thermal-release mercury as a new tool for the investigation of gas hydrates in permafrost areas was studied in this paper. The study area,covering 150 km~2,is located in the alpine-arctic swamp landscape of the Qilian Mountain. The sampling density and depth were 1 or 2 points/km~2 and 60 cm,respectively. In total,300 soil samples were collected and the mercury vapor analyzer was used to measure soil thermal-release mercury.The results indicate that thermal-release mercury anomalies were identified in the gas hydrate deposits. There is maximum thermal-release mercury over the gas hydrate boundary and minimum thermal-release mercury with pinch-and-swell from over the gas hydrate reservoir. The maximum thermal-release mercury is 127.37× 10~(-9),with the average being 32.59×10~(-9),and the threshold of anomaly is 39.24×10~(-9). A comprehensive interpretation was conducted based on geological and geochemical survey results. The relationship between the hydrocarbon of gas hydrates anomalies and thermal-release mercury anomalies was further explored. The authors propose a geogas migration mechanism of soil thermal-release mercury in the soil above the natural gas hydrate deposit. The anomalies near the ground surface of the Muli coalfield in the Qilian Mountain were derived from the deep hydrate deposits and fault structures,which were not affected by marsh microorganisms,and they have important reference value for natural gas hydrate exploration in permafrost areas.
The development of geochemical exploration technologies unaffected by marsh microorganisms is necessary for improving the prediction of wells and exploring natural gas hydrates in mid-latitude permafrost areas. The potential of thermal-release mercury as a new tool for the investigation of gas hydrates in permafrost areas was studied in this paper. The study area,covering 150 km~2,is located in the alpine-arctic swamp landscape of the Qilian Mountain. The sampling density and depth were 1 or 2 points/km~2 and 60 cm,respectively. In total,300 soil samples were collected and the mercury vapor analyzer was used to measure soil thermal-release mercury.The results indicate that thermal-release mercury anomalies were identified in the gas hydrate deposits. There is maximum thermal-release mercury over the gas hydrate boundary and minimum thermal-release mercury with pinch-and-swell from over the gas hydrate reservoir. The maximum thermal-release mercury is 127.37× 10~(-9),with the average being 32.59×10~(-9),and the threshold of anomaly is 39.24×10~(-9). A comprehensive interpretation was conducted based on geological and geochemical survey results. The relationship between the hydrocarbon of gas hydrates anomalies and thermal-release mercury anomalies was further explored. The authors propose a geogas migration mechanism of soil thermal-release mercury in the soil above the natural gas hydrate deposit. The anomalies near the ground surface of the Muli coalfield in the Qilian Mountain were derived from the deep hydrate deposits and fault structures,which were not affected by marsh microorganisms,and they have important reference value for natural gas hydrate exploration in permafrost areas.
引文
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[2] Dallimore S R. Regional gas hydrate occurrences,permafrost conditions,and Cenozoic geology,Mackenzie Delta area[J]. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada,1999,544:31-43.
[3] Dallimore S R,Collett T S. Scientific results from the mallik 2002gas hydrate production research well program,mackenzie delta,northwest territories,Canada[J]. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada,2005,585:36.
[4]周幼吾,郭东信,邱国庆,等.中国冻土[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.Zhou Y W,Guo D X,Qiu G Q,et al. China's permafrost[M].Beijing:Science Press,2000.
[5]祝有海,卢振权,谢锡林.青藏高原天然气水合物潜在分布区预测[J].地质通报,2011,30(12):1918-1926.Zhu Y H,Lu Z Q,Xie X L. Potential distribution of gas hydrate in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Geological Bulletin of China,2011,30(12):1918-1926.
[6]祝有海,张永勤,文怀军,等.青海祁连山冻土区发现天然气水合物[J].地质学报,2009,83(11):1762-1771.Zhu Y H,Zhang Y Q,Wen H J,et al. Gas hydrates in the Qilian mountain permafrost,Qinghai,northwest China[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica,2009,83(11):1762-1771.
[7] Lu Z,Zhu Y,Zhang Y,et al. Gas hydrate occurrences in the Qilian Mountain permafrost,Qinghai Province,China[J]. Cold Regions Science&Technology,2011,66(2-3):93-104.
[8] Schmitt D R,Welz M,Rokosh C D. High-resolution seismic imaging over thick permafrost at the 2002 Mallik drill site[J]. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada,2005,585:1-13.
[9] Riedel M,Bellefleur G,Mair S,et al. Acoustic impedance inversion and seismic reflection continuity analysis for delineating gas hydrate resources near the Mallik research sites,Mackenzie Delta,Northwest Territories,Canada[J]. Geophysics,2009,74(5):125-137.
[10] Collett T S,Ehligio-Economides C A. Detection and evaluation of the in-situ natural gas hydrates in the north Slope Regn,Alaska[J]. Society of Petroleum Engineers California Regional Meeting,1983,spe 11673:23-25.
[11] Fang H,Xu M,Lin Z,et al. Geophysical characteristics of gas hydrate in the Muli area,Qinghai province[J]. Journal of Natural Gas Science&Engineering,2017,37:539-550.
[12]王平康,祝有海,卢振权,等.祁连山冻土区天然气水合物岩性和分布特征[J].地质通报,2011,30(12):1839-1850.Wang P K,Zhu Y H,Lu Z Q,et al. Gas hydrate in the Qilian Mountain permafrost and its distribution characteristics[J]. Geological Bulletin of China,2011,30(12):1839-1850.
[13] Sun Z J,Yang Z B,M H,et al. Geochemical characteristics of the shallow soil above the Muli gas hydrate reservoir in the permafrost region of the Qilian Mountains,China[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2014,139:160-169.
[14]杨志斌,孙忠军,李广之,等.青海省天峻县木里地区天然气水合物发现区浅表地球化学特征[J].地质通报,2011,30(12):1883-1890.Yang Z B,Sun Z J,Li G Z,et al. Near-surface soil geochemistry of Muli natural gas hydrate area,Tianjun County,Qinghai Province[J]. Geological Bulletin of China,2011,30(12):1883-1890.
[15]孙忠军,杨志斌,秦爱华,等.中纬度带天然气水合物地球化学勘查技术[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,2014,44(4):1063-1070.Sun Z J,Yang Z B,Qin A H,et al. Geochemical exploration technology of natural gas hydrate in middle-latitudes permafrost Zone[J]. Journal of Jinlin University:Earth Science Edition,2014,44(4):1063-1070.
[16]杨育斌,张金来,吴学明.油气地球化学勘查[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1995.Yang Y B,Zhang J L,Wu X M. Oil and gas geochemical exploration[M]. Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1995.
[17]黎绍杰.油气地球化学场中的吸附相态汞特征及其应用价值[J].矿产与地质,1998,12(4):281-286.Li S J. The features of absorption mercury and their application in oil-gas Geochemical field[J]. Mineral Resources and Geology,1998,12(4):281-286.
[18]陈远荣,戴塔根,庄晓蕊,等.烃、汞等气体组分垂向运移的主要控制因素[J].中国地质,2001,28(8):28-32.Cheng Y R,Dai T G,Zhuang X R,et al. Main controlling factors for vertical migration of hydrocarbon components such as hydrocarbons and mercury[J]. Chinese Geology,2001,28(8):28-32.
[19]贾国相.利用土壤吸附态汞寻找油气田的有效实例[J].矿产与地质,2000,14(6):526-529.Jia G X. An effective example of using oil-adsorbed mercury to find oil and gas fields[J]. Mineral Resources and Geology,2000,14(6):526-529.
[20] Lu Z,Tang S,Wang W,et al. Study on the nature on the gas source for permafrost associated gas hydrate in Sanlutian of Muli,Qinghai[J]. Geoscience,2015,29:995-1001.
[21]李广之,袁子艳,庄原,等.汞元素的石油地质意义[J].物探与化探,2008,32(2):143-146.Li G Z,Yuan Z Y,Zhuang Y,et al. Geological significance of mercury element for petroleum exploration[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2008,32(2):143-146.
[22] Xie X J. Local and regional surface geochemical exploration for oil and gas[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,1992,42:25-42.
[23]阳翔,赵友方,姚锦琪.油气藏上方汞异常成因机理浅析[J].矿产与地质,2000,14(6):397-400.Yang X,Zhao Y F,Yao J Q. Analysis on Hg anomaly froming mechanism above oil and gas reservoir[J]. Mineral Resources and Geology,2000,14(6):397-400.
[24]张富贵,唐瑞玲,杨志斌,等.陆域天然气水合物地球化学勘查技术试验研究[J].物探与化探,2013,37(6):1043-1047.Zhang F G,Tang R L,Yang Z B,et al. Experimental research on geochemical methods for prospecting gas hydrates in permafrost area[J]. Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration,2013,37(6):1043-1047.
[25]符俊辉,周立发.南祁连盆地石炭—侏罗纪地层区划及石油地质特征[J].西北地质科学,1998,19(2):47-54.Fu J H,Zhou L F. Carboniffrous-Jurassic stratigraphic provinces of the southern Qilian basin and their petro-geological features[J].Northwest Geoscience,1998,19(2):47-54.
[26]文怀军,邵龙义,张永红.青海省天峻县木里煤田聚乎更矿区构造轮廓和地层格架成果报告[R].青海煤炭地质105队,2006.Wen H J,Shao L Y,Zhang Y H. Report on the structural contour and stratigraphic framework of the Juhugeng mining area in Muli coalfield,Tianjun County,Qinghai Province[R]. No.105 Geological Team of Qinghai Coal,2006
[27] Wang P,Zhu Y,Lu Z,et al. Gas hydrate stability zone migration occurred in the Qilian mountain permafrost,Qinghai,Northwest China:Evidences from pyrite morphology and pyrite sulfur isotope[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology,2014,98:8-17.
[28]张家政,祝有海,黄霞,等.南祁连盆地木里冻土区天然气水合物烃源岩特征及评价[J].地质通报,2017,36(4):634-643.Zhang J Z,Zhu Y H,Huang X,et al. Characterization and evaluation on the source rock of gas hydrate in Muli permafrost area,Nanqilian Basin[J]. Geolog Bull China,2017,36(4):634-643.
[29]张富贵,张舜尧,唐瑞玲,等.青藏高原湿地冻土区活动层甲烷排放特征[J].物探与化探,2017,41(6):1027-1036.Zhang F G,Zhang S Y,Tang R L,et al. Methane emission of active layer in Qinghai-Tibet wetland permafrost area[J]. Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration,2017,41(6):1027-1036.
[30]李长江,麻士华.矿产勘查中的分形、混沌与ANN[M].北京:地质出版社,1999.Li C J,Ma S H. Fractal,chaos and ANN in mineral exploration[M]. Beijing:Geological publishing house,1999.
[31] Cheng Q,Agterberg F P,Ballantyne S B. The separation of geochemical anomalies from background by fractal methods[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,1994,51(2):109-130.
[32] Cheng Q. Multifractality and spatial statistics[J]. Computers&Geosciences,1999,25(9):949-961.
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