内蒙古荒漠草原不同等级降水时空变化特征
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摘要
根据内蒙古荒漠草原11个气象观测站1961～2010年逐日降水资料,采用线性倾向估计、趋势分析、反距离权重(IDW)差值法,分析内蒙古荒漠草原50 a不同等级降水贡献率及降水日数的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)内蒙古荒漠草原以日降水量≤5mm的降水事件为主。各级降水对总降水量的贡献率大小依次为中雨>小雨>小到中雨>大雨>微雨>暴雨>大暴雨;(2)近50年微雨、小雨的贡献率波动中减少,中雨的贡献率增加;(3)微雨、小雨、小到中雨日数均呈弱减少的趋势,仅中雨日数呈增加趋势,但不显著,主要分布在荒漠草原中南部和北部;(4)空间上,微雨、小雨、小到中雨的降水日数呈现由南向北逐渐减少的分布特征;中雨日数最多分布在草原区西南部。小降水事件(≤5mm降水)对荒漠草原生态系统具有显著的生态作用,研究结果可为当地畜牧业生产提供科学参考。
According to the daily precipitation data of 11 meteorological observation stations in Inner Mongolia desert steppe from 1961 to 2010, the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of precipitation contribution rates and precipitation days of different grades in 50 years in Inner Mongolia desert steppe were analyzed by linear tendency estimation, trend analysis and inverse distance weight(IDW) different method. The results show that:(1) The Inner Mongolia desert grassland was dominated by precipitation events with daily precipitation less than 5 mm. The contribution rate of all grades of precipitation to total rainfall was in order of moderate rain > light rain > light to moderate rain > heavy rain > little rain > rainstorm > heavy rainstorm.(2) In the recent 50 years, the contribution rate of little and light rain decreased in the fluctuation, while that of moderate rain increased.(3) Except the slightly increase of moderate rain days, the days of little rain, light rain and light to moderate rain showed weak increased. It was mainly distributed in the central and south, north of the desert steppe.(4) In space, the number of precipitation days with little rain, light rain and light to moderate rain gradually decreased from south to north; the days of moderate rain was mostly distributed in the southwest of the desert steppe. Considering the significant ecological effect on desert steppe ecosystem of light precipitation events(≤5 mm), this research results can provide scientific reference for local animal husbandry production.
According to the daily precipitation data of 11 meteorological observation stations in Inner Mongolia desert steppe from 1961 to 2010, the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of precipitation contribution rates and precipitation days of different grades in 50 years in Inner Mongolia desert steppe were analyzed by linear tendency estimation, trend analysis and inverse distance weight(IDW) different method. The results show that:(1) The Inner Mongolia desert grassland was dominated by precipitation events with daily precipitation less than 5 mm. The contribution rate of all grades of precipitation to total rainfall was in order of moderate rain > light rain > light to moderate rain > heavy rain > little rain > rainstorm > heavy rainstorm.(2) In the recent 50 years, the contribution rate of little and light rain decreased in the fluctuation, while that of moderate rain increased.(3) Except the slightly increase of moderate rain days, the days of little rain, light rain and light to moderate rain showed weak increased. It was mainly distributed in the central and south, north of the desert steppe.(4) In space, the number of precipitation days with little rain, light rain and light to moderate rain gradually decreased from south to north; the days of moderate rain was mostly distributed in the southwest of the desert steppe. Considering the significant ecological effect on desert steppe ecosystem of light precipitation events(≤5 mm), this research results can provide scientific reference for local animal husbandry production.
引文
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[14] 中国科学院内蒙宁夏综合考察队.内蒙古植被[M].北京:科学出版社,1985.Inner Mongolia and Ningxia Province comprehensive investigation group of Chinese Academy of Sciences.Inner Mongolia vegetation[M].Beijing:Scientific Press,1985.
[15] 韩芳,牛建明,刘朋涛,等.气候变化对内蒙古荒漠草原牧草气候生产力的影响[J].中国草地学报,2010,32(5):57-65.Han Fang,Niu Jianming,Liu Pengtao,et al.Impact of climate change on forage potential climatic productivity in desert steppe in Inner Mongolia [J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2010,32(5):57-65.
[16] Han F,Zhang Q,Buyantuev A,et al.Effects of climate change on phenology and primary productivity in the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia[J].Journal of Arid Land,2015,7(2):251-263.
[17] 王芬,曹杰,李腹广,等.贵州不同等级降水日数气候特征及其与降水量的关系[J].高原气象,2015,34(1):145-154.Wang Fen,Cao Jie,Li Weiguang,et al.Climate characteristics of rain days and the relationship between rain days and total amount of precipitation in Guizhou[J].Plateau Meteorology,2015,34(1):145-154.
[18] 王冰,边玉明,张秋良,等.近45年内蒙古大兴安岭林区不同等级降水变化特征[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(11):3235-3242.Wang Bing,Bian Yuming,Zhang Qiuliang,et al.Dynamic characteristics of different grade precipitation events during past 45 years in Daxing’anling forest region,Inner Mongolia.[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(11):3235-3242.
[19] 师桂花,季晓丽,陈素华.气候变化对典型草原糙隐子草物候期和产量的影响[J].中国草地学报,2017,39(1):42-49.Shi Guihua,Ji Xiaoli,Chen Suhua.Effects of climate change on phenophase and yield of Cleistogenes squarrosa in Xilinguole typical grassland[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2017,39(1):42-49.
[20] 叶佳琦,李政海,乌云其其格,等.呼伦贝尔草原、湿地和森林植被对气候变化的响应[J].中国草地学报,2018,40(6):26-32.Ye Jiaqi,Li Zhenghai,Wuyunqiqige,et al.The response of steppe,wetland and forest vegetation to climate change in Hulun Buir[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2018,40(6):26-32.
[21] 孙小龙,李平,张存厚,等.镶黄旗典型草原地上净初级生产力对气候变化响应的模拟[J].中国草地学报,2015,37(5):103-108.Sun Xiaolong,Li Ping,Zhang Cunhou,et al.Responses of aboveground net primary productivity in typical steppe to climate change in Xianghuang Banner[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2015,37(5):103-108.
[22] 王文玉,张强,阳伏林.半干旱榆中地区最小有效降水量及降水转化率的研究[J].气象学报,2013,71(5):952-961.Wang Wenyu,Zhang Qiang,Yang Fulin.Study of minimum available precipitation and the precipitation conversion rate in the semi-arid Yuzhong region[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2013,71(5):952-961.
[23] 刘冰,赵文智,常学向,等.黑河流域荒漠区土壤水分对降水脉动响应[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(3):716-722.Liu Bing,Zhao Wenzhi,Chang Xuexiang,et al.Response of soil moisture torainfall pulse in desert region of the Heihe River Basin[J].Journal of Desert Research,2011,31(3):716-722.
[24] 常昌明,牛建明,王海,等.小针茅荒漠草原土壤水分动态及其对降雨的响应[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(2):260-265.Chang Changming,Niu Jianming,Wang Hai,et al.Dynamic change of soil moisture and its response to rainfall in a Stipa klemenzii steppe[J].Arid Zone Research,2016,33(2):260-265.
[25] 郭柯,董学军,刘志茂.毛乌素沙地沙丘土壤含水量特点——兼论老固定沙地上油蒿衰退原因[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(3):375-379.Guo Ke,Dong Xuejun,Liu Zhimao,Characteristics of soil moisture content on sand dunes in Mu Us Sandy Grassland:why declines on old fixed sand dunes[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2000,24(3):375-379.
[2] 郝巨飞,张功文,李芷霞,等.邢台市近61年降水变化特征及其对生态环境的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(2):271-277.Hao Jufei,Zhang Gongwen,Li Yuxia,et al.Characteristics of precipitation variation in recent 61 years and its influence on ecological environment in Xingtai City[J].Agricultural Research in Arid Areas,2017,35(2):271-277.
[3] Gutowski WJ,Jr.,Kozak KA,Arritt RW,et al.A possible constraint on regional precipitation intensity changes under global warming[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2007,8(6):1382-1396.
[4] Russell BT.Investigating precipitation extremes in south Carolina with focus on the state's October 2015 precipitation event[J].Journal of Applied Statistics,2019,46(2):286-303.
[5] Irannezhad M,Marttila H,Chen D,et al.Century-long variability and trends in daily precipitation characteristics at three Finnish stations[J].Advances in Climate Change Research,2016,7(1):54-69.
[6] 邹用昌,杨修群,孙旭光,等.我国极端降水过程频数时空变化的季节差异[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版),2009,45(1):98-109.Zou Yongchang,Yang Xiuqun,Sun Xuguang,et al.Seasonal difference of the spatio-temporal variation the number of the extreme precipitation process in China[J].Journal of Nanjing University (Natural Sciences),2009,45(1):98-109.
[7] Zhai P M,Zhang X B,Wan H,et al.Trends in total precipitation and frequency of daily precipitation extremes over China[J].Journal of Climate,2005,18(7):1096-1108.
[8] 陈晓燕,尚可政,王式功,等.近50年中国不同强度降水日数时空变化特征[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(5):766-772.Chen Xiaoyan,Shang Kezheng,Wang Shigong,et al.Analysis on the spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation under different intensities in China in recent 50 years[J].Arid Zone Research,2010,27(5):766-772.
[9] 白静漪,管兆勇.华东地区夏季不同等级降水变化特征分析[J].气象科学,2014,34(4):365-372.Bai Jingwei,Guan Zhaoyong.Climatic characteristics of graded summer precipitation over East China[J].Journal of Meteorological Sciences,2014,34(4):365-372.
[10] 宋瑶,周顺武,王传辉,等.中国西北地区东部夏季不同等级降水时间演变特征[J].中国沙漠,2018,38(1):182-191.Song Yao,Zhou Shunwu,Wang Chuanhui,et al.Temporal evolution characteristics of summer graded precipitation over the east of northwest China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2018,38(1):182-191.
[11] 黄婕,王跃峰,高路,等.1960～2011年福建省不同等级降水时空变化特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(2):17-23.Huang Jie,Wang Yuefeng,Gao Lu,et al.Temporal-spatial characteristics of different rainfall levels in Fujian Province from 1960 to 2011[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,13(2):17-23.
[12] 卢珊,张宏芳,屈直,等.1961～2015年陕西省不同等级降水事件变化特征[J].气象与环境科学,2018,41(1):77-85.Lu Shan,Zhang Hongfang,Qu Zhi,et al.Variation characteristics of precipitation events in different levels in Shaanxi Province from 1961 to 2015[J].Meteorological and Environmental Sciences,2018,41(1):77-85.
[13] 马治华,刘桂香,李景平,等.内蒙古荒漠草原生态环境质量评价[J].中国草地学报,2007,29(6):17-21.Ma Zhihua,Liu Guixiang,Li Jingping,et al.The evaluation of desert-steppe eco-environment quality in Inner Mongolia[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2007,29(6):17-21.
[14] 中国科学院内蒙宁夏综合考察队.内蒙古植被[M].北京:科学出版社,1985.Inner Mongolia and Ningxia Province comprehensive investigation group of Chinese Academy of Sciences.Inner Mongolia vegetation[M].Beijing:Scientific Press,1985.
[15] 韩芳,牛建明,刘朋涛,等.气候变化对内蒙古荒漠草原牧草气候生产力的影响[J].中国草地学报,2010,32(5):57-65.Han Fang,Niu Jianming,Liu Pengtao,et al.Impact of climate change on forage potential climatic productivity in desert steppe in Inner Mongolia [J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2010,32(5):57-65.
[16] Han F,Zhang Q,Buyantuev A,et al.Effects of climate change on phenology and primary productivity in the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia[J].Journal of Arid Land,2015,7(2):251-263.
[17] 王芬,曹杰,李腹广,等.贵州不同等级降水日数气候特征及其与降水量的关系[J].高原气象,2015,34(1):145-154.Wang Fen,Cao Jie,Li Weiguang,et al.Climate characteristics of rain days and the relationship between rain days and total amount of precipitation in Guizhou[J].Plateau Meteorology,2015,34(1):145-154.
[18] 王冰,边玉明,张秋良,等.近45年内蒙古大兴安岭林区不同等级降水变化特征[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(11):3235-3242.Wang Bing,Bian Yuming,Zhang Qiuliang,et al.Dynamic characteristics of different grade precipitation events during past 45 years in Daxing’anling forest region,Inner Mongolia.[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(11):3235-3242.
[19] 师桂花,季晓丽,陈素华.气候变化对典型草原糙隐子草物候期和产量的影响[J].中国草地学报,2017,39(1):42-49.Shi Guihua,Ji Xiaoli,Chen Suhua.Effects of climate change on phenophase and yield of Cleistogenes squarrosa in Xilinguole typical grassland[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2017,39(1):42-49.
[20] 叶佳琦,李政海,乌云其其格,等.呼伦贝尔草原、湿地和森林植被对气候变化的响应[J].中国草地学报,2018,40(6):26-32.Ye Jiaqi,Li Zhenghai,Wuyunqiqige,et al.The response of steppe,wetland and forest vegetation to climate change in Hulun Buir[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2018,40(6):26-32.
[21] 孙小龙,李平,张存厚,等.镶黄旗典型草原地上净初级生产力对气候变化响应的模拟[J].中国草地学报,2015,37(5):103-108.Sun Xiaolong,Li Ping,Zhang Cunhou,et al.Responses of aboveground net primary productivity in typical steppe to climate change in Xianghuang Banner[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2015,37(5):103-108.
[22] 王文玉,张强,阳伏林.半干旱榆中地区最小有效降水量及降水转化率的研究[J].气象学报,2013,71(5):952-961.Wang Wenyu,Zhang Qiang,Yang Fulin.Study of minimum available precipitation and the precipitation conversion rate in the semi-arid Yuzhong region[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2013,71(5):952-961.
[23] 刘冰,赵文智,常学向,等.黑河流域荒漠区土壤水分对降水脉动响应[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(3):716-722.Liu Bing,Zhao Wenzhi,Chang Xuexiang,et al.Response of soil moisture torainfall pulse in desert region of the Heihe River Basin[J].Journal of Desert Research,2011,31(3):716-722.
[24] 常昌明,牛建明,王海,等.小针茅荒漠草原土壤水分动态及其对降雨的响应[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(2):260-265.Chang Changming,Niu Jianming,Wang Hai,et al.Dynamic change of soil moisture and its response to rainfall in a Stipa klemenzii steppe[J].Arid Zone Research,2016,33(2):260-265.
[25] 郭柯,董学军,刘志茂.毛乌素沙地沙丘土壤含水量特点——兼论老固定沙地上油蒿衰退原因[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(3):375-379.Guo Ke,Dong Xuejun,Liu Zhimao,Characteristics of soil moisture content on sand dunes in Mu Us Sandy Grassland:why declines on old fixed sand dunes[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2000,24(3):375-379.
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