对流强度对雷暴云微物理发展和电荷结构影响的数值模拟
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摘要
为了探讨对流强度大小对雷暴云内微物理发展和起电过程的影响,基于已有的二维积云起、放电模式,改变其扰动温度进行敏感性试验。试验结果表明:对流强度对雷暴云内微物理过程、起电率及后续电荷结构的产生均有一定程度的影响:1)对流强度较小时,冰晶粒子极大值在高温区(高于-13.8°C)出现,对流强度较大时,上升风明显增强,将更多的水汽带入高空,气溶胶活化过程明显增强,使得云滴粒子明显增多,冰晶粒子较早产生,冰晶粒子极大值在低温区(低于-13.8°C)出现,发展过程更为剧烈;同时,较高的对流强度也使得降雨量增多,霰粒子数目也在对流发展旺盛时期显著增多。2)非感应起电率主要和冰晶—霰的碰并分离过程有关,对流强度较大时,非感应起电率较大,电荷结构持续时间较长,过程明显,感应起电率也较强。3)对流强度较大时,电荷结构更为复杂,雷暴云发展初期基本呈现为三极性,发展旺盛时期底部正电荷区域嵌入一个较小的负电荷区,呈现四极性电荷结构,雷暴云发展末期基本呈现偶极性电荷结构;对流强度较小时,发展初期、旺盛时期均呈现三极性电荷结构,发展末期呈现偶极性电荷结构。
In order to investigate the effect of different convective intensity on the microphysical development and electrification process of thunderstorm cloud, sensitivity experiments based on the existing two-dimensional convective cloud and discharge mode have been carried out with various disturbance temperatures. The results show that convective intensity has influences on the microphysical development characteristics, electrification rate and charge structure of the thunderstorm cloud.(1) When the convective intensity is small, the maximum value of ice crystals is located in high temperature region(above-13.8 °C); when the convective intensity is large, ascending motion obviously enhances, and more water vapor is brought to upper levels. Meanwhile, the aerosol activation process significantly intensifies, the number of cloud droplets obviously increases and ice crystal particles are produced earlier and the maximum value of ice crystals is located at low temperature region(below the-13.8 °C), and the development process is more intense. At the same time, the stronger the convective intensity is, the more the rainfall would be. Besides, the number of graupel particles also increases during the convection development period.(2) The non-inductive charging rate is mainly related to the collision and separation process of ice crystals and graupels. When the convective intensity is large, the non-inductive charging rate is also large, and the polarity reversal duration is obvious. This is also the case for inductive charging rate.(3) When the convective intensity is large, more complicated charge structure appears. The charge structure is tripolar during the earlier stage of the lifespan of the thunderstorm, but a smaller negative charge region is embedded during the later stage of the lifespan of the thunderstorm. When the convective intensity is small, the tripolar charge structure presents during the early stage of the thunderstorm, and the dipolar charge structure appears in the dissipating period of the thunderstorm.
In order to investigate the effect of different convective intensity on the microphysical development and electrification process of thunderstorm cloud, sensitivity experiments based on the existing two-dimensional convective cloud and discharge mode have been carried out with various disturbance temperatures. The results show that convective intensity has influences on the microphysical development characteristics, electrification rate and charge structure of the thunderstorm cloud.(1) When the convective intensity is small, the maximum value of ice crystals is located in high temperature region(above-13.8 °C); when the convective intensity is large, ascending motion obviously enhances, and more water vapor is brought to upper levels. Meanwhile, the aerosol activation process significantly intensifies, the number of cloud droplets obviously increases and ice crystal particles are produced earlier and the maximum value of ice crystals is located at low temperature region(below the-13.8 °C), and the development process is more intense. At the same time, the stronger the convective intensity is, the more the rainfall would be. Besides, the number of graupel particles also increases during the convection development period.(2) The non-inductive charging rate is mainly related to the collision and separation process of ice crystals and graupels. When the convective intensity is large, the non-inductive charging rate is also large, and the polarity reversal duration is obvious. This is also the case for inductive charging rate.(3) When the convective intensity is large, more complicated charge structure appears. The charge structure is tripolar during the earlier stage of the lifespan of the thunderstorm, but a smaller negative charge region is embedded during the later stage of the lifespan of the thunderstorm. When the convective intensity is small, the tripolar charge structure presents during the early stage of the thunderstorm, and the dipolar charge structure appears in the dissipating period of the thunderstorm.
引文
Chen C H,Orville H D.1980.Effects of mesoscale convergence on cloud convection[J].J.Appl.Meteor.,19(3):256-274,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1980)019<0256:EOMCOC>2.0.CO;2.
Colson D.1960.High level thunderstorms of July 31-August 1,1959[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,88(8):279-285,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1960)088<0279:HLTOJA>2.0.CO;2.
樊明月.2007.初始扰动对对流云发生发展影响的数值模拟研究[D].南京信息工程大学硕士学位论文,238-252.Fan Mingyue.2007.Numerical study on effects of initial perturbation on convective cloud development[D].M.S.thesis(in Chinese).Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,238-252.
郭凤霞,张义军,言穆弘,等.2004.环境温湿层结对雷暴云空间电荷结构的影响[J].高原气象,23(5):678-683.Guo Fengxia,Zhang Yijun,Yan Muhong,et al.2004.The effect of environment temperature and humidity stratification on charge structure in thunderstorms[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),23(5):678-683,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2004.05.016.
胡志晋,何观芳.1987.积雨云微物理过程的数值模拟--(一)微物理模式[J].气象学报,45(4):467-484.Hu Zhijin,He Guanfang.1987.Numerical simulation of microprocesses in cumulonimbus clouds(I)Microphysical model[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),45(4):467-484,doi:10.11676/qxxb1987.060.
Khain A,Pokrovsky A,Pinsky M.2004.Simulation of effects of atmospheric aerosols on deep turbulent convective clouds using a spectral microphysics mixed-phase cumulus cloud model.Part I:Model description and possible applications[J].J.Atmos,Sci.,61(24):2963-2982,doi:10.1175/JAS-3350.1.
马明.2004.雷电与气候变化相互关系的一些研究[D].中国科学技术大学博士学位论文.Ma Ming.2004.Study on the relationship between lightning and climate change[D].Ph.D.dissertation(in Chinese),University of Science and Technology of China doctoral dissertation.
Mansell E R,MacGorman D R,Ziegler C L,et al.2005.Charge structure and lightning sensitivity in a simulated multicell thunderstorm[J].J.Geophys.Res.,110(D12):D12101,doi:10.1029/2004JD005287.
Petersen W A,Rutledge S A,Orville R E.1996.Cloud-to-ground lightning observations from TOGA COARE:Selected results and lightning location algorithms[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,124(4):602-620,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<0602:CTGLOF>2.0.CO;2.
郄秀书,张义军,张其林.2005.闪电放电特征和雷暴电荷结构研究[J].气象学报,63(5):646-658.Qie Xiushu,Zhang Yijun,Zhang Yijun.2005.Study on the characteristics of lightning discharges and the electric structure of thunderstorm[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),63(5):646-658,doi:10.11676/qxxb2005.063.
郄秀书,刘冬霞,孙竹玲.2014.闪电气象学研究进展[J].气象学报,72(5):1054-1068.Qie Xiushu,Liu Dongxia,Sun Zhuling.2014.Recent advances in research of lightning meteorology[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),72(5):1054-1068,doi:10.11676/qxxb2014.048.
Randell S C,Rutledge S A,Farley R D,et al.1994.A modeling study on the early electrical development of tropical convection:Continental and oceanic(monsoon)storms[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,122(8):1852-1877,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<1852:AMSOTE>2.0.CO;2.
Rutledge S A,Williams E R,Keenan T D.1992.The down under Doppler and electricity experiment(DUNDEE):Overview and preliminary results[J].Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,73(1):3-16,doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1992)073<0003:TDUDAE>2.0.CO;2.
Tan Y B,Tao S C,Zhu B Y.2006.Fine-resolution simulation of the channel structures and propagation features of intracloud lightning[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,33(9):L09809,doi:10.1029/2005GL025523.
谭涌波,陶善昌,祝宝友,等.2006.雷暴云内闪电双层、分枝结构的数值模拟[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),36(5):486-496.Tan Yongbo,Tao Shanchang,Zhu Baoyou,et al.2006.Numerical simulations of the bi-level and branched structure of intracloud lightning flashes[J].Science in China(Ser.D),49(6):661-672,doi:10.1007/s11430-006-0661-5.
谭涌波,陶善昌,祝宝友,等.2007.云闪放电对云内电荷和电位分布影响的数值模拟[J].地球物理学报,50(4):1053-1065.Tan Yongbo,Tao Shanchang,Zhu Baoyou,et al.2007.A simulation of the effects of intra cloud lightning discharges on the charges and electrostatic potential distributions in a thundercloud[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),50(4):1053-1065.
谭涌波,师正,王宁宁,等.2012.随机性与电环境特征对地闪击地点影响的数值模拟[J].地球物理学报,55(11):3534-3541.Tan Yongbo,Shi Zheng,Wang Ningning,et al.2012.Numerical simulation of the effects of randomness and characteristics of electrical environment on ground strike sites of cloud-to-ground lightning[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),55(11):3534-3541,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.11.003.
Ulanski S L,Garstang M.1978.The role of surface divergence and vorticity in the life cycle of convective rainfall.Part I:Observation and analysis[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,35(6):1047-1062,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<1047:TROSDA>2.0.CO;2.
王谦,胡志晋.1990.三维弹性大气模式和实测强风暴的模拟[J].气象学报,48(1):91-101.Wang Qian,Hu Zhijin.1990.Three-dimensional elastic atmospheric numerical model and the simulations of a severe storm case[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),48(1):91-101,doi:10.11676/qxxb1990.011.
王婷婷,王迎春,陈明轩,等.2011.北京地区干湿雷暴形成机制的对比分析[J].气象,37(2):142-155.Wang Tingting,Wang Yingchun,Chen Mingxuan,et al.2011.The contrastive analysis of formation of dry and moist thunderstorms in Beijing[J].Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),37(2):142-155,doi:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2011.2.003.
Williams E R,Geotis S G,Renno N,et al.1992.A radar and electrical study of tropical“Hot Towers”[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,49(15):1386-1395,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<1386:ARAESO>2.0.CO;2.
言穆弘,刘欣生,安学敏,等.1996.雷暴非感应起电机制的模拟研究I:云内因子影响[J].高原气象,15(4):425-437.Yan Muhong,Liu Xinsheng,An Xuemin,et al.1996.A simulation study of non-inductive charging mechanism in thunderstorm I:Effect of cloud factor[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),15(4):425-437.
于达维,何观芳,周勇,等.2001.三维对流云催化模式及其外场试用[J].应用气象学报,12(S1):122-132.Yu Dawei,He Guanfang,Zhou Yong,et al.2001.Three-dimensional convective cloud seeding model and its field application[J].Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology(in Chinese),12(S1):122-132,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2001.z1.016.
曾庆存.1996.自然控制论[J].科技导报,(11):3-8.Zeng Qingcun.1996.Natural control theory[J].Science and Technology Herald(in Chinese),(11):3-8.
张义军,言穆弘,张翠华,等.2000.不同地区雷暴电荷结构的模式计算[J].气象学报,58(5):617-627.Zhang Yijun,Yan Muhong,Zhang Cuihua,et al.2000.Model calculation of thunderstorm charge structure in different areas[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),58(5):617-627,doi:10.11676/qxxb2000.063.
郑栋,王晨曦,张义军.2014.闪电活动与雷暴内垂直气流关系研究[C]//第31届中国气象学会年会S9第十二届防雷减灾论坛--雷电物理防雷新技术.北京:中国气象学会.
Ziegler C L,MacGorman D R,Dye J E,et al.1991.A model evaluation of noninductive graupel-ice charging in the early electrification of a mountain thunderstorm[J].J.Geophys.Res.,96(D7):12833-12855,doi:10.1029/91JD01246.
Zipser E J.1994.Deep cumulonimbus cloud systems in the tropics with and without lightning[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,122(8):1837-1851,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<1837:DCCSIT>2.0.CO;2.
Colson D.1960.High level thunderstorms of July 31-August 1,1959[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,88(8):279-285,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1960)088<0279:HLTOJA>2.0.CO;2.
樊明月.2007.初始扰动对对流云发生发展影响的数值模拟研究[D].南京信息工程大学硕士学位论文,238-252.Fan Mingyue.2007.Numerical study on effects of initial perturbation on convective cloud development[D].M.S.thesis(in Chinese).Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,238-252.
郭凤霞,张义军,言穆弘,等.2004.环境温湿层结对雷暴云空间电荷结构的影响[J].高原气象,23(5):678-683.Guo Fengxia,Zhang Yijun,Yan Muhong,et al.2004.The effect of environment temperature and humidity stratification on charge structure in thunderstorms[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),23(5):678-683,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2004.05.016.
胡志晋,何观芳.1987.积雨云微物理过程的数值模拟--(一)微物理模式[J].气象学报,45(4):467-484.Hu Zhijin,He Guanfang.1987.Numerical simulation of microprocesses in cumulonimbus clouds(I)Microphysical model[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),45(4):467-484,doi:10.11676/qxxb1987.060.
Khain A,Pokrovsky A,Pinsky M.2004.Simulation of effects of atmospheric aerosols on deep turbulent convective clouds using a spectral microphysics mixed-phase cumulus cloud model.Part I:Model description and possible applications[J].J.Atmos,Sci.,61(24):2963-2982,doi:10.1175/JAS-3350.1.
马明.2004.雷电与气候变化相互关系的一些研究[D].中国科学技术大学博士学位论文.Ma Ming.2004.Study on the relationship between lightning and climate change[D].Ph.D.dissertation(in Chinese),University of Science and Technology of China doctoral dissertation.
Mansell E R,MacGorman D R,Ziegler C L,et al.2005.Charge structure and lightning sensitivity in a simulated multicell thunderstorm[J].J.Geophys.Res.,110(D12):D12101,doi:10.1029/2004JD005287.
Petersen W A,Rutledge S A,Orville R E.1996.Cloud-to-ground lightning observations from TOGA COARE:Selected results and lightning location algorithms[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,124(4):602-620,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<0602:CTGLOF>2.0.CO;2.
郄秀书,张义军,张其林.2005.闪电放电特征和雷暴电荷结构研究[J].气象学报,63(5):646-658.Qie Xiushu,Zhang Yijun,Zhang Yijun.2005.Study on the characteristics of lightning discharges and the electric structure of thunderstorm[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),63(5):646-658,doi:10.11676/qxxb2005.063.
郄秀书,刘冬霞,孙竹玲.2014.闪电气象学研究进展[J].气象学报,72(5):1054-1068.Qie Xiushu,Liu Dongxia,Sun Zhuling.2014.Recent advances in research of lightning meteorology[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),72(5):1054-1068,doi:10.11676/qxxb2014.048.
Randell S C,Rutledge S A,Farley R D,et al.1994.A modeling study on the early electrical development of tropical convection:Continental and oceanic(monsoon)storms[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,122(8):1852-1877,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<1852:AMSOTE>2.0.CO;2.
Rutledge S A,Williams E R,Keenan T D.1992.The down under Doppler and electricity experiment(DUNDEE):Overview and preliminary results[J].Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,73(1):3-16,doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1992)073<0003:TDUDAE>2.0.CO;2.
Tan Y B,Tao S C,Zhu B Y.2006.Fine-resolution simulation of the channel structures and propagation features of intracloud lightning[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,33(9):L09809,doi:10.1029/2005GL025523.
谭涌波,陶善昌,祝宝友,等.2006.雷暴云内闪电双层、分枝结构的数值模拟[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),36(5):486-496.Tan Yongbo,Tao Shanchang,Zhu Baoyou,et al.2006.Numerical simulations of the bi-level and branched structure of intracloud lightning flashes[J].Science in China(Ser.D),49(6):661-672,doi:10.1007/s11430-006-0661-5.
谭涌波,陶善昌,祝宝友,等.2007.云闪放电对云内电荷和电位分布影响的数值模拟[J].地球物理学报,50(4):1053-1065.Tan Yongbo,Tao Shanchang,Zhu Baoyou,et al.2007.A simulation of the effects of intra cloud lightning discharges on the charges and electrostatic potential distributions in a thundercloud[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),50(4):1053-1065.
谭涌波,师正,王宁宁,等.2012.随机性与电环境特征对地闪击地点影响的数值模拟[J].地球物理学报,55(11):3534-3541.Tan Yongbo,Shi Zheng,Wang Ningning,et al.2012.Numerical simulation of the effects of randomness and characteristics of electrical environment on ground strike sites of cloud-to-ground lightning[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),55(11):3534-3541,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.11.003.
Ulanski S L,Garstang M.1978.The role of surface divergence and vorticity in the life cycle of convective rainfall.Part I:Observation and analysis[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,35(6):1047-1062,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<1047:TROSDA>2.0.CO;2.
王谦,胡志晋.1990.三维弹性大气模式和实测强风暴的模拟[J].气象学报,48(1):91-101.Wang Qian,Hu Zhijin.1990.Three-dimensional elastic atmospheric numerical model and the simulations of a severe storm case[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),48(1):91-101,doi:10.11676/qxxb1990.011.
王婷婷,王迎春,陈明轩,等.2011.北京地区干湿雷暴形成机制的对比分析[J].气象,37(2):142-155.Wang Tingting,Wang Yingchun,Chen Mingxuan,et al.2011.The contrastive analysis of formation of dry and moist thunderstorms in Beijing[J].Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),37(2):142-155,doi:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2011.2.003.
Williams E R,Geotis S G,Renno N,et al.1992.A radar and electrical study of tropical“Hot Towers”[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,49(15):1386-1395,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<1386:ARAESO>2.0.CO;2.
言穆弘,刘欣生,安学敏,等.1996.雷暴非感应起电机制的模拟研究I:云内因子影响[J].高原气象,15(4):425-437.Yan Muhong,Liu Xinsheng,An Xuemin,et al.1996.A simulation study of non-inductive charging mechanism in thunderstorm I:Effect of cloud factor[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),15(4):425-437.
于达维,何观芳,周勇,等.2001.三维对流云催化模式及其外场试用[J].应用气象学报,12(S1):122-132.Yu Dawei,He Guanfang,Zhou Yong,et al.2001.Three-dimensional convective cloud seeding model and its field application[J].Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology(in Chinese),12(S1):122-132,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2001.z1.016.
曾庆存.1996.自然控制论[J].科技导报,(11):3-8.Zeng Qingcun.1996.Natural control theory[J].Science and Technology Herald(in Chinese),(11):3-8.
张义军,言穆弘,张翠华,等.2000.不同地区雷暴电荷结构的模式计算[J].气象学报,58(5):617-627.Zhang Yijun,Yan Muhong,Zhang Cuihua,et al.2000.Model calculation of thunderstorm charge structure in different areas[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),58(5):617-627,doi:10.11676/qxxb2000.063.
郑栋,王晨曦,张义军.2014.闪电活动与雷暴内垂直气流关系研究[C]//第31届中国气象学会年会S9第十二届防雷减灾论坛--雷电物理防雷新技术.北京:中国气象学会.
Ziegler C L,MacGorman D R,Dye J E,et al.1991.A model evaluation of noninductive graupel-ice charging in the early electrification of a mountain thunderstorm[J].J.Geophys.Res.,96(D7):12833-12855,doi:10.1029/91JD01246.
Zipser E J.1994.Deep cumulonimbus cloud systems in the tropics with and without lightning[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,122(8):1837-1851,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<1837:DCCSIT>2.0.CO;2.
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