青藏高原土壤湿度对一例高原涡影响的数值模拟
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摘要
采用NCEP-FNL再分析资料、FY-2E气象卫星的黑体亮温TBB(Temperature of Black Body)数据以及中国自动站与CMORPH(Climate Prediction Center Morphing)卫星的融合降水产品,通过中尺度天气模式WRFV3.8.1对2014年8月16 17日一次高原涡过程进行了控制试验和4组针对高原土壤湿度的敏感性试验,研究了土壤湿度通过地面加热对高原涡影响的物理机制。结果表明,控制试验能较好地模拟出此次高原涡的位置、强度及降水。土壤湿度对高原涡的强度和降水有重要的作用,而对高原涡的性质和移动路径影响不显著。同时,主要考虑土壤湿度通过地表潜、感热通量的变化来影响高原涡。当土壤湿度增大时,地表潜热通量增大,中低层大气不稳定性增强,对流系统活动所需能量得到积累,使得对流降水增加,最终通过增加凝结潜热的释放来加强高原涡强度;反之高原涡强度和降水都减弱。而本文中地表感热通量的变化对高原涡的生成并没有多大影响,因此只考虑其对对流性降水的影响。当土壤湿度增大时,地面温度减小,地表感热通量减小,行星边界层高度PBLH(Planetary Boundary Layer Height)降低,边界层气团的湿静力能增大,使得对流降水增加;反之对流降水减小。
Using the National Centers for Environmental Predication Final Analyses( NCEP-FNL) reanalysis data,the temperature of brightness blackbody( TBB) data from FY-2 E meteorological satellite,and the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique( CMORPH) precipitation data,the effect of soil moisture on a plateau vortex occurring from 16 to 17 August 2014 over Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were analyzed on the numerical simulation for a control experiment and four sensitivity experiments by employing the WRF model( version 3. 8. 1).The results show that the vortex center,the vortex intensity and the vortex precipitation at 500 h Pa were simulated in the control experiment successfully. The soil moisture plays a key role in the intensity and precipitation of the vortex,how ever,it has no significant influence on the nature and moving path of the plateau vortex. Meanw hile,the soil moisture mainly influences the vortex by changing the surface latent heat flux and the surface sensible heat flux. When the soil moisture increases,the surface latent heat flux increases,and the instability of the air in middle and low atmosphere increases as well,which provides energy for the development of convective systems and increases the convective precipitation,leading to the strengthening of vortex intensity by increasing the release of the condensation heating. On the contrary,the intensity and precipitation of the plateau vortex are both weakened. In the paper,the change of the surface sensible heat flux has little effect on the formation of vortex,hence we just considered its impact on the convective precipitation. When the soil moisture increases,the surface skin temperature gets lower,the surface sensible heat flux decreases and the planetary boundary layer height( PBLH) decreases,thus increasing the moist static energy per unit mass of air,which increases the convective precipitation. Otherw ise,the convective precipitation decreases.
Using the National Centers for Environmental Predication Final Analyses( NCEP-FNL) reanalysis data,the temperature of brightness blackbody( TBB) data from FY-2 E meteorological satellite,and the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique( CMORPH) precipitation data,the effect of soil moisture on a plateau vortex occurring from 16 to 17 August 2014 over Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were analyzed on the numerical simulation for a control experiment and four sensitivity experiments by employing the WRF model( version 3. 8. 1).The results show that the vortex center,the vortex intensity and the vortex precipitation at 500 h Pa were simulated in the control experiment successfully. The soil moisture plays a key role in the intensity and precipitation of the vortex,how ever,it has no significant influence on the nature and moving path of the plateau vortex. Meanw hile,the soil moisture mainly influences the vortex by changing the surface latent heat flux and the surface sensible heat flux. When the soil moisture increases,the surface latent heat flux increases,and the instability of the air in middle and low atmosphere increases as well,which provides energy for the development of convective systems and increases the convective precipitation,leading to the strengthening of vortex intensity by increasing the release of the condensation heating. On the contrary,the intensity and precipitation of the plateau vortex are both weakened. In the paper,the change of the surface sensible heat flux has little effect on the formation of vortex,hence we just considered its impact on the convective precipitation. When the soil moisture increases,the surface skin temperature gets lower,the surface sensible heat flux decreases and the planetary boundary layer height( PBLH) decreases,thus increasing the moist static energy per unit mass of air,which increases the convective precipitation. Otherw ise,the convective precipitation decreases.
引文
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李国平,蒋静,2000.一类奇异孤波解及其在高原低涡结构分析中的应用[J].气象学报,58(4):447-456.Li G P,Jiang J,2000.A type of singular solitary w ave and its application of structure analysis of the Tibetan Plateau vortex[J].Acta M eteor Sinica,58(4):447-456.
李国平,刘红武,2006.地面热源强迫对青藏高原低涡作用的动力学分析[J].热带气象学报,22(6):632-637.Li G P,Liu HW,2006.A dynamical study of the role of surface heating on the Tibetan Plateau vortices[J].J Trop M eteor,22(6):632-637.
卢萍,宇如聪,2008.地表潜热通量对四川地区降水影响的数值分析[J].高原山地气象研究,28(3):1-7.Lu P,Yu L C,2008.Numerical analysis on the impacts of surface latent flux transport on Sichuan rainfall process[J].Plateau M ountain M eteor Res,28(3):1-7.
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田珊儒,段安民,王子谦,等,2015.地面加热与高原低涡和对流系统相互作用的一次个例研究[J].大气科学,39(1):125-136.Tian S R,Duan A M,Wang Z Q,et al,2015.Interaction of surface heating,the Tibetan Plateau vortex,and a convective system:a case study[J].Chinese J Atmos Sci,39(1):125-136.
万云霞,张宇,张瑾文,等,2017.感热变化对东亚地区大气边界层高度的影响[J].高原气象,36(1):173-182.Wan Y X,Zhang Y,Zhang J W,et al,2017.Influence of sensible heat on planetary boundary layer height in East Aisa[J].Plateau M eteor,36(1):173-182.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2016.00001.
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吴海英,寿绍文,2002.位涡扰动与气旋的发展[J].南京气象学院学报,25(4):510-517.Wu H Y,Shou S W,2002.Potential vorticity disturbance and cyclone development[J].Journal of Nanjing Institute of M eteorology,25(4):510-517.
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Dell'Osso L,Chen S J,1986.Numerical experiments on the genesis of vortices over the Qinghai-Tibet plateau[J].Tellus,38A(3):236-250.
Dudhia J,1989.Numerical study of convection observed during the w inter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale tw o-dimensional model[J].J Atmos Sci,46(46):3077-3107.
Kain J S,2004.The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization:An update[J].J Appl M eteor,43(1):170-181.
Kun-Young B,2007.Effects of surface conditions on Landfalling Typhoons[C].Abstract Collection of the Third China-Korea-Japan Joint Conference on M eteorology.2007:1.
Luo S W,He M L,Liu X D,1994.Study on the vortex of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau in summer[J].Sci China,Ser.B,37(5):601-601.
Mlaw er E J,Taubman S J,Brow n P D,et al,1997.Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres:RRTM,a validated correlated-k model for the longw ave[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,102(14):16663-16682.
Pal J S,Eltahir E A B,1951.Pathw ays relating soil moisture conditions to future summer rainfall w ithin a model of the land-atmosphere system[J].J Climate,14(6):1227-1242.
Schr,Christoph,Lüthi,et al,1978.The soil-precipitation feedback:A process study w ith a regional climate model[J].J Climate,12(3):722-741.
Shen R,Reiter E R,Bresch J F,1986.Some aspects of the effects of sensible heating on the development of summer w eather systems over the Tibetan Plateau[J].J Atmos Sci,43(20):2241-2260.
Sugimoto S,Ueno K,2010.Formation of mesoscale convective systems over the eastern Tibetan Plateau affected by plateau-scale heating contrasts[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,115(D16):751-763.
Feng X,Liu C,Rasmussen R,et al,2014.A 10-yr climatology of Tibetan Plateau vortices w ith NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis[J].J Appl Meteor Climatol,53(1):34-46.
陈伯民,钱正安,张立盛,1996.夏季青藏高原低涡形成和发展的数值模拟[J].大气科学,20(4):491-502.Chen B M,Qian Z A,Zhang L S,1996.Numerical simulation of the formation and development of vortices over the Qing-Xizang Plateau in summer[J].Chinese J Atmos Sci,20(4):491-502.
杜华武,颜宏,1993.下垫面特征对一次短期天气过程影响的数值试验(Ⅱ)[J].应用气象学报,(4):385-393.Du H W,Yan H,1993.A numerical experiment of the influence of underlying surface on a short-range synoptic process(Ⅱ)[J].Quart J Appl M eteor,4(2):385-393.
黄楚惠,李国平,2007.一次东移高原低涡的天气动力学诊断分析[J].气象科学,27(增刊):36-43.Huang C H,Li G P,2007.Synoptic and dynamic diagnostic analysis for a case of plateau vortex moving east[J].Scientia M eteopologica Sinica,27(Suppl):36-43.
黄芳芳,马伟强,李茂善,等,2016.藏北高原地表温度对气候变化响应的初步分析[J].高原气象,35(1):55-63.Huang F F,Ma W Q,Li M S,et al,2016.Analysis on responses of land surface temperature on the Northern Tibetan Plateau to climate chage[J].Plateau M eteor,35(1):55-63.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2015.00075.
江吉喜,范梅珠,2002.夏季青藏高原上的对流云和中尺度对流系统[J].大气科学,26(2):263-270.Jiang J X,Fan M Z,2002.Convective clouds and mesoscale convective systems over the Tibetan Plateau in summer[J].Chinese J Atmos Sci,26(2):263-270.
李国平,蒋静,2000.一类奇异孤波解及其在高原低涡结构分析中的应用[J].气象学报,58(4):447-456.Li G P,Jiang J,2000.A type of singular solitary w ave and its application of structure analysis of the Tibetan Plateau vortex[J].Acta M eteor Sinica,58(4):447-456.
李国平,刘红武,2006.地面热源强迫对青藏高原低涡作用的动力学分析[J].热带气象学报,22(6):632-637.Li G P,Liu HW,2006.A dynamical study of the role of surface heating on the Tibetan Plateau vortices[J].J Trop M eteor,22(6):632-637.
卢萍,宇如聪,2008.地表潜热通量对四川地区降水影响的数值分析[J].高原山地气象研究,28(3):1-7.Lu P,Yu L C,2008.Numerical analysis on the impacts of surface latent flux transport on Sichuan rainfall process[J].Plateau M ountain M eteor Res,28(3):1-7.
罗四维,杨洋,1992.一次青藏高原夏季低涡的数值模拟研究[J].高原气象,V11(1):39-48.Luo S W,Yang Y,1992.A case study on numerical simulation of summer vortex over Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau[J].Plateau M eteor,11(1):39-48.
骆美霞,朱抱真,张学洪,1983.青藏高原对东亚纬向型环流形成的动力作用[J].大气科学,7(2):145-152.Luo M X,Zhu B Z,Zhang X H,1983.The dynamic effect of Tibet Plateau on the formation of zonal type circulation over east Asia[J].Scientia Atmos Sinica,7(2):145-152.
马柱国,符淙斌,谢力,等,2001.土壤湿度和气候变化关系研究中的某些问题[J].地球科学进展,16(4):563-568.Ma Z G,Fu Z B,Xie L,et al,2001.Some problems in the study on the relationship betw een soil moisture and climatic change[J].Adv Earth Sci,16(4):563-568.
钱正安,1997.青藏高原气象学的研究进展和问题[J].地球科学进展,12(3):207-216.Qian Z A,1997.Advances and problems on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau meteorology research[J].Adv Earth Sci,12(3):207-216.
乔全明,张雅高,1994.青藏高原天气学[M].北京:气象出版社,120-155.Qiao Q M,Zhang Y G,1994.Synoptic meteorology of the Tibetan Plateau[M].Beijing:China M eteorological Press,120-155.
宋雯雯,李国平,唐钱奎,2012.加热和水汽对两例高原低涡影响的数值试验[J].大气科学,36(1):117-129.Song W W,Li G P,Tang Q K,2012.Numerical simulation of the effect of heating and w ater vapor on tw o cases of plateau vortex[J].Chinese J Atmos Sci,36(1):117-129.
田珊儒,段安民,王子谦,等,2015.地面加热与高原低涡和对流系统相互作用的一次个例研究[J].大气科学,39(1):125-136.Tian S R,Duan A M,Wang Z Q,et al,2015.Interaction of surface heating,the Tibetan Plateau vortex,and a convective system:a case study[J].Chinese J Atmos Sci,39(1):125-136.
万云霞,张宇,张瑾文,等,2017.感热变化对东亚地区大气边界层高度的影响[J].高原气象,36(1):173-182.Wan Y X,Zhang Y,Zhang J W,et al,2017.Influence of sensible heat on planetary boundary layer height in East Aisa[J].Plateau M eteor,36(1):173-182.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2016.00001.
王革丽,陈万隆,周锁铨,1997.植被和土壤湿度对西南低涡降水影响的敏感性试验[J].高原气象,16(3):243-249.Wang G L,Chen W L,Zhou S Q,1997.Sensitivity experiments of southw est vortex rain to vegetative cover and soil moisture[J].Plateau M eteor,16(3):243-249.
吴国雄,张永生,1998.青藏高原的热力和机械强迫作用以及亚洲季风的爆发*I.爆发地点[J].大气科学,22(6):825-838.Wu G X,Zhang Y S,1998.Thermal and mechanical forcing of the Tibetan Plateau and the Asian monsoon onset.Part I:Situating of the onset[J].Sci Atmos Sinica,22(6):825-838.
吴海英,寿绍文,2002.位涡扰动与气旋的发展[J].南京气象学院学报,25(4):510-517.Wu H Y,Shou S W,2002.Potential vorticity disturbance and cyclone development[J].Journal of Nanjing Institute of M eteorology,25(4):510-517.
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