沈抚新城地下水中PAHs的污染特征及健康风险评价
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摘要
为了保障浑河流域处于正在进行城镇化沈抚新城居民的生活用水安全,采集该地区49个地下水样品对16种US EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析,并对PAHs的污染水平、空间分布、来源与饮水健康风险进行了调查与评估.结果表明:49个采样点均有不同程度的PAHs检出,地下水中PAHs的浓度范围为(4.38~2 005.02 ng·L~(-1)),平均浓度值为(414.64±526.13) ng·L~(-1),与国内外其他地区地下水对比,处于较高污染水平.地下水中PAHs主要以3环和4环为主,其平均浓度分别为(190.93±238.96) ng·L~(-1)和(140.01±234.69) ng·L~(-1),两者占总PAHs含量的80%.枯水期的地下水中PAHs空间分布受土地利用类型影响较大,当表层土壤为耕地时,地下水PAHs浓度较大,而为林地时PAHs浓度较小.由主成分分析-多元线性回归结果得知,地下水中PAHs主要来源于汽油和天然气的不完全燃烧、煤炭燃烧、石油泄漏以及交通排放,其贡献率依次为36.26%、32.72%、28.17%和2.87%.不同人群通过饮用地下水暴露于PAHs的终生致癌风险ILCR值范围为5.55×10-10~5.65×10-6,其中13.60%的值处于10-6~10-4之间,具有潜在的癌症风险,需引起对地下水质量的关注.
To protect the safety of water used by the residents in Shen-Fu New City,which is undergoing the process of urbanization,49 groundwater samples were collected along the Hunhe River Basin and 16 US EPA priority control polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were analyzed.The occurrence,distribution characteristics,sources,and potential health risk of drinking the groundwater were also assessed in this study.The results show that PAHs were detected in all samples.The concentration of PAHs ranges from 4.38 to 2 005.02 ng·L~(-1),with an average value of(414.64 ± 526.13) ng·L~(-1).Based on the comparison of the concentration level with that of other regions,the results in this study indicate a higher pollution level.The 3-4 ring PAHs are dominant;the average value was(190.93 ± 238.96) ng·L~(-1) and(140.01 ± 234.69) ng·L~(-1),respectively,accounting for 80% of the total PAHs.The distribution of PAHs in the groundwater is affected by the land use types.The concentration of PAHs is higher when the land use type is cultivated land,while it is lower when it is forest land.The source of PAHs was identified using Principal Component Analysis-Multiple Linear Regression(PCA-MLR).It was revealed that 36.26% of the PAHs are due to incomplete combustion of petroleum and gas,32.72%are due to coal combustion,28.17% originate from petroleum spills,and 2.87% are due to traffic emissions.The cancer risk levels releated to drinking the groundwater range from 5.55 × 10-10 to 5.65 × 10-6 and 13.60% of the values is in the range of 10-6-10-4.The levels are higher than the baseline of the acceptable risk,indicating the potential cancer risk.More attention should be paid to the quality of the groundwater.
To protect the safety of water used by the residents in Shen-Fu New City,which is undergoing the process of urbanization,49 groundwater samples were collected along the Hunhe River Basin and 16 US EPA priority control polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were analyzed.The occurrence,distribution characteristics,sources,and potential health risk of drinking the groundwater were also assessed in this study.The results show that PAHs were detected in all samples.The concentration of PAHs ranges from 4.38 to 2 005.02 ng·L~(-1),with an average value of(414.64 ± 526.13) ng·L~(-1).Based on the comparison of the concentration level with that of other regions,the results in this study indicate a higher pollution level.The 3-4 ring PAHs are dominant;the average value was(190.93 ± 238.96) ng·L~(-1) and(140.01 ± 234.69) ng·L~(-1),respectively,accounting for 80% of the total PAHs.The distribution of PAHs in the groundwater is affected by the land use types.The concentration of PAHs is higher when the land use type is cultivated land,while it is lower when it is forest land.The source of PAHs was identified using Principal Component Analysis-Multiple Linear Regression(PCA-MLR).It was revealed that 36.26% of the PAHs are due to incomplete combustion of petroleum and gas,32.72%are due to coal combustion,28.17% originate from petroleum spills,and 2.87% are due to traffic emissions.The cancer risk levels releated to drinking the groundwater range from 5.55 × 10-10 to 5.65 × 10-6 and 13.60% of the values is in the range of 10-6-10-4.The levels are higher than the baseline of the acceptable risk,indicating the potential cancer risk.More attention should be paid to the quality of the groundwater.
引文
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[13]王静,刘明丽,张士超,等.沈抚新城不同土地利用类型多环芳烃含量、来源及人体健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(2):703-710.Wang J,Liu M L,Zhang S C,et al.Concentration,sources and ecological risks of PAHs of different land use types in Shenfu New City[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(2):703-710.
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[16]龚香宜,何炎志,孙云雷.江汉平原四湖流域上区地下水中多环芳烃分布特征与源解析[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(3):789-796.Gong X Y,He Y Z,Sun Y L.Distribution and source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater in the upper region of Sihu Lake Basin from Jianghan Plain[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(3):789-796.
[17]Li X H,Shang X C,Luo T L,et al.Screening and health risk of organic micropollutants in rural groundwater of Liaodong Peninsula,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,218:739-748.
[18]崔学慧,李炳华,陈鸿汉.太湖平原城近郊区浅层地下水中多环芳烃污染特征及污染源分析[J].环境科学,2008,29(7):1806-1810.Cui X H,Li B H,Chen H H.Contamination characteristics and pollutant sources analysis on PAHs in shallow groundwater in suburb of Taihu Plain[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(7):1806-1810.
[19]纪亚萍,何江涛,李玮,等.再生水中典型PAHs垂向迁移特征研究[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(4):1150-1154.Ji Y P,He J T,Li W,et al.Experimental research on vertical migration feature of typical PAHs in reclaimed water[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(4):1150-1154.
[20]Akkanen J,Kukkonen J V K.Measuring the bioavailability of two hydrophobic organic compounds in the presence of dissolved organic matter[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2003,22(3):518-524.
[21]Song Y F,Wilke B M,Song X Y,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)and heavy metals(HMs)as well as their genotoxicity in soil after long-term wastewater irrigation[J].Chemosphere,2006,65(10):1859-1868.
[22]Wang C H,Wu S H,Zhou S L,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from urban to rural areas in Nanjing:concentration,source,spatial distribution,and potential human health risk[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,527-528:375-383.
[23]Pratt G C,Herbrandson C,Krause M J,et al.Measurements of gas and particle polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in air at urban,rural and near-roadway sites[J].Atmospheric Environment,2018,179:268-278.
[24]廖书林,郎印海,王延松.辽河口湿地土壤多环芳烃的分布及来源研究[J].环境科学,2011,32(4):1094-1100.Liao S L,Lang Y H,Wang Y S.Distribution and sources of PAHs in soil from Liaohe Estuarine Wetland[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(4):1094-1100.
[25]Ma W L,Liu L Y,Qi H,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water,sediment and soil of the Songhua River Basin,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2013,185(10):8399-8409.
[26]刘宏文.大连市饮用水中多环芳烃的水平及致癌风险[D].大连:大连理工大学,2007.Liu H W.Levels and cancer risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water in Dalian,China[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2007.
[27]Chen Y N,Zhang J Q,Zhang F,et al.Contamination and health risk assessment of PAHs in farmland soils of the Yinma River Basin,China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2018,156:383-390.
[2]Wolska L,Mechlińska A,Rogowska J,et al.Sources and fate of PAHs and PCBs in the marine environment[J].Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,2012,42(11):1172-1189.
[3]Li S Y,Zhang Q F.Spatial characterization of dissolved trace elements and heavy metals in the upper Han River(China)using multivariate statistical techniques[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,176(1-3):579-588.
[4]昌盛,耿梦娇,刘琰,等.滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水中多环芳烃的污染特征[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(7):2058-2066.Chang S,Geng M J,Liu Y,et al.Pollution characteristic of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the groundwater of Hutuo River Pluvial Fan[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(7):2058-2066.
[5]张跃进,朱书全,肖汝,等.浑河沿岸污灌区地下水中PAHs分布特征研究[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(1):7-11.Zhang Y J,Zhu S Q,Xiao R,et al.Study on distribution of PAHs in groundwater in irrigation area along the Hunhe River in Liaoning Province[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2007,20(1):7-11.
[6]Sun Z,Zhu Y,Zhuo S J,et al.Occurrence of nitro-and oxyPAHs in agricultural soils in eastern China and excess lifetime cancer risks from human exposure through soil ingestion[J].Environment International,2017,108:261-270.
[7]Ma W L,Liu L Y,Jia H L,et al.PAHs in Chinese atmosphere Part I:concentration,source and temperature dependence[J].Atmospheric Environment,2018,173:330-337.
[8]Liu R M,Men C,Yu W W,et al.Uncertainty in positive matrix factorization solutions for PAHs in surface sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary in different seasons[J].Chemosphere,2018,191:922-936.
[9]李佳乐,张彩香,王焰新,等.太原市小店污灌区地下水中多环芳烃与有机氯农药污染特征及分布规律[J].环境科学,2015,36(1):172-178.Li J L,Zhang C X,Wang Y X,et al.Pollution characteristics and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in groundwater at Xiaodian sewage irrigation area,Taiyuan City[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(1):172-178.
[10]Li J,Li F D,Liu Q.PAHs behavior in surface water and groundwater of the Yellow River estuary:evidence from isotopes and hydrochemistry[J].Chemosphere,2017,178:143-153.
[11]宋玉芳,常士俊,李利,等.污灌土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的积累与动态变化研究[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(1):93-98.Song Y F,Chang S J,Li L,et al.Accumulation and dynamic change of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in wastewater irrigated soils[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1997,8(1):93-98.
[12]Wu B,Guo S H,Li X J,et al.Temporal and spatial variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in soils from a typical organic sewage irrigation area[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,613-614:513-520.
[13]王静,刘明丽,张士超,等.沈抚新城不同土地利用类型多环芳烃含量、来源及人体健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(2):703-710.Wang J,Liu M L,Zhang S C,et al.Concentration,sources and ecological risks of PAHs of different land use types in Shenfu New City[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(2):703-710.
[14]Chen H Y,Teng Y G,Wang J S.Source apportionment for sediment PAHs from the Daliao River(China)using an extended fit measurement mode of chemical mass balance model[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2013,88:148-154.
[15]马万里,刘丽艳,齐虹,等.松花江流域冰封期水体中多环芳烃的污染特征研究[J].环境科学,2012,33(12):4220-4225.Ma W L,Liu L Y,Qi H,et al.Pollution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water of Songhua River Basin during the icebound season[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(12):4220-4225.
[16]龚香宜,何炎志,孙云雷.江汉平原四湖流域上区地下水中多环芳烃分布特征与源解析[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(3):789-796.Gong X Y,He Y Z,Sun Y L.Distribution and source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater in the upper region of Sihu Lake Basin from Jianghan Plain[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(3):789-796.
[17]Li X H,Shang X C,Luo T L,et al.Screening and health risk of organic micropollutants in rural groundwater of Liaodong Peninsula,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,218:739-748.
[18]崔学慧,李炳华,陈鸿汉.太湖平原城近郊区浅层地下水中多环芳烃污染特征及污染源分析[J].环境科学,2008,29(7):1806-1810.Cui X H,Li B H,Chen H H.Contamination characteristics and pollutant sources analysis on PAHs in shallow groundwater in suburb of Taihu Plain[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(7):1806-1810.
[19]纪亚萍,何江涛,李玮,等.再生水中典型PAHs垂向迁移特征研究[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(4):1150-1154.Ji Y P,He J T,Li W,et al.Experimental research on vertical migration feature of typical PAHs in reclaimed water[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(4):1150-1154.
[20]Akkanen J,Kukkonen J V K.Measuring the bioavailability of two hydrophobic organic compounds in the presence of dissolved organic matter[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2003,22(3):518-524.
[21]Song Y F,Wilke B M,Song X Y,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)and heavy metals(HMs)as well as their genotoxicity in soil after long-term wastewater irrigation[J].Chemosphere,2006,65(10):1859-1868.
[22]Wang C H,Wu S H,Zhou S L,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from urban to rural areas in Nanjing:concentration,source,spatial distribution,and potential human health risk[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,527-528:375-383.
[23]Pratt G C,Herbrandson C,Krause M J,et al.Measurements of gas and particle polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in air at urban,rural and near-roadway sites[J].Atmospheric Environment,2018,179:268-278.
[24]廖书林,郎印海,王延松.辽河口湿地土壤多环芳烃的分布及来源研究[J].环境科学,2011,32(4):1094-1100.Liao S L,Lang Y H,Wang Y S.Distribution and sources of PAHs in soil from Liaohe Estuarine Wetland[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(4):1094-1100.
[25]Ma W L,Liu L Y,Qi H,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water,sediment and soil of the Songhua River Basin,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2013,185(10):8399-8409.
[26]刘宏文.大连市饮用水中多环芳烃的水平及致癌风险[D].大连:大连理工大学,2007.Liu H W.Levels and cancer risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water in Dalian,China[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2007.
[27]Chen Y N,Zhang J Q,Zhang F,et al.Contamination and health risk assessment of PAHs in farmland soils of the Yinma River Basin,China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2018,156:383-390.