老化中的主体“性”——对老年女性之身体与性的研究
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摘要
文章从主体建构的角度出发,基于对11位城市老年女性(55-74岁)的访谈,选择其中两个个案为分析文本,从三个面向展现老年之性的丰富图景及其生成脉络:第一,在身体社会学与身体人类学的视角下,"老"并不是一个纯粹的生理现象,而是在身体、心理与社会的交织中被不断填充的多面体。第二,在性社会学的视框下,"性"的丰富内涵得以在身体、年龄、阶层等轴线的交错中逐渐铺展,那些"另类"背后的情理也随之浮现。第三,回归到亲密关系的脉络中,老年女性作为主体的"人"在不同情境下所演绎的行为逻辑,彰显了个体与社会的互动过程。在论述了"老"何以丰富、"性"何以另类、"人"何以立体之后,文章进而从身体感、"交文性"理论以及主体建构强调的互为主体三个层面,对本研究的结果以及可进一步探索的突破口进行了反思与展望。
This paper adopts a perspective of constructing subjectivity based on an analysis of two of the 11 interviewed elderly women(age from 55 to 74) living in the urban areas with respect to their everyday practices and the understandings of sexualities in the following three areas. Firstly,in view of sociology/anthropology of the body, "aging" is never solely a physical change;instead,it is multi-faceted phenomenon subject to influence of the physical,psychological and social factors. Secondly,in light of the framework of sexualities,the wide reaching connotation of "sexuality" has emerged from the intersection of the body,age and class,and the feelings and expectations behind the "unusual" have elso surfaced. Thirdly, back to intimate relationships, elderly women engaging, under different situations, as human subjects also show how individuals interact with society. After discussing the rich connotation of "aging",the "unusualness" of "sexuality",the multi-faceted dimensions of "human beings",this study further points out the importance of the three areas,namely,bodily experience,intersectionality and the inter-subjectivity,in the analysis of sexuality and aging.
This paper adopts a perspective of constructing subjectivity based on an analysis of two of the 11 interviewed elderly women(age from 55 to 74) living in the urban areas with respect to their everyday practices and the understandings of sexualities in the following three areas. Firstly,in view of sociology/anthropology of the body, "aging" is never solely a physical change;instead,it is multi-faceted phenomenon subject to influence of the physical,psychological and social factors. Secondly,in light of the framework of sexualities,the wide reaching connotation of "sexuality" has emerged from the intersection of the body,age and class,and the feelings and expectations behind the "unusual" have elso surfaced. Thirdly, back to intimate relationships, elderly women engaging, under different situations, as human subjects also show how individuals interact with society. After discussing the rich connotation of "aging",the "unusualness" of "sexuality",the multi-faceted dimensions of "human beings",this study further points out the importance of the three areas,namely,bodily experience,intersectionality and the inter-subjectivity,in the analysis of sexuality and aging.
引文
[1]潘绥铭、黄盈盈.性之变:21世纪中国人的性生活[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2013.
[2]李桀、陈曦、覃碧云等.老年HIV感染者感染HIV相关危险因素调查[J].实用预防医学,2010,17(2).
[3]高良敏、陈黎跃、蔡英等.云南省玉溪市1995-2011年老年HIV/AIDS流行特征[J].中国皮肤性病学杂志,2013,27(2).
[4]王玉、周楚、吴兴华等.广西50岁及以上嫖客HIV感染现况及影响因素研究[J].中华疾病控制杂志,2014,18(3).
[5] Masters, William H.&Virginia E. Johnson. Human Sexual Response[M]. England:Little, Brown and Company, 1966.
[6]Pfeiffer E.,Verwoerdt A.&Wang H. S.. Sexual Behavior in Aged Men and Women:I. Observations on 254 Community Volunteers[J]. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1968,19(6).
[7]Sandberg L..Just Feeling a Naked Body Close to You:Men,Sexuality and Intimacy in Later Life[J].Sexualities,2013,16(3-4).
[8] Malatesta V. J. Sexual Problems, Women and Aging:An Overview[J]. Journal of Women Aging,2007,19(1-2).
[9]Mccarthy B. Couple Sexuality After 60[J]. Journal of Family Psychotherapy,2013,24(1).
[10]Daly M.J.. Sexual Attitudes in Menopausal and Postmenopausal Women[J]. Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality,1968,2(5).
[11] Adams C. G.&Turner B. F. Reported Change in Sexuality from Young Adulthood to Old Age[J]. Journal of Sex Research, 1985,21(2).
[12] Sparks M.An Exploration of the Meaning of Sexuality in the Lives of Adults Aged 60 Years and Older[M]. Texas Woman's University,2008.
[13] Steinke E.E. Knowledge and Attitudes of Older Adults about Sexuality in Ageing:A Comparison of Two Studies[J]. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1994,19(3).
[14]Goh V. H. H.,Tain C. F.&Tong Y. Y,et al. Sex and Aging in the City:Singapore[J].Aging Male the Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male,2004,7(3).
[15]Lock,Margaret M..Encounters with Aging:Mythologies of Menopause in Japan and North America[M]. Berkeley and Los Angeles,California:University of California, 1995.
[16] Lock, Margaret M.&Judith Farquhar,eds.. Beyond the Body Proper:Reading the Anthropology of Material Life[M].Duke University Press,2007.
[17]甯应斌.社会性(sexuality)连结性:两岸三地性/别新局[G].台北:中央大学性/别研究室,2010.
[18]黄盈盈、鲍雨.经历乳腺癌:从“疾病”到“残缺”的女性身体[J].社会,2013,33(2).
[19]潘绥铭、黄盈盈.“主体建构”:性社会学研究视角的革命及本土发展空间[J].社会学研究,2007,(3).
[20]黄盈盈.性/别框架下的“性与生殖健康”[J].探索与争鸣,2014,(9).
[21]何春蕤.研究社会性/别:一个脉络的反思[J].社会学评论,2013,(5).
[22]王明珂.边缘,移动与反思[J].青海民族研究,2014,(4).
[23]黄盈盈.性/别、身体与故事社会学[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2018.
[24]Turner B. S.. Recent Developments in the Theory of the Body[J]. The Body:Social Process and Cultural Theory,1991.
[25]刘欣.阶级惯习与品味:布迪厄的阶级理论[J].社会学研究,2003,(6).
[26]余舜德.从田野经验到身体感的研究[A].余舜德.体物入微:物与身体感的研究[G].台北:清华大学出版社,2008.
[27]龚卓军.身体部署:梅洛庞蒂与现象学之后[M].心灵工坊文化事业股份有限公司,2006.
[28][日]栗山茂久著,张轩辞、陈信宏译.身体的语言——古希腊医学和中医之比较[M].上海:上海书店出版社,2009.
[29]苏熠慧.“交叉性”流派的观点、方法及其对中国性别社会学的启发[J].社会学研究,2016,(4).
[30]潘绥铭.中国性革命纵论[M].高雄:万有出版社,2006.
[31]Cohen L.. No Aging in India:Alzheimer's,the Bad Family,and Other Modern Things[M]. University of California Press, 1998.
[32]潘绥铭、鲍雨.论“主体建构”的认识论来源及理论意义[J].学术界,2015,(2).
(1)以55岁为起点是因为绝大多数女性在55岁时已终止了绝经的过程,同时,出于寻找访谈对象的操作难度,我们并没有把老老年(75-89岁)和长寿老人(90岁以上)纳入研究的范畴,而是把74岁(即年轻老年人的上限)作为年龄划分的顶点。
(2)“老年知性恳谈会”是由中国人民大学性社会学研究所举办的小型分享会,由潘绥铭老师主持,意在为老年人提供一个交流性观念的平台,到目前为止共举办过三次。
[2]李桀、陈曦、覃碧云等.老年HIV感染者感染HIV相关危险因素调查[J].实用预防医学,2010,17(2).
[3]高良敏、陈黎跃、蔡英等.云南省玉溪市1995-2011年老年HIV/AIDS流行特征[J].中国皮肤性病学杂志,2013,27(2).
[4]王玉、周楚、吴兴华等.广西50岁及以上嫖客HIV感染现况及影响因素研究[J].中华疾病控制杂志,2014,18(3).
[5] Masters, William H.&Virginia E. Johnson. Human Sexual Response[M]. England:Little, Brown and Company, 1966.
[6]Pfeiffer E.,Verwoerdt A.&Wang H. S.. Sexual Behavior in Aged Men and Women:I. Observations on 254 Community Volunteers[J]. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1968,19(6).
[7]Sandberg L..Just Feeling a Naked Body Close to You:Men,Sexuality and Intimacy in Later Life[J].Sexualities,2013,16(3-4).
[8] Malatesta V. J. Sexual Problems, Women and Aging:An Overview[J]. Journal of Women Aging,2007,19(1-2).
[9]Mccarthy B. Couple Sexuality After 60[J]. Journal of Family Psychotherapy,2013,24(1).
[10]Daly M.J.. Sexual Attitudes in Menopausal and Postmenopausal Women[J]. Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality,1968,2(5).
[11] Adams C. G.&Turner B. F. Reported Change in Sexuality from Young Adulthood to Old Age[J]. Journal of Sex Research, 1985,21(2).
[12] Sparks M.An Exploration of the Meaning of Sexuality in the Lives of Adults Aged 60 Years and Older[M]. Texas Woman's University,2008.
[13] Steinke E.E. Knowledge and Attitudes of Older Adults about Sexuality in Ageing:A Comparison of Two Studies[J]. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1994,19(3).
[14]Goh V. H. H.,Tain C. F.&Tong Y. Y,et al. Sex and Aging in the City:Singapore[J].Aging Male the Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male,2004,7(3).
[15]Lock,Margaret M..Encounters with Aging:Mythologies of Menopause in Japan and North America[M]. Berkeley and Los Angeles,California:University of California, 1995.
[16] Lock, Margaret M.&Judith Farquhar,eds.. Beyond the Body Proper:Reading the Anthropology of Material Life[M].Duke University Press,2007.
[17]甯应斌.社会性(sexuality)连结性:两岸三地性/别新局[G].台北:中央大学性/别研究室,2010.
[18]黄盈盈、鲍雨.经历乳腺癌:从“疾病”到“残缺”的女性身体[J].社会,2013,33(2).
[19]潘绥铭、黄盈盈.“主体建构”:性社会学研究视角的革命及本土发展空间[J].社会学研究,2007,(3).
[20]黄盈盈.性/别框架下的“性与生殖健康”[J].探索与争鸣,2014,(9).
[21]何春蕤.研究社会性/别:一个脉络的反思[J].社会学评论,2013,(5).
[22]王明珂.边缘,移动与反思[J].青海民族研究,2014,(4).
[23]黄盈盈.性/别、身体与故事社会学[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2018.
[24]Turner B. S.. Recent Developments in the Theory of the Body[J]. The Body:Social Process and Cultural Theory,1991.
[25]刘欣.阶级惯习与品味:布迪厄的阶级理论[J].社会学研究,2003,(6).
[26]余舜德.从田野经验到身体感的研究[A].余舜德.体物入微:物与身体感的研究[G].台北:清华大学出版社,2008.
[27]龚卓军.身体部署:梅洛庞蒂与现象学之后[M].心灵工坊文化事业股份有限公司,2006.
[28][日]栗山茂久著,张轩辞、陈信宏译.身体的语言——古希腊医学和中医之比较[M].上海:上海书店出版社,2009.
[29]苏熠慧.“交叉性”流派的观点、方法及其对中国性别社会学的启发[J].社会学研究,2016,(4).
[30]潘绥铭.中国性革命纵论[M].高雄:万有出版社,2006.
[31]Cohen L.. No Aging in India:Alzheimer's,the Bad Family,and Other Modern Things[M]. University of California Press, 1998.
[32]潘绥铭、鲍雨.论“主体建构”的认识论来源及理论意义[J].学术界,2015,(2).
(1)以55岁为起点是因为绝大多数女性在55岁时已终止了绝经的过程,同时,出于寻找访谈对象的操作难度,我们并没有把老老年(75-89岁)和长寿老人(90岁以上)纳入研究的范畴,而是把74岁(即年轻老年人的上限)作为年龄划分的顶点。
(2)“老年知性恳谈会”是由中国人民大学性社会学研究所举办的小型分享会,由潘绥铭老师主持,意在为老年人提供一个交流性观念的平台,到目前为止共举办过三次。