青藏高原机场跑道多年冻土地基温度场特征
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摘要
对比了青藏高原多年冻土地区机场跑道地基温度场与公路路基温度场,分析了其地基温度分布、温度沿深度的变化以及地基最大融化深度,研究了宽幅沥青混凝土道面机场跑道地基温度场特征,对比了不同道面宽度条件下其地基温度分布、不同时间地基温度沿深度的变化以及跑道中部及道肩的最大融化深度,并基于道面宽度、时间建立了沥青混凝土道面机场跑道道中地基融化深度的表达式。研究结果表明:多年冻土地区机场跑道地基温度场与公路路基温度场存在明显差异,机场跑道地基融土核位置更低,且全部位于天然地面以下,而公路路基融土核位置相对较高,可以通过抬高路堤使融土核全部位于路堤内,便于通风管等温控措施的施工,可见由于机场跑道无路堤、道面幅度宽等特点,使得多年冻土地区公路与铁路建设的现有研究成果不能完全应用于机场跑道建设中;对于沥青混凝土道面的机场跑道多年冻土地基,随着道面宽度的增加,跑道地基稳定性降低,道面宽度每增加1%,地基0℃等温线约下降0.17%,地基融土核最高温约上升0.46%,道中地基融化深度约加深0.19%,但当道面宽度超过35 m时,道中地基融化深度趋于平稳;相对于道中地基温度场,道肩受道面宽度的影响较小,当道面宽度超过25 m时,其地基融化深度趋于平稳;道中地基融化深度表达式相关系数为0.988 6,相对误差在1%以内。
The temperature fields of airfield runway subgrade and road subgrade in the permafrost region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were compared. The subgrade temperature distributions, the temperature variations along depth, as well as the maximum melting depths of subgrades were analyzed. The subgrade temperature field characteristics of wide airfield runway of asphalt concrete pavement were studied. The subgrade temperature distributions, the subgrade temperature variations along depth at different times and the maximum melting depths of middle and shoulder of runway under different pavement width conditions were compared. The expression of subgrade melting depth of airfield runway of asphalt concrete pavement was obtained based on the pavement width and time. Analysis result indicates that there are obvious differences between the temperature fields of airfield runway subgrade and road subgrade in the permafrost region. The subgrade melt nuclear of airfield runway is lower in position, and it is all below the natural ground, as well as the subgrade melt nuclear of road is higher in position. The melt nuclears are all located in the embankment by raising the embankment, which facilitates the construction of temperature control measures like ventilation duct. It shows that because airfield runway has the characteristics like no embankment and wider pavement, the existing research results of road and railway construction in the permafrost region can not be fully applied to airfield runway construction. For the airfield runway permafrost subgrade of asphalt concrete pavement, as the width of pavement increases, the subgrade stability decreases. When the pavement width increases by 1%, the subgrade isotherm of 0 ℃ decreases by 0.17%, the highest temperature of subgrade melt nuclear increases by about 0.46%, and the subgrade melting depth of middle of runway increases by about 0.19%. But when the width of pavement exceeds 35 m, the subgrade melting depth of middle of runway tends to be stable. Compared with the temperature field of middle of runway subgrade, the shoulder is less affected by pavement width, when the width of pavement exceeds 25 m, its subgrade melting depth tends to be stable. The correlation coefficient of expression of subgrade melting depth of middle of runway is 0.988 6, and the relative error is less than 1%.
The temperature fields of airfield runway subgrade and road subgrade in the permafrost region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were compared. The subgrade temperature distributions, the temperature variations along depth, as well as the maximum melting depths of subgrades were analyzed. The subgrade temperature field characteristics of wide airfield runway of asphalt concrete pavement were studied. The subgrade temperature distributions, the subgrade temperature variations along depth at different times and the maximum melting depths of middle and shoulder of runway under different pavement width conditions were compared. The expression of subgrade melting depth of airfield runway of asphalt concrete pavement was obtained based on the pavement width and time. Analysis result indicates that there are obvious differences between the temperature fields of airfield runway subgrade and road subgrade in the permafrost region. The subgrade melt nuclear of airfield runway is lower in position, and it is all below the natural ground, as well as the subgrade melt nuclear of road is higher in position. The melt nuclears are all located in the embankment by raising the embankment, which facilitates the construction of temperature control measures like ventilation duct. It shows that because airfield runway has the characteristics like no embankment and wider pavement, the existing research results of road and railway construction in the permafrost region can not be fully applied to airfield runway construction. For the airfield runway permafrost subgrade of asphalt concrete pavement, as the width of pavement increases, the subgrade stability decreases. When the pavement width increases by 1%, the subgrade isotherm of 0 ℃ decreases by 0.17%, the highest temperature of subgrade melt nuclear increases by about 0.46%, and the subgrade melting depth of middle of runway increases by about 0.19%. But when the width of pavement exceeds 35 m, the subgrade melting depth of middle of runway tends to be stable. Compared with the temperature field of middle of runway subgrade, the shoulder is less affected by pavement width, when the width of pavement exceeds 25 m, its subgrade melting depth tends to be stable. The correlation coefficient of expression of subgrade melting depth of middle of runway is 0.988 6, and the relative error is less than 1%.
引文
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[2] HARLAN R L. Analysis of coupled heat-fluid transport in partially frozen soil[J]. Water Resource Research, 1973, 9(5): 1314-1323.
[3] TAYLOR G S, LUTHIN J N. A model for coupled heat and moisture transfer during soil freezing[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 1978, 15(4): 548-555.
[4] MALEVSKY-MALEVIC S P, MOLKENTIN E K, NADYOZHINA E D, et al. Numerical simulation of permafrost parameters distribution in Russia[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2001, 32(1): 1-11.
[5] RISEBOROUGH D W. The mean annual temperature at the top of permafrost, the TTOP model, and the effect of unfrozen water[J]. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 2002, 13(2): 137-143.
[6] RANKINEN K, KARVONEN T, BUTTERFIELD D. A simple model for predicting soil temperature in snow-covered and seasonally frozen soil: model description and testing[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2004, 8(4): 706-716.
[7] STETYUKHA V A. Numerical simulation of changes in the thermal condition of soils under the effect of channel change of a river bed[J]. Power Technology and Engineering, 2004, 38(1): 27-29.
[8] TAM A. Permafrost in Canada's subarctic region of Northern Ontario[D]. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2009.
[9] ALFARO M C, CIRO G A, THIESSEN K J, et al. Case study of degrading permafrost beneath a road embankment[J]. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 2009, 23(3): 93-111.
[10] BUTEAU S, FORTIER R, ALLARD M. Permafrost weakening as a potential impact of climatic warming[J]. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 2010, 24(1): 1-18.
[11] DARROW M M. Thermal modeling of roadway embankments over permafrost[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2011, 65(3): 474-487.
[12] TREAT C C, WISSER D, MARCHENKO S, et al. Modelling the effects of climate change and disturbance on permafrost stability in northern organic soils[J]. Mires and Peat, 2013, 12(2): 1-17.
[13] 赖远明,吴紫汪,朱元林,等.寒区隧道温度场和渗流场耦合问题的非线性分析[J].中国科学:D辑,l999,29(增1):21-26.LAI Yuan-ming, WU Zi-wang, ZHU Yuan-lin, et al. Nonlinear analysis for the coupled problem of temperature and seepage fields in cold regions tunnels[J]. Science in China: Series D, l999, 29(S1): 21-26. (in Chinese)
[14] 赖远明,吴紫汪,朱元林,等.寒区隧道温度场、渗流场和应力场耦合问题的非线性分析[J].岩土工程学报,1999,21(5): 529-533. LAI Yuan-ming, WU Zi-wang, ZHU Yuan-lin, et al. Nonlinear analyses for the couple problem of temperature, seepage and stress fields in cold region tunnels[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 1999, 21(5): 529-533. (in Chinese)
[15] LAI Yuan-ming, LIU Song-yu, WU Zi-wang, et al. Approximate analytical solution for temperature fields in cold regions circular tunnels[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2002, 34(l): 43-49.
[16] 王铁行,胡长顺,王秉纲,等.考虑多种因素的冻土路基温度场有限元方法[J].中国公路学报,2000,13(4):8-11.WANG Tie-xing, HU Chang-shun, WANG Bing-gang, et al. A finite element method for thermal field analysis of frozen soil subgrade on the consideration of all field-factors[J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport, 2000, 13(4): 8-11. (in Chinese)
[17] 梁波,赵青海,刘德仁.青藏铁路北麓河试验段地温分布对比分析研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(7):1386-1392.LIANG Bo, ZHAO Qing-hai, LIU De-ren. Study on comparative analysis of ground temperature distribution of Beilu River test section in Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2007, 26(7): 1386-1392. (in Chinese)
[18] 王大鹏,傅智,易洪,等.多年冻土区水泥混凝土路面下冻土路基温度场数值分析[J].公路交通科技,2009,26(1):45-50,56.WANG Da-peng, FU Zhi, YI Hong, et al. Numerical simulation of thermal field of roadbed under cement concrete pavement in permafrost region[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2009, 26(1): 45-50, 56. (in Chinese)
[19] 熊炜,刘明贵,张启衡,等.多年冻土区桩基温度场研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(6):1658-1664.XIONG Wei, LIU Ming-gui, ZHANG Qi-heng, et al. Temperature distribution along piles in permafrost regions[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2009, 30(6): 1658-1664. (in Chinese)
[20] 李金平,陈春燕,章金钊.多年冻土区沥青和水泥路面下路基的热稳定性特征[J].公路交通科技,2013,30(3):17-24.LI Jin-ping, CHEN Chun-yan, ZHANG Jin-zhao. Heat stability characteristics of embankment of asphalt pavement and cement pavement in permafrost regions[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2013, 30(3): 17-24. (in Chinese)
[21] 赵晨.多年冻土区宽幅路基温度场规律研究[D].南京:东南大学,2015.ZHAO Chen. The research of temperature field of wide embankment in permafrost regions[D]. Nanjing: Southeast University, 2015. (in Chinese)
[22] 张万辉,秦添.多年冻土区天然温度场数值模拟及验证分析[J].中国水运,2016,16(6):114-118.ZHANG Wan-hui, QIN Tian. Numerical simulation and verification analysis of natural temperature field in permafrost region[J]. China Water Transport, 2016, 16(6): 114-118. (in Chinese)
[23] 马勤国,赖远明,吴道勇.多年冻土区高等级公路路基温度场研究[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2016,47(7):2415-2423.MA Qin-guo, LAI Yuan-ming, WU Dao-yong. Analysis of temperature field of high grade highway embankment in permafrost regions[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology), 2016, 47(7): 2415-2423. (in Chinese)
[24] 权磊,田波,牛开民,等.青藏高原高等级道路路基路面温度变化特征[J].交通运输工程学报,2017,17(2):21-30.QUAN Lei, TIAN Bo, NIU Kai-min, et al. Temperature variation properties of pavements and subgrades for high-grade roads on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 2017, 17(2): 21-30. (in Chinese)
[25] 陈之祥,李顺群,王杏杏,等.热参数对冻土温度场的影响及敏感性分析[J].水利水电技术,2017,48(5):136-141.CHEN Zhi-xiang, LI Shun-qun, WANG Xing-xing, et al. Analysis on impact and sensitivity of thermal parameter on frozen soil temperature field[J]. Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, 2017, 48(5): 136-141. (in Chinese)
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