旅游干扰对张家界大鲵生境及水质的影响
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摘要
为探明旅游干扰对中国大鲵生境及水质的影响,本研究实地调查了湖南省张家界市2014—2016年间不同旅游强度下的干扰情况,测定了大鲵栖息生境特点、水体理化及微生物指标.结果表明:重度旅游干扰(每年>50万人次)显著增加了噪音、减少了大鲵洞穴数,降低了水中溶解氧含量,增加了总氮、总磷含量及微生物数量,尤其是大肠杆菌数量,导致大鲵栖息生境质量下降.但重度干扰区的水质仍然能够达到大鲵生长要求.根据国家地表Ⅱ类水大肠杆菌标准最高值(2000个·L~(-1)),计算得出游客数量理论临界值为每年2604.71万人次.通过控制游客数量与旅游设施面积,可降低旅游干扰强度,保护大鲵栖息生境,促进旅游开发与大鲵保护的协调发展.
To understand the effects of tourism disturbance on the habitat and water quality for Chinese giant salamander(Andrias davidianus, CGS), the interference and characteristics of habitat for CGS under different tourism intensity(high, medium, and low) were investigated, and the physicochemical and microbial index of water were analyzed in Zhangjiajie City, Hunan Province, China from 2014 to 2016. The results showed that high tourism disturbance(>0.5 million per year) significantly increased noise and reduced the number of dens, decreased dissolved oxygen levels, increased total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and microbial abundance in water, especially that of Escherichia coli. Under high disturbance, the characteristics of habitat and water quality still could meet the requirements of the growth of CGS. According to the National ground water class Ⅱ standard based on the demands of E. coli in the surface water(2000 ind·L~(-1)), the theoretical threshold of tourist numbers was 26.0471 million per year. The intensity of tourism interference should be effectively reduced by declining tourist numbers and tourism facilities, for the protection of the habitat quality of the CGS and the promotion of tourism development.
To understand the effects of tourism disturbance on the habitat and water quality for Chinese giant salamander(Andrias davidianus, CGS), the interference and characteristics of habitat for CGS under different tourism intensity(high, medium, and low) were investigated, and the physicochemical and microbial index of water were analyzed in Zhangjiajie City, Hunan Province, China from 2014 to 2016. The results showed that high tourism disturbance(>0.5 million per year) significantly increased noise and reduced the number of dens, decreased dissolved oxygen levels, increased total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and microbial abundance in water, especially that of Escherichia coli. Under high disturbance, the characteristics of habitat and water quality still could meet the requirements of the growth of CGS. According to the National ground water class Ⅱ standard based on the demands of E. coli in the surface water(2000 ind·L~(-1)), the theoretical threshold of tourist numbers was 26.0471 million per year. The intensity of tourism interference should be effectively reduced by declining tourist numbers and tourism facilities, for the protection of the habitat quality of the CGS and the promotion of tourism development.
引文
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[30] Fei L (费梁),Hu S-Q (胡淑琴),Ye C-Y (叶昌媛),et al.Fauna Sinica Amphibia (Ⅰ) Pandect Caeciliformes Caudata.Beijing:Science Press,2006 (in Chinese)
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[32] Liu J-Y (刘鉴毅),Xiao H-B (肖汉兵),Lin X-Z (林锡芝).Analysis on the conditon of the water quality in the cement cistern rearing Andrias davidianus.Freshwater Fishery (淡水渔业),1992(2):16-18 (in Chinese)
[33] Liu J-Y (刘鉴毅),Xiao H-B (肖汉兵),Yang Y-Q (杨焱青).Exploration on techniques in culture and breeding of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianu).Journal of Economic Animal (动物经济学报),1999,3(3):38-42 (in Chinese)
[34] Phillip DAT,Antoine P,Cooper V,et al.Impact of recreation on recreational water quality of a small tropical stream.Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2009,11:1192-1198
[35] Fan W-Q (樊汶樵),Sun Z-F (孙志芳),Yang F (杨帆),et al.Research progress on the main infectious diseases of Chinese giant salamander.Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine (中国兽医杂志),2015,51(6):73-75 (in Chinese)
[2] Holden A.Winter tourism and the environment in conflict:The case of cairngorm Scotland.International Journal of Tourism Research,2000,2:247-260
[3] Rodríguez-Prieto I,Fernández-Juricic E.Effects of direct human disturbance on the endemic Iberian frog Rana iberica at individual and population levels.Biologi-cal Conservation,2005,123:1-9
[4] Prerna B,Krithi KK.Tourism turf wars:Debating the benefits and costs of wildlife tourism in India.Oryx,2013,47:15-16
[5] Geneletti D,Dawa D.Environmental impact assessment of mountain tourism in developing regions:A study in Ladakh,Indian Himalaya.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,2009,20:229-242
[6] Markogianni V,Mentzafou A,Dimitriou E.Assessing the impacts of human activities and soil erosion on the water quality of Plastira Mountainous Mediterranean Lake,Greece.Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75:1-14
[7] Sun D,Walsh D.Review of studies on environmental impacts of recreation and tourism in Australia.Journal of Environmental Management,1998,53:323-338
[8] Phillip DAT,Antoine P,Cooper V,et al.Impact of recreation on recreational water quality of a small tropical stream.Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2009,11:1192-1198
[9] Liu JG,Linderman M,Ouyang ZY,et al.Ecological degradation in protected areas:The case of Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas.Science,2001,292:98-100
[10] Zhang LM,Zhang XP,Zhang LM.Soil nematode community structure as affected by tourism trampling in Wudalianchi Scenic in northeast China.Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology,2014,8:433-442
[11] Liu W-H (刘伟华),Zhang Z-W (张正旺).The effect of ecotourism on the diversity of aquatic animals.Journal of Tianjin Normal University (Natural Science) (天津师范大学学报:自然科学版),2015,35(3):174-178 (in Chinese)
[12] Ma J-Z (马建章),Cheng K (程鲲).Effects of eco-tourism on wildlife in nature reserves.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2008,28(6):2818-2827 (in Chinese)
[13] Ijspeert AJ,Crespi A,Ryczko D,et al.From swimming to walking with a salamander robot driven by a spinal cord model.Science,2007,315:1416-1420
[14] Wang XM,Zhang KJ,Wang ZH,et al.The decline of the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus and implications for its conservation.Oryx,2004,38:197-202
[15] Cunningham AA,Turvey ST,Zhou F,et al.Development of the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus farming industry in Shaanxi Province,China:Conservation threats and opportunities.Oryx,2016,50:265-273
[16] Su H-J (粟海军),Yu L-F (喻理飞),Ma J-Z (马建章).Population status and historical dynamics of wild Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) in Yanxia Nature Reserve,Guizhou Province,China.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze basin (长江流域资源与环境),2009,18(7):652-657 (in Chinese)
[17] Luo Q-H (罗庆华).Habitat characteristics of Andrias davidianus in Zhangjiajie of China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2009,20(7):1723-1730 (in Chinese)
[18] Zheng HX,Wang XM.Telemetric data reveals ecologically adaptive behavior of captive raised Chinese giant salamanders when reintroduced into their native habitat.Asian Herpetological Research,2010,1:31-35
[19] Wang C-R (王崇瑞),Liang Z-Q (梁志强),Suo W-W (索纹纹),et al.Relationship between macroinvertebrate composition and environmental factors in habitats of Chinese giant salamander in Zhangjiajie,Hunan Province,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2017,28(9):3032-3040 (in Chinese)
[20] Luo Q-H (罗庆华),Liu Y (刘英),Zhang L-Y (张立云),et al.Investigation on the resources of Chinese giant salamander in Zhangjiajie,Hunan.Sichuan Journal of Zoology (四川动物),2009,28(3):422-426,436 (in Chinese)
[21] Ikner LA,Toomey RS,Ginger N,et al.Culturable microbial diversity and the impact of tourism in Kartchner Caverns,Arizona.Microbial Ecology,2007,53:30-42
[22] Bureau of Animal Husbandry,Veterinary and Aquaculture in Zhangjiajie City (张家界市畜牧兽医水产局).Scientific Investigation Report on Zhangjiajie Giant Salamander National Nature Reserve in Hunan Province.Zhangjiajie:Bureau of Animal Husbandry,Veterinary and Aquaculture in Zhangjiajie City,1995 (in Chinese)
[23] Ministry of Water Conservancy of China (国家水利部).Investigating Criterion on Fishery Resource in Reservoir.Beijing:Chinese Water Conservancy and Electricity Press,1998 (in Chinese)
[24] Akeju TO,Awojobi KO.Enumeration of coli form bacteria and characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from staff club swimming pool in lle-Ife,Nigeria.Microbiology Research,2015,6:26-30
[25] State Environmental Protection Administration of China (国家环境保护总局),State Administration for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine of China (国家质量监督检验检疫总局).Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002).Beijing:China Standards Press,2002 (in Chinese)
[26] Voellmy IK,Purser J,Flynn D,et al.Acoustic noise reduces foraging success in two sympatric fish species via different mechanisms.Animal Behaviour,2014,89:191-198
[27] Shi W-J (时文静),Wang Z-T (王志陶),Fang L (方亮),et al.Preliminary study on influence of underwater noise of piling on Yangtze finless porpoise.Acta HydroBiologica Sinica (水生生物学报),2015,39(2):399-407 (in Chinese)
[28] Hawkins AD,Pembroke AE,Popper AN.Information gaps in understanding the effects of noise on fishes and invertebrates.Reviews in Fish Biology & Fisheries,2015,25:39-64
[29] Wang G-X (王国新),Qian L-L (钱莉莉),Chen T (陈韬),et al.Evaluation of tourism environmental comfort and its spatial-temporal differentiation:A case study of West Lake in Hangzhou,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2015,35(8):2206–2216 (in Chinese)
[30] Fei L (费梁),Hu S-Q (胡淑琴),Ye C-Y (叶昌媛),et al.Fauna Sinica Amphibia (Ⅰ) Pandect Caeciliformes Caudata.Beijing:Science Press,2006 (in Chinese)
[31] Ferguson E,Mosto P,Nordone NN,et al.Algae as water quality indication for a dystrophic pond.Journal of Phycology,2000,36:22
[32] Liu J-Y (刘鉴毅),Xiao H-B (肖汉兵),Lin X-Z (林锡芝).Analysis on the conditon of the water quality in the cement cistern rearing Andrias davidianus.Freshwater Fishery (淡水渔业),1992(2):16-18 (in Chinese)
[33] Liu J-Y (刘鉴毅),Xiao H-B (肖汉兵),Yang Y-Q (杨焱青).Exploration on techniques in culture and breeding of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianu).Journal of Economic Animal (动物经济学报),1999,3(3):38-42 (in Chinese)
[34] Phillip DAT,Antoine P,Cooper V,et al.Impact of recreation on recreational water quality of a small tropical stream.Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2009,11:1192-1198
[35] Fan W-Q (樊汶樵),Sun Z-F (孙志芳),Yang F (杨帆),et al.Research progress on the main infectious diseases of Chinese giant salamander.Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine (中国兽医杂志),2015,51(6):73-75 (in Chinese)
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