现实工况下挖掘机尾气排放特征分析
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摘要
为量化挖掘机在实际施工作业中尾气排放特征,研究选取成都市不同建设工地在用的8台挖掘机,利用便携式尾气测量系统对其进行现实工况下的尾气排放测量,测试按挖掘机的不同作业特点分怠速、行走和作业进行.测量的尾气排放污染物包括CO、HC、NO和PM_(2.5).结果表明,挖掘机的尾气排放随工况的不同而不同,怠速时NO排放平稳,行走和作业时排放速率波动较大.满足不同尾气排放标准的挖掘机,其尾气排放也有所不同,例如,国Ⅱ阶段的挖掘机与国Ⅰ阶段的挖掘机相比,其在怠速、行走、作业工况下尾气排放的NO分别减小8%、35%和5%,PM_(2.5)分别降低88%、87%和80%.另外,本研究中挖掘机尾气排放的实测结果与我国非道路机械尾气排放因子技术指南中推荐的用于排放清单估算的排放因子相比,也均有显著不同.这说明,开展非道路机械尾气排放现实工况下的测量,对于提高尾气排放清单精准度具有重要作用.
In this paper,the objective is to characterize real-world tailpipe emissions for excavators. Eight excavators in several construction sites in Chengdu were selected in this study. A portable emission measurement system( PEMS) was used for real-world emissions measurements( i. e.,CO,HC,NO,and PM_(2.5)) for three predefined operation modes: idling,moving,and working. The results showed that the tailpipe emissions of excavators vary depending on the operation mode as well as the equipment. NO emissions were relatively stable when the engine was idling compared to when the excavator was moving or doing actual work. In addition,excavators that complied to different emissions standards also exhibited different emissions,with those that met higher emission standards producing fewer emissions. For example,when comparing excavators complying with Stage Ⅱ emission standards to those complying with Stage Ⅰ emission standards,the NO and PM_(2.5) emissions appeared to decrease. On average,the NO emissions decreased by 8%,35%,and 5%,and the PM_(2.5) emissions decreased by 88%,87%,and 80% for the idling,moving,and working modes,respectively. Furthermore,the studies showed significant differences existed between the emissions factors in the real-world measurements and those recommended by national guidance. This indicated that real-world emission measurements of non-road equipment will play a key role in emissions inventory development. This study demonstrated that PEMS can be used to characterize real-world emissions from non-road equipment.
In this paper,the objective is to characterize real-world tailpipe emissions for excavators. Eight excavators in several construction sites in Chengdu were selected in this study. A portable emission measurement system( PEMS) was used for real-world emissions measurements( i. e.,CO,HC,NO,and PM_(2.5)) for three predefined operation modes: idling,moving,and working. The results showed that the tailpipe emissions of excavators vary depending on the operation mode as well as the equipment. NO emissions were relatively stable when the engine was idling compared to when the excavator was moving or doing actual work. In addition,excavators that complied to different emissions standards also exhibited different emissions,with those that met higher emission standards producing fewer emissions. For example,when comparing excavators complying with Stage Ⅱ emission standards to those complying with Stage Ⅰ emission standards,the NO and PM_(2.5) emissions appeared to decrease. On average,the NO emissions decreased by 8%,35%,and 5%,and the PM_(2.5) emissions decreased by 88%,87%,and 80% for the idling,moving,and working modes,respectively. Furthermore,the studies showed significant differences existed between the emissions factors in the real-world measurements and those recommended by national guidance. This indicated that real-world emission measurements of non-road equipment will play a key role in emissions inventory development. This study demonstrated that PEMS can be used to characterize real-world emissions from non-road equipment.
引文
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[2]宁亚东,李宏亮.我国移动源主要大气污染物排放量的估算[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(8):4435-4444.Ning Y D,Li H L. Estimation for main atmospheric pollutants emissions from mobile sources in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(8):4435-4444.
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[6] Myung C L,Lee H,Choi K,et al. Effects of gasoline,diesel,LPG,and low-carbon fuels and various certification modes on nanoparticle emission characteristics in light-duty vehicles[J].International Journal of Automotive Technology,2009,10(5):537-544.
[7]张意,Michel A,李东,等.天津市非道路移动源污染物排放清单开发[J].环境科学,2017,38(11):4447-4453.Zhang Y,Michel A,Li D,et al. Development of a non-road mobile source emissions inventory for Tianjin[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(11):4447-4453.
[8]黄成,安静宇,鲁君.长三角区域非道路移动机械排放清单及预测[J].环境科学,2018,39(9):3965-3975.Huang C,An J Y,Lu J. Emission inventory and prediction of non-road machineries in the Yangtze River Delta Region,China[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(9):3965-3975.
[9]鲁君,黄成,胡磬遥,等.长三角地区典型城市非道路移动机械大气污染物排放清单[J].环境科学,2017,38(7):2738-2746.Lu J,Huang C,Hu Q Y,et al. Air pollutant emission inventory of non-road machineries in typical cities in eastern China[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(7):2738-2746.
[10]李伟铿,张宝春,叶子铭,等.南宁市非道路移动源排放清单研究[J].广东化工,2016,43(8):120,122.Li W K,Zhang B C,Ye Z M,et al. Study on non-road mobile source emission inventory for Nanning[J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry,2016,43(8):120,122.
[11]谢轶嵩,郑新梅.南京市非道路移动源大气污染物排放清单及特征[J].污染防治技术,2016,29(4):47-51.Xie Y S,Zheng X M. Atmospheric pollutant emission inventory from non-road mobile sources in Nanjing and its characteristics[J]. Pollution Control Technology,2016,29(4):47-51.
[12]崔敏.基于实测的道路与非道路柴油车颗粒物排放特征初步研究[D].烟台:中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,2016.
[13]蒋稼琦,丁剑,田勇,等.小型非道路柴油机稳态和瞬态排放特性分析[J].广西大学学报(自然科学版),2017,42(3):904-912.Jiang J Q,Ding J,Tian Y,et al. An analysis on the steady-state and transient emission characteristics of small non-road diesel engine[J]. Journal of Guangxi University(Natural Science Edition),2017,42(3):904-912.
[14]邢辉,段树林,黄连忠,等.基于台架测试的我国船用柴油机废气排放因子[J].环境科学,2016,37(10):3750-3757.Xing H,Duan S L,Huang L Z,et al. Testbed-based exhaust emission factors for marine diesel engines in China[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(10):3750-3757.
[15] Fu M L,Ge Y S,Tan J W,et al. Characteristics of typical nonroad machinery emissions in China by using portable emission measurement system[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2012,437:255-261.
[16]吴晓伟,彭美春,方荣华,等.基于PEMS的柴油公交车排放测试分析[J].环境科学与技术,2012,35(1):146-149.Wu X W,Peng M C,Fang R H,et al. Emission test and analysis for diesel transit bus using PEMS[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2012,35(1):146-149.
[17]楼狄明,赵可心,谭丕强,等.不同后处理装置对柴油车排放特性的影响——基于行驶里程的后处理装置对柴油公交车气态物排放特性的影响[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(8):2282-2288.Lou D M, Zhao K X, Tan P Q, et al. Gaseous emission characteristics of diesel bus equipped with different aftertreatments based on driving distance[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(8):2282-2288.
[18] Frey H C,Zhang K S,Rouphail N M. Fuel use and emissions comparisons for alternative routes,time of day,road grade,and vehicles based on in-use measurements[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(7):2483-2489.
[19] Zhang K S,Frey C. Evaluation of response time of a portable system for in-use vehicle tailpipe emissions measurement[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(1):221-227.
[20] Merkisz J,Lijewski P,Fu'c P,et al. Exhaust Emission tests from non-road vehicles conducted with the use of PEMS analyzers[J].Polskie Naukowo-Techniczne Towarzystwo Eksploatacyjne,2013,15(4):364-368.
[21] Lijewski P,Merkisz J,Fuc P,et al. Air pollution by the exhaust emissions from construction machinery under actual operating conditions[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2013,390:313-319.
[22] Abolhasani S,Frey H C,Kim K,et al. Real-world in-use activity, fuel use, and emissions for nonroad construction vehicles:a case study for excavators[J]. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2008,58(8):1033-1046.
[23] Cao T F,Durbin T D,Russell R L,et al. Evaluations of in-use emission factors from off-road construction equipment[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,147:234-245.
[24]曲亮,何立强,胡京南,等.工程机械不同工况下PM2. 5排放及其碳质组分特征[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(7):1047-1052.Qu L,He L Q,Hu J N,et al. Characteristics of PM2. 5emissions and its carbonaceous components from construction machines under different typical driving modes[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(7):1047-1052.
[25]付明亮,丁焰,尹航,等.基于燃油消耗的工程机械排放因子研究[J].北京理工大学学报,2014,34(2):138-142.Fu M L,Ding Y,Yin H,et al. Study on fuel-based emission factors from construction equipment[J]. Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology,2014,34(2):138-142.
[26] Peng Z H,Ge Y S,Tan J W,et al. Real-world emission from in-use construction equipment in China[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2016,16(8):1893-1902.
[27] Li Z,Zhang K S,Pang K L,et al. A fuel-based approach for emission factor development for highway paving construction equipment in China[J]. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2016,66(12):1214-1223.
[28]张凯山.机动车尾气测量与预测[M].北京:科学出版社,2012. 21-25.
[29]李东玲,吴烨,周昱,等.我国典型工程机械燃油消耗量及排放清单研究[J].环境科学,2012,33(2):518-524.Li D L,Wu Y,Zhou Y,et al. Fuel consumption and emission inventory of typical construction equipments in China[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(2):518-524.
[30] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Exhaust and crankcase emission factors for nonroad engine modelingcompression ignition,EPA-420-R-10-018[R]. Washington,D.C.:United States Environmental Protection Agency,2010.
[31]中华人民共和国生态环境部.关于发布《大气可吸入颗粒物一次源排放清单编制技术指南(试行)》等5项技术指南的公告[EB/OL]. http://www. mee. gov. cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201501/t20150107_293955. htm,2014-12-31.
[2]宁亚东,李宏亮.我国移动源主要大气污染物排放量的估算[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(8):4435-4444.Ning Y D,Li H L. Estimation for main atmospheric pollutants emissions from mobile sources in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(8):4435-4444.
[3]中国机械工业年鉴编辑委员会,中国工程机械工业协会.中国工程机械工业年鉴[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2015.13.
[4]韩学松. 2015年中国工程机械主要设备保有量[J].今日工程机械,2016,(8):34-36.
[5]樊守彬,田灵娣,张东旭,等.北京市机动车尾气排放因子研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(7):2374-2380.Fan S B,Tian L D,Zhang D X,et al. Emission factors of vehicle exhaust in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(7):2374-2380.
[6] Myung C L,Lee H,Choi K,et al. Effects of gasoline,diesel,LPG,and low-carbon fuels and various certification modes on nanoparticle emission characteristics in light-duty vehicles[J].International Journal of Automotive Technology,2009,10(5):537-544.
[7]张意,Michel A,李东,等.天津市非道路移动源污染物排放清单开发[J].环境科学,2017,38(11):4447-4453.Zhang Y,Michel A,Li D,et al. Development of a non-road mobile source emissions inventory for Tianjin[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(11):4447-4453.
[8]黄成,安静宇,鲁君.长三角区域非道路移动机械排放清单及预测[J].环境科学,2018,39(9):3965-3975.Huang C,An J Y,Lu J. Emission inventory and prediction of non-road machineries in the Yangtze River Delta Region,China[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(9):3965-3975.
[9]鲁君,黄成,胡磬遥,等.长三角地区典型城市非道路移动机械大气污染物排放清单[J].环境科学,2017,38(7):2738-2746.Lu J,Huang C,Hu Q Y,et al. Air pollutant emission inventory of non-road machineries in typical cities in eastern China[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(7):2738-2746.
[10]李伟铿,张宝春,叶子铭,等.南宁市非道路移动源排放清单研究[J].广东化工,2016,43(8):120,122.Li W K,Zhang B C,Ye Z M,et al. Study on non-road mobile source emission inventory for Nanning[J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry,2016,43(8):120,122.
[11]谢轶嵩,郑新梅.南京市非道路移动源大气污染物排放清单及特征[J].污染防治技术,2016,29(4):47-51.Xie Y S,Zheng X M. Atmospheric pollutant emission inventory from non-road mobile sources in Nanjing and its characteristics[J]. Pollution Control Technology,2016,29(4):47-51.
[12]崔敏.基于实测的道路与非道路柴油车颗粒物排放特征初步研究[D].烟台:中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,2016.
[13]蒋稼琦,丁剑,田勇,等.小型非道路柴油机稳态和瞬态排放特性分析[J].广西大学学报(自然科学版),2017,42(3):904-912.Jiang J Q,Ding J,Tian Y,et al. An analysis on the steady-state and transient emission characteristics of small non-road diesel engine[J]. Journal of Guangxi University(Natural Science Edition),2017,42(3):904-912.
[14]邢辉,段树林,黄连忠,等.基于台架测试的我国船用柴油机废气排放因子[J].环境科学,2016,37(10):3750-3757.Xing H,Duan S L,Huang L Z,et al. Testbed-based exhaust emission factors for marine diesel engines in China[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(10):3750-3757.
[15] Fu M L,Ge Y S,Tan J W,et al. Characteristics of typical nonroad machinery emissions in China by using portable emission measurement system[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2012,437:255-261.
[16]吴晓伟,彭美春,方荣华,等.基于PEMS的柴油公交车排放测试分析[J].环境科学与技术,2012,35(1):146-149.Wu X W,Peng M C,Fang R H,et al. Emission test and analysis for diesel transit bus using PEMS[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2012,35(1):146-149.
[17]楼狄明,赵可心,谭丕强,等.不同后处理装置对柴油车排放特性的影响——基于行驶里程的后处理装置对柴油公交车气态物排放特性的影响[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(8):2282-2288.Lou D M, Zhao K X, Tan P Q, et al. Gaseous emission characteristics of diesel bus equipped with different aftertreatments based on driving distance[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(8):2282-2288.
[18] Frey H C,Zhang K S,Rouphail N M. Fuel use and emissions comparisons for alternative routes,time of day,road grade,and vehicles based on in-use measurements[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(7):2483-2489.
[19] Zhang K S,Frey C. Evaluation of response time of a portable system for in-use vehicle tailpipe emissions measurement[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(1):221-227.
[20] Merkisz J,Lijewski P,Fu'c P,et al. Exhaust Emission tests from non-road vehicles conducted with the use of PEMS analyzers[J].Polskie Naukowo-Techniczne Towarzystwo Eksploatacyjne,2013,15(4):364-368.
[21] Lijewski P,Merkisz J,Fuc P,et al. Air pollution by the exhaust emissions from construction machinery under actual operating conditions[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2013,390:313-319.
[22] Abolhasani S,Frey H C,Kim K,et al. Real-world in-use activity, fuel use, and emissions for nonroad construction vehicles:a case study for excavators[J]. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2008,58(8):1033-1046.
[23] Cao T F,Durbin T D,Russell R L,et al. Evaluations of in-use emission factors from off-road construction equipment[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,147:234-245.
[24]曲亮,何立强,胡京南,等.工程机械不同工况下PM2. 5排放及其碳质组分特征[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(7):1047-1052.Qu L,He L Q,Hu J N,et al. Characteristics of PM2. 5emissions and its carbonaceous components from construction machines under different typical driving modes[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(7):1047-1052.
[25]付明亮,丁焰,尹航,等.基于燃油消耗的工程机械排放因子研究[J].北京理工大学学报,2014,34(2):138-142.Fu M L,Ding Y,Yin H,et al. Study on fuel-based emission factors from construction equipment[J]. Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology,2014,34(2):138-142.
[26] Peng Z H,Ge Y S,Tan J W,et al. Real-world emission from in-use construction equipment in China[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2016,16(8):1893-1902.
[27] Li Z,Zhang K S,Pang K L,et al. A fuel-based approach for emission factor development for highway paving construction equipment in China[J]. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2016,66(12):1214-1223.
[28]张凯山.机动车尾气测量与预测[M].北京:科学出版社,2012. 21-25.
[29]李东玲,吴烨,周昱,等.我国典型工程机械燃油消耗量及排放清单研究[J].环境科学,2012,33(2):518-524.Li D L,Wu Y,Zhou Y,et al. Fuel consumption and emission inventory of typical construction equipments in China[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(2):518-524.
[30] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Exhaust and crankcase emission factors for nonroad engine modelingcompression ignition,EPA-420-R-10-018[R]. Washington,D.C.:United States Environmental Protection Agency,2010.
[31]中华人民共和国生态环境部.关于发布《大气可吸入颗粒物一次源排放清单编制技术指南(试行)》等5项技术指南的公告[EB/OL]. http://www. mee. gov. cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201501/t20150107_293955. htm,2014-12-31.