身份重塑:数字时代的新闻从业者职业认同
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摘要
文章采用社会身份理论(SIT)和深度访谈的研究方法,对美国、英国和瑞士三个国家共106位一线新闻从业者的职业认同情况进行考察和阐释,尝试在数字技术语境下理解新闻从业者的身份重塑机制。研究发现,传统新闻职业认同以"客观/专业主义"和"自由/自主性"为核心概念的话语体系,正逐渐被一种新的以"责任/公共服务使命"和"克制/道德标准"为核心概念的话语体系所取代。而新闻从业者通过怀旧的方式应对行业变化的传统策略,则在数字技术的冲击下不断弱化。文章进而提出,准确理解当下新闻从业者职业身份认同的"责任转向"或"伦理转向"是进行数字新闻生产理论建构的一项重要工作。
This paper uses Social Identity Theory(SIT)and in-depth interviews to examine and interpret the professional identification of 106 journalists and news editors in the US, the UK and Switzerland, and try to accurately understand the new identification mechanism of journalistic professional in the context of digital technology. The study finds that the traditional journalistic professional identity with the discourse of "objective/professionalism" and "free/autonomy" as its core concepts is gradually being replaced by a new "responsibility/public service mission" and "restraint/ethical standards" framework. The traditional strategy of journalists responding to industry changes through nostalgia is weakening under the impact of digital technology. The paper further proposes that accurately understanding of the "responsibility turn" or "ethical turn" of the current professional identity of journalists is an important task in the construction of digital news production theory.
This paper uses Social Identity Theory(SIT)and in-depth interviews to examine and interpret the professional identification of 106 journalists and news editors in the US, the UK and Switzerland, and try to accurately understand the new identification mechanism of journalistic professional in the context of digital technology. The study finds that the traditional journalistic professional identity with the discourse of "objective/professionalism" and "free/autonomy" as its core concepts is gradually being replaced by a new "responsibility/public service mission" and "restraint/ethical standards" framework. The traditional strategy of journalists responding to industry changes through nostalgia is weakening under the impact of digital technology. The paper further proposes that accurately understanding of the "responsibility turn" or "ethical turn" of the current professional identity of journalists is an important task in the construction of digital news production theory.
引文
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[19]常江.聚合新闻:新闻聚合服务对新闻编辑行业的影响[J].编辑之友,2018(2):81.
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[21]Meyen M,Riesmeyer C.Service providers,sentinels,and traders[J].Journalism Studies,2012,13(3):386-401.
[22]Siegelbaum S,Thomas·R.J.Putting the work(back)into newswork[J].Journalism Practice,2015,10(3):387-404.
[23]Matthews J,Cottle S.Television news ecology in the United Kingdom:a study of communicative architecture,its production and meanings[J].Television&New Media,2012:103-123.
[24]常江.仪式化认同:媒介融合时代的广播新闻理念革新[J].编辑之友,2018(11):83-89.
[25]Deuze M.What is journalism?Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered[J].Journalism,2005,6(4):442-464.
[26]Van L.A professional,unreliable,heroic Marionette(M/F):structure,agency and subjectivity in contemporary journalisms[J].European Journal of Cultural Studies,1998,1(1):123-143.
[27]Zelizer B.When facts,truth and reality are God-terms:on journalism's uneasy place in cultural studies[J].Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies,2004,1(1):101.
[28]Weaver·D.H.The Global Journalist:News People around the World[C].New Jersey:Hampton Press,1998.
[29]Kovach B,Rosenstiel T.The Elements of Journalism[M].New York:Crown Publishers,2001.
[30]Frith S,Peter M.Becoming a journalist:journalism education and journalism culture[J].Journalism,2007,8(2):137-164.
[2]Starkman D.Confidence game:the limited vision of the news gurus[EB/OL][2011-11].Columbia Journalism Review,https://archives.cjr.org/essay/confidence_game.php?page=all.
[3]Huesca R.Reinventing journalism curricula for the electronic environment[J].Journalism and Mass Communication Educator,2000,55(2):4-15.
[4]Creech B,Mendelson·A.L.Imagining the journalist of the future:technological visions of journalism education and newswork[J].The Communication Research,2015,18(2):142-165.
[5]Grubenmann S,Meckel M.Journalists'professional identity:a resource to cope with change in the industry?[J].Journalism Studies,2017,18(6):732-748.
[6]Sherwood M,O'donnell P.Once a journalist,always a journalist?Industry restructure,job loss and professional identity[J].Journalism Studies,2018,19(7):1021-1038.
[7]Ferrucci P.Are you experienced?How years in field affects digital journalists’perceptions of a changing industry[J].Journalism Studies,2018,19(16):2417-2432.
[8]Hujanen J.Informing,entertaining,empowering:Finnish press journalists'(re)negotiation of their tasks[J].Journalism Practice,2009,3(1):30-45.
[9]Deuze M.The professional identity of journalists in the context of convergence culture[J].Observatorio,2008,2(4):103-117.
[10]Tajffl H.La Categorisation Sociale[C].In S.Moscovici.Introductionàla Psychologie Sociale 1,Paris:Larouse,1972:292.
[11]Haslam A.Psychology in Organizations:The Social Identity Approach[M].London:Sage Publications,2004:21.
[12]Revers M.Journalistic professionalism as performance and boundary work:source relations at the State House[J].Journalism,2014,15(1):39.
[13]Witschge T,Nygren G.Journalistic work:a profession under pressure?[J].Journal of Media Business Studies,2009,6(1):37-59.
[14]Singer·J.B.The political j-blogger:normalizing a new media form to fit old norms and practices[J].Journalism,2005,6(2):173-198.
[15]Brennen B.What the hacks say:the ideological prism of USjournalism texts[J].Journalism,2000,1(1):106.
[16]Anderson·C.W.News ecosystem[C].In T.Witschge,et al.The SAGE Handbook of Digital Journalism.Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage Publications,2016:410.
[17]Comor E,Compton J.Journalistic labour and technological fetishism[J].Political Economy of Communication,2015,3(2):74-87.
[18]Cohen·N.S.At work in the digital newsroom[J].Digital Journalism,epub before print,2018.
[19]常江.聚合新闻:新闻聚合服务对新闻编辑行业的影响[J].编辑之友,2018(2):81.
[20]常江.生成新闻:自动化新闻时代编辑群体心态考察[J].编辑之友,2018(4):79.
[21]Meyen M,Riesmeyer C.Service providers,sentinels,and traders[J].Journalism Studies,2012,13(3):386-401.
[22]Siegelbaum S,Thomas·R.J.Putting the work(back)into newswork[J].Journalism Practice,2015,10(3):387-404.
[23]Matthews J,Cottle S.Television news ecology in the United Kingdom:a study of communicative architecture,its production and meanings[J].Television&New Media,2012:103-123.
[24]常江.仪式化认同:媒介融合时代的广播新闻理念革新[J].编辑之友,2018(11):83-89.
[25]Deuze M.What is journalism?Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered[J].Journalism,2005,6(4):442-464.
[26]Van L.A professional,unreliable,heroic Marionette(M/F):structure,agency and subjectivity in contemporary journalisms[J].European Journal of Cultural Studies,1998,1(1):123-143.
[27]Zelizer B.When facts,truth and reality are God-terms:on journalism's uneasy place in cultural studies[J].Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies,2004,1(1):101.
[28]Weaver·D.H.The Global Journalist:News People around the World[C].New Jersey:Hampton Press,1998.
[29]Kovach B,Rosenstiel T.The Elements of Journalism[M].New York:Crown Publishers,2001.
[30]Frith S,Peter M.Becoming a journalist:journalism education and journalism culture[J].Journalism,2007,8(2):137-164.