甘肃一次冰雹过程降水及闪电活动特征
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摘要
利用热带测雨卫星(TRMM)的测雨雷达(PR)、微波辐射计(TMI)和闪电成像仪(LIS)资料分析2012年8月25日甘肃省一次较强冰雹过程。结果表明,本次过程受3个分散的β中尺度对流系统影响,对流云像素点约为层云的1/2,对流云平均降水率是层云的8.2倍。冰雹云回波顶高度近13 km,回波强度大于55 dBZ的最大高度为7.5 km左右,降水率大于45 mm·h~(-1)的云层厚度约7 km。降水廓线反映出降水率垂直分布不均匀,对流降水中50、10 mm·h~(-1)的降水率随着高度的升高先增加后减小,在9 km左右减小明显。此次冰雹过程的闪电发生临近处6 km雷达反射率高于40 dBZ,85 GHz极化修正亮温低于210 K。
The characteristics of precipitation and lightning activity of a strong hailstorm occurring in Gansu Province on 25 August 2012 were studied by using the data from precipitation radar(PR), microwave imager(TMI) and lightning imager sensor(LIS) boarded on the TRMM(tropical rainfall measuring mission) satellite. The results show that there were three dispersed meso-β scale convective systems by analyzing the horizontal structure of the hailstorm. Although the pixel points of convection precipitation were less than that of stratiform precipitation, the averaged rain rate of convective precipitation was 8.2 times larger than that of stratiform precipitation. The top of the hail cloud could reach up to 13 km above ground with strong echoes(>55 dBZ) below about 7.5 km. The cloud thickness with the precipitation rate greater than 45 mm·h~(-1) was 7 km. The vertical distribution of precipitation profiles under different rain rates showed inhomogeneous characteristic. The precipitation rates of 50 mm·h~(-1) and 10 mm·h~(-1) increased first at lower levels and then decreased with the increase of height,their initial reduced height was about 9 km. Analysis of lightning activity of the hail precipitation process showed that most lightning flashes occurred near the strong convective region with radar echoes higher than 40 dBZ and polarization corrected brightness temperature of 85 GHz channel was lower than 210 K.
The characteristics of precipitation and lightning activity of a strong hailstorm occurring in Gansu Province on 25 August 2012 were studied by using the data from precipitation radar(PR), microwave imager(TMI) and lightning imager sensor(LIS) boarded on the TRMM(tropical rainfall measuring mission) satellite. The results show that there were three dispersed meso-β scale convective systems by analyzing the horizontal structure of the hailstorm. Although the pixel points of convection precipitation were less than that of stratiform precipitation, the averaged rain rate of convective precipitation was 8.2 times larger than that of stratiform precipitation. The top of the hail cloud could reach up to 13 km above ground with strong echoes(>55 dBZ) below about 7.5 km. The cloud thickness with the precipitation rate greater than 45 mm·h~(-1) was 7 km. The vertical distribution of precipitation profiles under different rain rates showed inhomogeneous characteristic. The precipitation rates of 50 mm·h~(-1) and 10 mm·h~(-1) increased first at lower levels and then decreased with the increase of height,their initial reduced height was about 9 km. Analysis of lightning activity of the hail precipitation process showed that most lightning flashes occurred near the strong convective region with radar echoes higher than 40 dBZ and polarization corrected brightness temperature of 85 GHz channel was lower than 210 K.
引文
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[2] 黄玉霞,王宝鉴,王研峰,等.1974—2013年甘肃冰雹日数的变化特征[J].气象,2017(4):450-459.
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[7] 蒋瑛,朱克云,张杰.贵州地区冰雹云微物理过程及发展机制数值模拟研究[J].气象,2016,42(8):920-933.
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[9] 苗爱梅,董春卿,王洪霞,等.“0613”华北飑线过程的多普勒雷达回波特征[J].干旱气象,2017,35(6):1015-1026.
[10] 杨淑华,赵桂香,程海霞,等.脉冲风暴造成的山西北部三次冰雹天气对比分析[J].干旱气象,2019,37(01):69-77.
[11] 王俊,俞小鼎,邰庆国,等.一次强烈雹暴的三维结构和形成机制的单、双多普勒雷达分析[J].大气科学,2011,35(2):247-258.
[12] 张磊,张继东,热苏力·阿不拉.南疆阿克苏冰雹天气的判识指标研究[J].干旱气象,2014,32(4):629-635.
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[15] 李德俊,李跃清,柳草,等.基于TRMM卫星探测对宜宾夏季两次暴雨过程的比较分析[J].气象学报,2010,68(4):559-568.
[16] 杨文月,马金辉,杨文凯.基于TRMM卫星的近10 a甘肃临夏降水变化特征[J].干旱气象,2014,32(6):934-939.
[17] KUMAR P R.Lightning,rainfall,AOD,and convection variabilities in the monsoon zone of India[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2018,39(3):727-740.
[18] 傅云飞,宇如聪,徐幼平,等.TRMM测雨雷达和微波成像仪对两个中尺度特大暴雨降水结构的观测分析研究[J].气象学报,2003,61(4):421-431.
[19] 王宝鉴,黄玉霞,魏栋,等.TRMM卫星对青藏高原东坡一次大暴雨强降水结构的研究[J].气象学报,2017,75(6):966-980.
[20] 何文英,陈洪滨.TRMM卫星对一次冰雹降水过程的观测分析研究[J].气象学报,2006,64(3):364-376.
[21] 李典,白爱娟,黄盛军.利用TRMM卫星资料对青藏高原地区强对流天气特征分析[J].高原气象,2012,31(2):304-311.
[22] 郑媛媛,傅云飞,刘勇,等.热带测雨卫星对淮河一次暴雨降水结构与闪电活动的研究[J].气象学报,2004,62(6):790-802.
[23] 杨美荣,程丽丹,李鹏,等.利用TRMM卫星资料对河南一次强飑线过程的闪电活动分析[J].气象与环境科学,2012,35(1):74-77.
[24] 袁铁,郄秀书.基于TRMM卫星对一次华南飑线的闪电活动及其与降水结构的关系研究[J].大气科学,2010,34(1):58-70.
[25] 夏菡梦.基于TRMM卫星的闪电与冰相粒子关系及其在闪电资料同化中的应用[D].兰州:兰州大学,2017.
[26] 吕晓娜.河南一次强对流天气潜势、触发与演变分析[J].高原气象,2017,36(1):195-206.
[27] KUMMEROW C,BARNES W,KOZU T,et al.The tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) sensor package[J].Journal of atmospheric and oceanic technology,1998,15(3):809-817.
[28] KOZU T,KAWANISHI T,KUROIWA H,et al.Development of precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing,2001,39(1):102-116.
[29] GUCHI T,KOZU T,MENEGHINI R,et al.Rain-profiling algorithm for the TRMM precipitation radar[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,2000,39(12):2038-2052.
[30] SPENCER R W.Rainfall retrieval over land and ocean with the SSM/I:Identification and characteristics of the scattering signal[J].Journal of Atmospheric & Oceanic Technology,1989,6(2):254-273.
[31] ZIPSER E J,LUTZ K R.The vertical profile of radar reflectivity of convective cells:a strong indicator of storm intensity and lightning probability[J].Monthly Weather Review,1994,122(8):1751-1759.
[32] 傅朝,闫晗,刘维成,等.SWAN雷达产品在甘肃河东地区冰雹短临预报中的应用[J].干旱气象,2013,31(1):199-205.
[33] 王建捷,李泽椿.1998年一次梅雨锋暴雨中尺度对流系统的模拟与诊断分析[J].气象学报,2002,60(2):146-155.
[34] CAREY L D,MURPHY M J,MCCORMICK T L,et al.Lightning location relative to storm structure in a leading-line,trailing-stratiform mesoscale convective system[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2005,110(D3):480-496.
[35] TORACINTA E R.A comparison of WSR-88D reflectivities,SSM/I brightness temperatures,and lightning for mesoscale convective systems in Texas.Part I :Radar reflectivity and lightning[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1996,35(6):902-918.
[36] ADLER R F,YEH H Y M,PRASAD N,et al.Microwave simulations of a tropical rainfall system with a three-dimensional cloud model[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1991,30(7):924-953.
[2] 黄玉霞,王宝鉴,王研峰,等.1974—2013年甘肃冰雹日数的变化特征[J].气象,2017(4):450-459.
[3] 陈乾,朱阳生.甘肃省雹暴的分类及其诊断分析[C].强对流天气文集.北京:气象出版社,1983:15-24.
[4] ORVILLE H D,KOPP F J.Numerical simulation of the life history of a hailstorm[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,2010,34(34):1596-1618.
[5] FARLEY R D.Numerical modeling of hailstorms and hailstone growth.Part iii:simulation of an alberta hailstorm--natural and seeded cases[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,2010,26(7):789-812.
[6] 付烨,刘晓莉,丁伟.一次冰雹过程及雹云物理结构的数值模拟研究[J].热带气象学报,2016,32(4):546-557.
[7] 蒋瑛,朱克云,张杰.贵州地区冰雹云微物理过程及发展机制数值模拟研究[J].气象,2016,42(8):920-933.
[8] ZHENG Y,FANG C.Analysis of a strong classic supercell storm with doppler weather radar data[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2004,62(3):317-328.
[9] 苗爱梅,董春卿,王洪霞,等.“0613”华北飑线过程的多普勒雷达回波特征[J].干旱气象,2017,35(6):1015-1026.
[10] 杨淑华,赵桂香,程海霞,等.脉冲风暴造成的山西北部三次冰雹天气对比分析[J].干旱气象,2019,37(01):69-77.
[11] 王俊,俞小鼎,邰庆国,等.一次强烈雹暴的三维结构和形成机制的单、双多普勒雷达分析[J].大气科学,2011,35(2):247-258.
[12] 张磊,张继东,热苏力·阿不拉.南疆阿克苏冰雹天气的判识指标研究[J].干旱气象,2014,32(4):629-635.
[13] LIU G,FU Y.The characteristics of tropical precipitation profiles as inferred from satellite radar measurements[J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,2001,79(1):131-143.
[14] FU Y,LIU G.Precipitation characteristics in mid-latitude East Asia as observed by TRMM PR and TMI[J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,2004,81(6):1353-1369.
[15] 李德俊,李跃清,柳草,等.基于TRMM卫星探测对宜宾夏季两次暴雨过程的比较分析[J].气象学报,2010,68(4):559-568.
[16] 杨文月,马金辉,杨文凯.基于TRMM卫星的近10 a甘肃临夏降水变化特征[J].干旱气象,2014,32(6):934-939.
[17] KUMAR P R.Lightning,rainfall,AOD,and convection variabilities in the monsoon zone of India[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2018,39(3):727-740.
[18] 傅云飞,宇如聪,徐幼平,等.TRMM测雨雷达和微波成像仪对两个中尺度特大暴雨降水结构的观测分析研究[J].气象学报,2003,61(4):421-431.
[19] 王宝鉴,黄玉霞,魏栋,等.TRMM卫星对青藏高原东坡一次大暴雨强降水结构的研究[J].气象学报,2017,75(6):966-980.
[20] 何文英,陈洪滨.TRMM卫星对一次冰雹降水过程的观测分析研究[J].气象学报,2006,64(3):364-376.
[21] 李典,白爱娟,黄盛军.利用TRMM卫星资料对青藏高原地区强对流天气特征分析[J].高原气象,2012,31(2):304-311.
[22] 郑媛媛,傅云飞,刘勇,等.热带测雨卫星对淮河一次暴雨降水结构与闪电活动的研究[J].气象学报,2004,62(6):790-802.
[23] 杨美荣,程丽丹,李鹏,等.利用TRMM卫星资料对河南一次强飑线过程的闪电活动分析[J].气象与环境科学,2012,35(1):74-77.
[24] 袁铁,郄秀书.基于TRMM卫星对一次华南飑线的闪电活动及其与降水结构的关系研究[J].大气科学,2010,34(1):58-70.
[25] 夏菡梦.基于TRMM卫星的闪电与冰相粒子关系及其在闪电资料同化中的应用[D].兰州:兰州大学,2017.
[26] 吕晓娜.河南一次强对流天气潜势、触发与演变分析[J].高原气象,2017,36(1):195-206.
[27] KUMMEROW C,BARNES W,KOZU T,et al.The tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) sensor package[J].Journal of atmospheric and oceanic technology,1998,15(3):809-817.
[28] KOZU T,KAWANISHI T,KUROIWA H,et al.Development of precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing,2001,39(1):102-116.
[29] GUCHI T,KOZU T,MENEGHINI R,et al.Rain-profiling algorithm for the TRMM precipitation radar[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,2000,39(12):2038-2052.
[30] SPENCER R W.Rainfall retrieval over land and ocean with the SSM/I:Identification and characteristics of the scattering signal[J].Journal of Atmospheric & Oceanic Technology,1989,6(2):254-273.
[31] ZIPSER E J,LUTZ K R.The vertical profile of radar reflectivity of convective cells:a strong indicator of storm intensity and lightning probability[J].Monthly Weather Review,1994,122(8):1751-1759.
[32] 傅朝,闫晗,刘维成,等.SWAN雷达产品在甘肃河东地区冰雹短临预报中的应用[J].干旱气象,2013,31(1):199-205.
[33] 王建捷,李泽椿.1998年一次梅雨锋暴雨中尺度对流系统的模拟与诊断分析[J].气象学报,2002,60(2):146-155.
[34] CAREY L D,MURPHY M J,MCCORMICK T L,et al.Lightning location relative to storm structure in a leading-line,trailing-stratiform mesoscale convective system[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2005,110(D3):480-496.
[35] TORACINTA E R.A comparison of WSR-88D reflectivities,SSM/I brightness temperatures,and lightning for mesoscale convective systems in Texas.Part I :Radar reflectivity and lightning[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1996,35(6):902-918.
[36] ADLER R F,YEH H Y M,PRASAD N,et al.Microwave simulations of a tropical rainfall system with a three-dimensional cloud model[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1991,30(7):924-953.