广东一次雷暴过程的宏微观及电特征的数值模拟
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摘要
采用三维雷暴云动力-电耦合数值模式,模拟了2015年7月17日广东清远一次系统性强雷暴过程,探究此次雷暴的宏微观及电活动特征,从微物理角度出发,分析电荷结构的复杂成因。结果表明,由于水汽充足,上升气流速度大,云体高度高,小粒子随着强上升气流快速上升,迅速增长为雨滴等大粒子,降水出现早,强度大,较高的气温,使得很难产生固态降水。本次过程中,电荷结构由三极性结构逐渐演变成偶极性结构,这是由于霰的自动转化作用较强,中层霰粒在雷暴云成熟期转化为雹下落,上升气流由于强降水的发生不能维持,冰晶和霰粒子分布区域重合面积减少,非感应起电减弱,使得下部电荷结构消散。较高的电荷区高度使得云闪数目远远多于地闪数目。
Guangdong is located in low latitudes. The Tropic of Cancer runs through its middle and the elevation angle of the sun is large. The temperature is high. The air is always in an unstable state. In order to verify the conclusion of the observation of thunderstorm, a three-dimensional dynamics-electrification coupled model is uesd to analyzed a severe thundersrorm on July 17, 2015 in Qingyuan to discuss the particularity of macrography, microphysics and electrification feature and the causes of formation. The results indicate that this process has adequate moisture, strong updraft and high cloud height. Small particles rise rapidly with the strong updraft, and rapidly grow into large particles such as raindrops. Precipitation occurs early with strong intensity. Meanwhile, the temperature in Guangdong is higher and it is difficult to produce solid precipitation. The charge structure of this thunderstorm in Guangdong is not a simplex dipole structure considered by most researchers. It transforms from tripole charge structure to dipole distribution.The middle graupel in the thunderstorm during the maturity changes into hail falling. Because the updraft cannot maintain in the strong precipitation, overlapped area of ice and graupel distribution is reduced. The weakening of a non-inductive collisional charging mechanism between graupel and ice makes the lower positive charge center dissipate. The number of cloud-lighting is very large, while the number of ground-lighting is small. In low latitudes, the troposphere has a higher height. The height of the cloud extends to about 17 km. Higher charge area makes the number of cloud-lightening much larger than that of the ground-lightening.
Guangdong is located in low latitudes. The Tropic of Cancer runs through its middle and the elevation angle of the sun is large. The temperature is high. The air is always in an unstable state. In order to verify the conclusion of the observation of thunderstorm, a three-dimensional dynamics-electrification coupled model is uesd to analyzed a severe thundersrorm on July 17, 2015 in Qingyuan to discuss the particularity of macrography, microphysics and electrification feature and the causes of formation. The results indicate that this process has adequate moisture, strong updraft and high cloud height. Small particles rise rapidly with the strong updraft, and rapidly grow into large particles such as raindrops. Precipitation occurs early with strong intensity. Meanwhile, the temperature in Guangdong is higher and it is difficult to produce solid precipitation. The charge structure of this thunderstorm in Guangdong is not a simplex dipole structure considered by most researchers. It transforms from tripole charge structure to dipole distribution.The middle graupel in the thunderstorm during the maturity changes into hail falling. Because the updraft cannot maintain in the strong precipitation, overlapped area of ice and graupel distribution is reduced. The weakening of a non-inductive collisional charging mechanism between graupel and ice makes the lower positive charge center dissipate. The number of cloud-lighting is very large, while the number of ground-lighting is small. In low latitudes, the troposphere has a higher height. The height of the cloud extends to about 17 km. Higher charge area makes the number of cloud-lightening much larger than that of the ground-lightening.
引文
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[19]孙安平,言穆弘,张义军,等.三维强风暴动力-电耦合数值模拟研究Ⅱ:电结构形成机制[J].气象学报, 2002, 60(6):732-739.
[20]郭凤霞,张义军,言穆弘.雷暴云首次放电前两种非感应起电参数化方案的比较[J].大气科学, 2010, 34(2):361-373.
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[22] SAUNDERS C P R, KEITH W D, MITZEVA R P. The effect of liquid water on thunderstorm charging[J]. J Geophy Res, 1991, 96(D6):11 007-11 017.
[23] MANSELL E R, MACGORMAN D R, ZIEGLER C L, et al. Simulated three-dimensional branched lighting in a numerical thunderstormmodel[J]. J Geophy Res, 2002, 107(D9):4 075.
[24]郭凤霞,王昊亮,孙京,等.积云模式下三维闪电分形结构的数值模拟[J].高原气象, 2015, 34(2):534-545.
[25] MARSHALL T C, MCCARTHY M P, RUST W D. Electric field magnitudes and lightning initiation in thunderstorms[J]. J Geophy Res,1995, 100(D4):7 097-7 103.
[26]盛裴轩,毛节泰,李建国,等.大气物理学[M].第二版.北京:北京大学出版社, 2013.
[27]丁丽佳,王春林,凌良新.广东地区平均气温的时空变化特征[J].中国农业气象, 2011, 32(4):500-506.
[28] CHEN L, ZHANG Y, LU W, et al. Performance evaluation for a lightning location system based on observations of artificially triggeredlightning and natural lightning flashes[J]. J Atmos Oceanic Tech, 2012, 29(12):1 835-1 844.
[29] MANSELL E R, MACGORMAN D R, ZIEGLER C L, et al. Charge structure and lightning sensitivity in a simulated multicellthunderstorm[J]. J Geophys Res, 2005, 110(D12):ACL2-1-2-14.
[30]郭凤霞,陆干沂,吴鑫,等.强雷暴中正地闪发生的条件[J].中国科学:地球科学, 2016, 46(5):730-742.
[31]黄秀媚.广东省0℃层高度变化分析[J].广东气象, 2011, 33(3):56-61.
[32]周盼盼,张明军,王圣杰,等.高亚洲地区夏季0℃层高度变化及其影响特征研究[J].高原气象, 2017, 36(2):371-383.
[2]郑栋,张义军,马明,等.大气环境层结对闪电活动影响的模拟研究[J].气象学报, 2007, 65(4):622-632.
[3]郭凤霞,张义军,郄秀书,等.雷暴云不同空间电荷结构数值模拟研究[J].高原气象, 2003, 22(3):268-274.
[4]言穆弘,郭昌明,葛正谟.积云动力和电过程二维模式研究Ⅰ:计算结果[J].地球物理学报, 1996, 39(增刊):65-77.
[5]张义军,言穆弘,张翠华,等.不同地区雷暴电荷结构的模式计算[J].气象学报, 2000, 58(5):617-627.
[6] ZHENG L L, SUN J H, WEI J. Thunder events in China:1980-2008[J]. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 2010, 3(2):181-188.
[7]易燕明,杨兆礼,万齐林.雷电灾害对珠江三角洲区域经济发展的影响[J].资源科学, 2005, 27(1):64-68.
[8]涂燕铭,潘耀清,周彦斌,等.广东雷暴多发的原因分析及其预防对策[J].广东气象, 2000(增刊2):33-35.
[9]张义军,刘欣生,肖庆复.中国南北方雷暴及人工触发闪电特性的对比分析[J].高原气象, 1997, 16(2):113-121.
[10]郄秀书,张义军,张其林.闪电放电特征和雷暴电荷结构研究[J].气象学报, 2005, 63(5):646-658.
[11]张敏锋,刘欣生,张义军.广东地区雷电活动的气候分布特征[J].热带气象学报, 2000, 16(1):46-53.
[12]董万胜,刘欣生,张义军,等.云闪放电通道发展及其辐射特征[J].高原气象, 2003, 22(3):221-225.
[13]汪林生.清远地区110~500 k V架空输电线路防雷措施的研究[D].吉林大学, 2017.
[14]郑栋,张义军,孟青,等.北京地区雷暴过程闪电与地面降水的相关关系[J].应用气象学报, 2010, 21(3):287-297.
[15]郭凤霞,张义军,言穆弘,等.环境温湿层结对雷暴云空间电荷结构的影响[J].高原气象, 2004, 23(5):678-683.
[16]孔凡铀,黄美元,徐华英.对流云中冰相过程的三维数值模拟Ⅰ:模式建立及冷云参数化[J].大气科学, 1990, 14(4):441-453.
[17]孔凡铀,黄美元,徐华英.对流云中冰相过程的三维数值模拟Ⅱ:繁生过程作用[J].大气科学, 1991, 15(1):78-88.
[18]孙安平,言穆弘,张义军,等.三维强风暴动力-电耦合数值模拟研究Ⅰ:模式及其电过程参数化方案[J].气象学报, 2002, 60(6):722-731.
[19]孙安平,言穆弘,张义军,等.三维强风暴动力-电耦合数值模拟研究Ⅱ:电结构形成机制[J].气象学报, 2002, 60(6):732-739.
[20]郭凤霞,张义军,言穆弘.雷暴云首次放电前两种非感应起电参数化方案的比较[J].大气科学, 2010, 34(2):361-373.
[21] ZIEGLER C L, MACGORMAN D R, DYE J E, et al. A model evaluation of non-inductive graupel-ice charging in the early electrificationof a mountain thunderstorm[J]. J Geophy Res, 1991, 96(D7):12 833-12 855.
[22] SAUNDERS C P R, KEITH W D, MITZEVA R P. The effect of liquid water on thunderstorm charging[J]. J Geophy Res, 1991, 96(D6):11 007-11 017.
[23] MANSELL E R, MACGORMAN D R, ZIEGLER C L, et al. Simulated three-dimensional branched lighting in a numerical thunderstormmodel[J]. J Geophy Res, 2002, 107(D9):4 075.
[24]郭凤霞,王昊亮,孙京,等.积云模式下三维闪电分形结构的数值模拟[J].高原气象, 2015, 34(2):534-545.
[25] MARSHALL T C, MCCARTHY M P, RUST W D. Electric field magnitudes and lightning initiation in thunderstorms[J]. J Geophy Res,1995, 100(D4):7 097-7 103.
[26]盛裴轩,毛节泰,李建国,等.大气物理学[M].第二版.北京:北京大学出版社, 2013.
[27]丁丽佳,王春林,凌良新.广东地区平均气温的时空变化特征[J].中国农业气象, 2011, 32(4):500-506.
[28] CHEN L, ZHANG Y, LU W, et al. Performance evaluation for a lightning location system based on observations of artificially triggeredlightning and natural lightning flashes[J]. J Atmos Oceanic Tech, 2012, 29(12):1 835-1 844.
[29] MANSELL E R, MACGORMAN D R, ZIEGLER C L, et al. Charge structure and lightning sensitivity in a simulated multicellthunderstorm[J]. J Geophys Res, 2005, 110(D12):ACL2-1-2-14.
[30]郭凤霞,陆干沂,吴鑫,等.强雷暴中正地闪发生的条件[J].中国科学:地球科学, 2016, 46(5):730-742.
[31]黄秀媚.广东省0℃层高度变化分析[J].广东气象, 2011, 33(3):56-61.
[32]周盼盼,张明军,王圣杰,等.高亚洲地区夏季0℃层高度变化及其影响特征研究[J].高原气象, 2017, 36(2):371-383.
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