森林经营对森林冰雪灾害的影响研究综述
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摘要
近三十年来,由于气候变化,导致气象灾害频繁,特别是冰雪灾害发生的频率和强度均呈上升趋势。基于对2008年我国南方冰雪灾害对森林资源和森林生态系统影响的基础调查数据分析,为减轻森林冰雪灾害,本文从造林树种选择与经营管理两方面综述了森林经营对森林冰雪灾害的影响。要预防或减轻森林冰雪灾害,首先在造林树种选择时要遵循树种的生物学和生态学特性,合理控制对外来树种的引种。其次是在整个森林培育过程中都要重视经营管理,不断提高经营管理水平。在苗木培育时,要注意控制密度;施肥要注意适时、适肥、适量,以提高苗木的木质化程度,从而提高其抗压性和耐低温性。在造林时,要在严格树种选择的前提下注重林分结构,大力营造混交林,增强林分承载厚重积雪的能力。要合理控制造林密度,以提高林分抗冰雪灾害的能力。在林分的生长过程中要适时选择合理的方法和间伐量进行间伐,以增强其抵抗冰雪灾害的能力;同时,要根据树种的生物学特性,适时、合理施肥,并合理、适时修枝,松树类树种采脂不能过早等,以增强其抗冰雪灾害的能力。开展对冰雪灾害前后森林经营技术的研究,对于增强林分抗冰雪灾害的能力,保护现有的森林资源意义重大。
In the past three decades,climate change has led to frequent meteorological disasters,especially the frequency and intensity of snow and ice disasters are on the rise. Based on the basic survey data of the impacts of snow and ice disasters on forest resources and forest ecosystems in southern China in 2008,and in order to mitigate forest ice and snow disasters,the impact of forest management on forest ice and snow disasters from afforestation tree species selection and forest management are summarized. Firstly,followed the biological and ecological characteristics of tree species in the selection of afforestation,and reasonably control the introduction of alien tree species. Secondly,in the whole process of forest cultivation,we should attach importance to management and constantly improve the level of management. In the nursery stock cultivation,pay attention to density control;fertilization timely,appropriate fertilization,appropriate amount,in order to improve the lignification degree of seedlings,thereby improving their compressive resistance and low temperature resistance. In afforestation period,pay attention to stand structure under the premise of strict tree species selection,vigorously plant mixed forests,and enhance the capacity of forest to bear heavy snow. The afforestation density should be reasonably controlled in order to improve the stand's ability to resist snow and ice disasters. In the process of forest growth,reasonable methods and thinning amount should be selected in time to enhance the ability of resisting ice and snow disasters. At the same time,according to the biological characteristics of tree species,timely and rational fertilization,pruning and resin picking of pine species should not be premature,so as to enhance their ability of resisting ice and snow disasters. Research on forest management technology before and after ice and snow disasters is of great significance to enhance the ability of forest to resist ice and snow disasters and to protect existing forest resources.
In the past three decades,climate change has led to frequent meteorological disasters,especially the frequency and intensity of snow and ice disasters are on the rise. Based on the basic survey data of the impacts of snow and ice disasters on forest resources and forest ecosystems in southern China in 2008,and in order to mitigate forest ice and snow disasters,the impact of forest management on forest ice and snow disasters from afforestation tree species selection and forest management are summarized. Firstly,followed the biological and ecological characteristics of tree species in the selection of afforestation,and reasonably control the introduction of alien tree species. Secondly,in the whole process of forest cultivation,we should attach importance to management and constantly improve the level of management. In the nursery stock cultivation,pay attention to density control;fertilization timely,appropriate fertilization,appropriate amount,in order to improve the lignification degree of seedlings,thereby improving their compressive resistance and low temperature resistance. In afforestation period,pay attention to stand structure under the premise of strict tree species selection,vigorously plant mixed forests,and enhance the capacity of forest to bear heavy snow. The afforestation density should be reasonably controlled in order to improve the stand's ability to resist snow and ice disasters. In the process of forest growth,reasonable methods and thinning amount should be selected in time to enhance the ability of resisting ice and snow disasters. At the same time,according to the biological characteristics of tree species,timely and rational fertilization,pruning and resin picking of pine species should not be premature,so as to enhance their ability of resisting ice and snow disasters. Research on forest management technology before and after ice and snow disasters is of great significance to enhance the ability of forest to resist ice and snow disasters and to protect existing forest resources.
引文
[1]郭淑红,薛立.冰雪灾害对森林的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(16):5242-5253.
[2]Brunet Y,Fourcaud T,Achim A.The venfor project:wind and forest interactions from the tree scale to the landscape scale[A]∥Ruck B,KottmeierC,Mattheck C.Proceedings of the International Conference of Wind Effects on Trees.Lab Building,Environment Aerodynamics,Institute ofHydrology,University of Karlsruhe[M].Germany,2003:3-8.
[3]Tremblay M,Messier C,Marceau D J.Analysis of deciduous tree species dynamics after a severe ice storm using SORTIE model simulations.Ecological Modelling,2005,187(2):297-313.
[4]民政部国家减灾中心灾害信息部.1992年以来中国重大雪灾记录[J].中国减灾,2005,15(1):56.
[5]孙晓瑞,高永,杨光,等.森林冰雪灾害致损因子研究综述[J].浙江林业科技,2017,37(3):79-83.
[6]刘晓红,谭著明,袁跃林,等.湖南冰雪灾害致森林毁损的气候原因[J].林业科学,2008,44(11):134-140.
[7]曹坤芳,常杰.突发气象灾害的生态效应:2008年中国南方特大冰雪灾害对森林生态系统的破坏[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(2):123-124.
[8]李晓靖,洪奕丰,王宗星,等.2008年南方冰雪灾害对森林生态系统影响研究[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(36):22374-22377.
[9]IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)(2001).Climate Change Scientific Basis[M].Cambridge Uni-versity Press,Cambridge,UK.2001:944.
[10]ZHOU B,GU L,DING Y,et al.The great 2008 Chinese ice storm:Its socio-economic-ecological impact and sustainability lessons learned[J].Bulletinof the American Meteorological Society,2011,92:47-60.
[11]彭险峰,何友军.湖南省森林冰雪灾害调查[J].湖南林业科技,2008,35(3):48-50.
[12]周宝友,高东启.对南方森林易受冰雪灾害的几点思考[J].中国林业,2012(2下):56.
[13]程鹏,张金池.2008年重大冰雪灾害对安徽森林的影响与反思[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2008,32(3):1-4.
[14]温庆忠,魏雪峰,赵元藩.雨雪冰冻灾害对滇东南5种人工林的影响[J].林业科学,2008,44(11):23-27.
[15]Irland L C.Ice storms and forest impacts[J].The Science of the Total Environment,2000,262(3):231-242.
[16]谭著明,张灿明,柏方敏,等.冰雪致湖南森林毁损原因、损失评估及重建设想[J].林业科学,2008,44(11):91-95.
[17]蒋俊明,李本祥,蒋南青,等.2008年南方雪灾对川南丛生竹的影响[J].林业科学,2008,44(11):141-144.
[18]王三多.森林冰雪灾害的预防与生态修复对策[J].安徽林业科技,2014,40(3):45-46.
[19]魏松正,张水生,钟寿旺,等.南方重大冰雪灾害对福建省建阳市毛竹林的影响及成因分析[J].福建林业科技,2008,35(4):203-206.
[20]汤景明,宋丛文,戴均华,等.湖北省主要造林树种冰雪灾害调查[J].林业科学,2008,44(11):2-10.
[21]李秀芬,朱教君,王庆礼,等.森林的风/雪灾害研究综述[J].生态学报,2005,25(1):148-157.
[22]唐初明,陈丰惠.雨雪冰冻灾害对荔浦县森林资源的影响[J].广西林业科学,2008,37(4):200-203.
[23]张建国,段爱国,童书振,等.冰冻雪压对杉木人工林近成熟林分危害调查[J].林业科学,2008,44(11):18-22.
[24]Van Dyke O.A literature review of ice storm impacts on forests in eastern North America.Technical Report 112.Ontario Ministry of NaturalResources[J].Southcentral Science Section,1999,36:25-29.
[25]周陆生,汪青春,李海红,等.青藏高原东部牧区大暴雪过程雪灾灾情实时预评估方法的研究[J].自然灾害学报,2001,10(2):58-65.
[26]Zeide B,Sharer D.Sustainable and profitable management of even-aged loblolly pine stands[J].Journal of Sustainable Forestry,2002,14(1):93-106.
[27]Hopkin A,Williams T,Sajan R,Pedlar J,Nielsen C.Ice storm damage to eastern Ontario forests:1998-2001[J].The Forestry Chronicle,2003,79(1):47-53.
[28]杨灌英,徐小林,杨朗生,等.2008年初冰雪灾害对四川毛竹林的危害及其重建措施[J].林业科学,2008,44(11):96-100.
[29]许业洲,孙晓梅,宋丛文,等.鄂西亚高山日本落叶松人工林雪灾调查[J].林业科学,2008,44(11):11-17.
[30]何茜,李吉跃,陈晓阳,等.2008年初特大冰雪灾害对粤北地区杉木人工林树木损害的类型及程度[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(2):195-203.
[31]Cremer K W,Borough C J.Effects of stocking and thinning on wind damage in plantations[J].New Zealand of Forestry Science,1982,12(2):244-268.
[32]Valinger E,Lundqvist L.The influence of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on the frequency of snow and wind induced stand damage inforests[J].Scottish Forestry,1992b,46:311-320.
[33]Valinger E,Lundqvist L and Brandel G.Wind and snow damage in a thinning and fertilization experiment in Pinus sylvestris[J].Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,1994,9:129-134.
[34]Hirvel H,Hynynen J.Effect of fertilization on the growth,top damage and susceptibility to windthrow of Scots pine stands in Lapland[J].Folia Forestalia,1990,764:16.
[35]Dobbertin M.Influence of stand structure and site factors on wind damage comparing the storms Vivian and Lothar.Forest Snow Landscape Research,2002,77(1):187-204.
[36]Wilson J S,Bakerb P J.Flexibility in forest management:managing uncertainty in Douglas-fir forests of the Pacific Northwest[J].Forest Ecology andManagement,2001,145(3):219-227.
[37]Peltola H,Nyknen M L and Kellomki S.Model computations on the critical combination of snow loading and windspeed for snow damage of Scotspine,Norway spruce and birch sp.At stand edge[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1997,95(3):229-241.
[38]Smith W H.Ice and forest health[J].Northern Journal of Applied Forestry,2000,17(1):16-19.
[39]Gardiner B,Byrne K,Hale S,Kamimura K,Mitchell S J,Peltola H,Ruel J C.A review of mechanistic odeling of wind damage risk to forests[J].Forestry,2008,81(3):447-463.
[40]Peltola H,Kellomki S and Hassinen A.Mechanical stability of Scots pine,Norway spruce and birch:an analysis of tree-pulling experiments in Finland[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2000,135(1/3):143-153.
[41]张志祥,刘鹏,邱志军,等.浙江九龙山自然保护区黄山松种群冰雪灾害干扰及其受灾影响因子分析.植物生态学报,2010,34(2):223-2324.
[42]Mohammed C,Rimbawanto A.Effect of pruning Acacia mangium on growth,form and heart rot[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2006,238(1):261-267.
[43]肖兴翠,张忠兰,李志辉,等.不同强度修枝对湿地松中龄林干形的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2015,35(9):22-29.
[44]林志雄.不同强度修枝对湿地松中龄林干形的影响[J].现代园艺,2018(6):8-9.
[45]任世强,卢翠香,邓紫宇,等.修枝对大花序桉幼林生长和木材密度的影响[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2017,39(11):45-50.
[46]网易新闻.推动林业发展由木材生产转向生态修复和建设为主[EB/OL].[2015-03-18].http://news.163.com/15/0318/14/AL0DFH1U00014AED.html.
[2]Brunet Y,Fourcaud T,Achim A.The venfor project:wind and forest interactions from the tree scale to the landscape scale[A]∥Ruck B,KottmeierC,Mattheck C.Proceedings of the International Conference of Wind Effects on Trees.Lab Building,Environment Aerodynamics,Institute ofHydrology,University of Karlsruhe[M].Germany,2003:3-8.
[3]Tremblay M,Messier C,Marceau D J.Analysis of deciduous tree species dynamics after a severe ice storm using SORTIE model simulations.Ecological Modelling,2005,187(2):297-313.
[4]民政部国家减灾中心灾害信息部.1992年以来中国重大雪灾记录[J].中国减灾,2005,15(1):56.
[5]孙晓瑞,高永,杨光,等.森林冰雪灾害致损因子研究综述[J].浙江林业科技,2017,37(3):79-83.
[6]刘晓红,谭著明,袁跃林,等.湖南冰雪灾害致森林毁损的气候原因[J].林业科学,2008,44(11):134-140.
[7]曹坤芳,常杰.突发气象灾害的生态效应:2008年中国南方特大冰雪灾害对森林生态系统的破坏[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(2):123-124.
[8]李晓靖,洪奕丰,王宗星,等.2008年南方冰雪灾害对森林生态系统影响研究[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(36):22374-22377.
[9]IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)(2001).Climate Change Scientific Basis[M].Cambridge Uni-versity Press,Cambridge,UK.2001:944.
[10]ZHOU B,GU L,DING Y,et al.The great 2008 Chinese ice storm:Its socio-economic-ecological impact and sustainability lessons learned[J].Bulletinof the American Meteorological Society,2011,92:47-60.
[11]彭险峰,何友军.湖南省森林冰雪灾害调查[J].湖南林业科技,2008,35(3):48-50.
[12]周宝友,高东启.对南方森林易受冰雪灾害的几点思考[J].中国林业,2012(2下):56.
[13]程鹏,张金池.2008年重大冰雪灾害对安徽森林的影响与反思[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2008,32(3):1-4.
[14]温庆忠,魏雪峰,赵元藩.雨雪冰冻灾害对滇东南5种人工林的影响[J].林业科学,2008,44(11):23-27.
[15]Irland L C.Ice storms and forest impacts[J].The Science of the Total Environment,2000,262(3):231-242.
[16]谭著明,张灿明,柏方敏,等.冰雪致湖南森林毁损原因、损失评估及重建设想[J].林业科学,2008,44(11):91-95.
[17]蒋俊明,李本祥,蒋南青,等.2008年南方雪灾对川南丛生竹的影响[J].林业科学,2008,44(11):141-144.
[18]王三多.森林冰雪灾害的预防与生态修复对策[J].安徽林业科技,2014,40(3):45-46.
[19]魏松正,张水生,钟寿旺,等.南方重大冰雪灾害对福建省建阳市毛竹林的影响及成因分析[J].福建林业科技,2008,35(4):203-206.
[20]汤景明,宋丛文,戴均华,等.湖北省主要造林树种冰雪灾害调查[J].林业科学,2008,44(11):2-10.
[21]李秀芬,朱教君,王庆礼,等.森林的风/雪灾害研究综述[J].生态学报,2005,25(1):148-157.
[22]唐初明,陈丰惠.雨雪冰冻灾害对荔浦县森林资源的影响[J].广西林业科学,2008,37(4):200-203.
[23]张建国,段爱国,童书振,等.冰冻雪压对杉木人工林近成熟林分危害调查[J].林业科学,2008,44(11):18-22.
[24]Van Dyke O.A literature review of ice storm impacts on forests in eastern North America.Technical Report 112.Ontario Ministry of NaturalResources[J].Southcentral Science Section,1999,36:25-29.
[25]周陆生,汪青春,李海红,等.青藏高原东部牧区大暴雪过程雪灾灾情实时预评估方法的研究[J].自然灾害学报,2001,10(2):58-65.
[26]Zeide B,Sharer D.Sustainable and profitable management of even-aged loblolly pine stands[J].Journal of Sustainable Forestry,2002,14(1):93-106.
[27]Hopkin A,Williams T,Sajan R,Pedlar J,Nielsen C.Ice storm damage to eastern Ontario forests:1998-2001[J].The Forestry Chronicle,2003,79(1):47-53.
[28]杨灌英,徐小林,杨朗生,等.2008年初冰雪灾害对四川毛竹林的危害及其重建措施[J].林业科学,2008,44(11):96-100.
[29]许业洲,孙晓梅,宋丛文,等.鄂西亚高山日本落叶松人工林雪灾调查[J].林业科学,2008,44(11):11-17.
[30]何茜,李吉跃,陈晓阳,等.2008年初特大冰雪灾害对粤北地区杉木人工林树木损害的类型及程度[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(2):195-203.
[31]Cremer K W,Borough C J.Effects of stocking and thinning on wind damage in plantations[J].New Zealand of Forestry Science,1982,12(2):244-268.
[32]Valinger E,Lundqvist L.The influence of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on the frequency of snow and wind induced stand damage inforests[J].Scottish Forestry,1992b,46:311-320.
[33]Valinger E,Lundqvist L and Brandel G.Wind and snow damage in a thinning and fertilization experiment in Pinus sylvestris[J].Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,1994,9:129-134.
[34]Hirvel H,Hynynen J.Effect of fertilization on the growth,top damage and susceptibility to windthrow of Scots pine stands in Lapland[J].Folia Forestalia,1990,764:16.
[35]Dobbertin M.Influence of stand structure and site factors on wind damage comparing the storms Vivian and Lothar.Forest Snow Landscape Research,2002,77(1):187-204.
[36]Wilson J S,Bakerb P J.Flexibility in forest management:managing uncertainty in Douglas-fir forests of the Pacific Northwest[J].Forest Ecology andManagement,2001,145(3):219-227.
[37]Peltola H,Nyknen M L and Kellomki S.Model computations on the critical combination of snow loading and windspeed for snow damage of Scotspine,Norway spruce and birch sp.At stand edge[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1997,95(3):229-241.
[38]Smith W H.Ice and forest health[J].Northern Journal of Applied Forestry,2000,17(1):16-19.
[39]Gardiner B,Byrne K,Hale S,Kamimura K,Mitchell S J,Peltola H,Ruel J C.A review of mechanistic odeling of wind damage risk to forests[J].Forestry,2008,81(3):447-463.
[40]Peltola H,Kellomki S and Hassinen A.Mechanical stability of Scots pine,Norway spruce and birch:an analysis of tree-pulling experiments in Finland[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2000,135(1/3):143-153.
[41]张志祥,刘鹏,邱志军,等.浙江九龙山自然保护区黄山松种群冰雪灾害干扰及其受灾影响因子分析.植物生态学报,2010,34(2):223-2324.
[42]Mohammed C,Rimbawanto A.Effect of pruning Acacia mangium on growth,form and heart rot[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2006,238(1):261-267.
[43]肖兴翠,张忠兰,李志辉,等.不同强度修枝对湿地松中龄林干形的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2015,35(9):22-29.
[44]林志雄.不同强度修枝对湿地松中龄林干形的影响[J].现代园艺,2018(6):8-9.
[45]任世强,卢翠香,邓紫宇,等.修枝对大花序桉幼林生长和木材密度的影响[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2017,39(11):45-50.
[46]网易新闻.推动林业发展由木材生产转向生态修复和建设为主[EB/OL].[2015-03-18].http://news.163.com/15/0318/14/AL0DFH1U00014AED.html.
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