鲜食葡萄SO_2气体精准熏蒸保鲜控制系统设计
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摘要
鲜食葡萄商业化贮藏保鲜主要采用二氧化硫(SO_2)熏蒸方式处理,但保鲜产品释放SO_2不均匀,熏蒸杀菌不完全,易产生漂白斑点和药害积累等问题。为了精准控制熏蒸过程中SO_2浓度变化,减少SO_2在葡萄果实中的残留积累,该文采用SO_2气体浓度控制装置、熏蒸装置和气体回收装置相结合的形式,设计了一套SO_2熏蒸葡萄装置的控制设备,在可编程逻辑控制器(programmable logic controller, PLC)有序控制下,通过组态王软件(Kingview 6.55)实现SO_2熏蒸浓度、熏蒸温、湿度及压力的实时监测。在对木纳格葡萄进行短时SO_2熏蒸处理的过程中,熏蒸系统能够精确控制SO_2浓度和压强,并使残留SO_2气体回收率达99%以上。熏蒸装置可以精准控制SO_2熏蒸浓度,当熏蒸浓度为3 000μL/L,时间为10 min,压强为0.05 MPa时,熏蒸装置能够有效抑制木纳格葡萄果梗褐变指数、果实腐烂率、失质量率、落粒率及漂白指数的增加,维持果实的硬度,保持了木纳格葡萄果实的品质,降低了果实中SO_2的残留,同时可进行SO_2残留气体回收,提升了熏蒸装置的使用安全性和鲜食葡萄的食用安全性,该研究结果可为鲜食葡萄储藏提供参考。
Sulfur dioxide(SO_2) is the most efficient preservative in commercial storage of table grapes and there is no other substitute so far. But several problems have not been solved yet, such as incomplete sterilization to the grapes, formation of bleached spots and accumulation of phytotoxicity due to the inhomogeneous release of SO_2. Many studies had been done to decrease the negative effects caused by excessive SO_2. In order to achieve the on-line real-time monitoring, the SO_2 concentration precisely control as well as recover SO_2 during fumigation process, a SO_2 fumigation automatic control equipment was designed in this paper. This equipment was composed of three parts: SO_2 concentration control device, grape fumigation device and lye absorption device. These parts were systematically controlled under programmable logic controller(PLC). The SO_2 concentration, fumigation temperature, humidity and pressure were all monitored through the Kingview 6.55 software. Multiple functions could be implemented by this software, such as real-time animation display, trend curve drawing, database query, report printing and so forth. The fumigation system was applied to measure the SO_2 concentration, pressure and recovery of SO_2 gas during the short-time SO_2 fumigation to the ‘Munage' grapes at(0±1) ℃(RH=90%±5 %). The results showed that the error range of SO_2 concentration was low, the maximum value of pressure deviation was 10 % and the SO_2 recovery was above 99%. The SO_2 concentrations of 2 000, 3 000 and 4 000 μL/L were achieved after 42, 88, and 203 s respectively after they were set the device control precision was 0.09 μL/L. That meant this equipment and control system were able to meet actual demand. The high-concentration-short-time SO_2 fumigation technology was also studied in this article. The effects of different concentrations of SO_2(0, 1 000, 2 000, 3 000, 4 000 and 5 000 μL/L), fumigation time(2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 min) and pressure(normal pressure, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06 MPa) on the postharvest quality of the ‘Munage' grapes were discussed. The optimal SO_2 fumigation condition was: concentration of SO_2 was 3 000 μL/L, fumigation time was 10 min and the pressure was 0.05 MPa. Under this condition, the decline of the firmness was retarded and the browning index, decay rate, weight loss rate, drop rate and bleaching index were all decreased. Therefore, the postharvest quality of ‘Munage' grapes was better maintained. The results showed that SO_2 fumigation automatic control equipment could accurately achieve the real-time online monitoring of SO_2 concentration, fumigation temperature, humidity and pressure at the same time. It could precisely control and quickly achieve the required SO_2 concentration. The gas recovery device could rapidly absorb the SO_2 residual which increased the safety of this fumigation equipment and the edible safety of grape was also improved as well. Compared with the untreated grapes, the grapes after high-concentration-short-time SO_2 fumigation kept better postharvest quality. In general, SO_2 fumigation automatic control equipment and control system had a potential application on postharvest fumigation of vegetable and fruit, in the meantime this study would provide the technology and equipment support to the grape industry.
Sulfur dioxide(SO_2) is the most efficient preservative in commercial storage of table grapes and there is no other substitute so far. But several problems have not been solved yet, such as incomplete sterilization to the grapes, formation of bleached spots and accumulation of phytotoxicity due to the inhomogeneous release of SO_2. Many studies had been done to decrease the negative effects caused by excessive SO_2. In order to achieve the on-line real-time monitoring, the SO_2 concentration precisely control as well as recover SO_2 during fumigation process, a SO_2 fumigation automatic control equipment was designed in this paper. This equipment was composed of three parts: SO_2 concentration control device, grape fumigation device and lye absorption device. These parts were systematically controlled under programmable logic controller(PLC). The SO_2 concentration, fumigation temperature, humidity and pressure were all monitored through the Kingview 6.55 software. Multiple functions could be implemented by this software, such as real-time animation display, trend curve drawing, database query, report printing and so forth. The fumigation system was applied to measure the SO_2 concentration, pressure and recovery of SO_2 gas during the short-time SO_2 fumigation to the ‘Munage' grapes at(0±1) ℃(RH=90%±5 %). The results showed that the error range of SO_2 concentration was low, the maximum value of pressure deviation was 10 % and the SO_2 recovery was above 99%. The SO_2 concentrations of 2 000, 3 000 and 4 000 μL/L were achieved after 42, 88, and 203 s respectively after they were set the device control precision was 0.09 μL/L. That meant this equipment and control system were able to meet actual demand. The high-concentration-short-time SO_2 fumigation technology was also studied in this article. The effects of different concentrations of SO_2(0, 1 000, 2 000, 3 000, 4 000 and 5 000 μL/L), fumigation time(2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 min) and pressure(normal pressure, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06 MPa) on the postharvest quality of the ‘Munage' grapes were discussed. The optimal SO_2 fumigation condition was: concentration of SO_2 was 3 000 μL/L, fumigation time was 10 min and the pressure was 0.05 MPa. Under this condition, the decline of the firmness was retarded and the browning index, decay rate, weight loss rate, drop rate and bleaching index were all decreased. Therefore, the postharvest quality of ‘Munage' grapes was better maintained. The results showed that SO_2 fumigation automatic control equipment could accurately achieve the real-time online monitoring of SO_2 concentration, fumigation temperature, humidity and pressure at the same time. It could precisely control and quickly achieve the required SO_2 concentration. The gas recovery device could rapidly absorb the SO_2 residual which increased the safety of this fumigation equipment and the edible safety of grape was also improved as well. Compared with the untreated grapes, the grapes after high-concentration-short-time SO_2 fumigation kept better postharvest quality. In general, SO_2 fumigation automatic control equipment and control system had a potential application on postharvest fumigation of vegetable and fruit, in the meantime this study would provide the technology and equipment support to the grape industry.
引文
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[22]廖建尚.基于物联网的温室大棚环境监控系统设计方法[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(11):233-243.Liao Jianshang.Design of agricultural greenhouse environment monitoring system based on internet of things[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(11):233-243.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[2]Zutahy Y,Lichter A,Kaplunov T,et al.Extended storage of‘Red Globe’grapes in modified SO2,generating pads[J].Postharvest Biology and Technology,2008,50(1):12-17.
[3]Winkler A J,Jacob H E.The utilization of sulfur dioxide in the marketing of grapes[J].Hilgardia 1925,1:107-131.
[4]周江.二氧化硫(SO2)间歇熏蒸对红地球葡萄采后品质的影响[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2016:20-35.Zhou Jiang.Effects of Sulfur Dioxide IntermittentFumigation on Postharvest Quality of Red Globe Grapes During Storage[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,2016:20-35.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]Lichter A,Zutahy Y,Kaplunov T,et al.Evaluation of table grape storage in boxes with sulfur dioxide-releasing pads with either an internal plastic liner or external wrap[J].Horttechnology,2008,18(2):48-54.
[6]吴斌,闫师杰,王文生,新疆葡萄贮运保鲜现状与产业技术提升途径[J].保鲜与加工,2016,16(4):1-5.Wu Bin,Yan Shijie,Wang Wensheng.Situation of storage and transport and industry promoting ways of table grape in Xinjiang[J].Storage&Process,2016,16(4):1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Ben-Amor R,Dhouibi M H,Aguayo E.Hot water treatments combined with cold storage as a tool for ectomyelois ceratoniae,mortality and maintenance of Deglet Noor palm date quality[J].Postharvest Biology and Technology,2016,112:247-255.
[8]Park S H,Kang D H.Antimicrobial effect of chlorine dioxide gas against foodborne pathogens under differing conditions of relative humidity[J].LWT-Food Science and Technology,2015,60(1):186-191.
[9]Cayuela J A,Vázquez A,Pérez A G,et al.Control of table grapes postharvest decay by ozone treatment and resveratrol induction[J].Food Science and Technology International,2009,15(5):495-502.
[10]汪伟.NO和H2S抑制采后桃果实软化机理研究[D].南昌:江西农业大学,2014.Wang Wei.Study on Inhibition of Softening Mechanism of Postharvest Peach Fruit by NO and H2S[D].Nanchang:Jiangxi Agricultural University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]苏维,苏禹,贺刚.基于组态王的H2S浓度监测系统的研究与实现[J].工业仪表与自动化装置,2011,4(2):79-82.Su Wei,Su Yu,He Gang.Research and realization of H2Sconcentration monitoring system based on Kingview[J].Industrial Instrumentation and Automation,2011,4(2):79-82.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]张娜,李昆仑,王文生,等.应用臭氧浓度精准控制熏蒸装置提高树莓贮藏品质[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(10):295-301.Zhang Na,Li Kunlun,Wang Wensheng,et al.Application of ozone concentration precise control fumigation device improving quality of raspberries during cold storage[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(10):295-301.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]吕华芳,杨汉波,丛振涛,等.基于PLC控制的室内降雨入渗自动测定系统[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(9):144-149.Lv Huafang,Yang Hanbo,Cong Zhentao,et al.Anticlogging design and experimental investigation of PIV for labyrinth-channel emitters of drip irrigation emitters[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(9):144-149.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]赵松松,杨昭,陈爱强,等.微型冷库复合加热循环除霜系统的研制与试验[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(2):306-311.Zhao Songsong,Yang Zhao,Chen Aiqiang,et al.Development and experiment about recombination heating circulation defrosting system of mini cold storage house[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(2):306-311.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]王树才,吴曼琳,吴闯.鸡蛋电子称量分级包装生产线自动控制系统设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(3):265-271.Wang Shucai,Wu Manlin,Wu Chuang.Design and test of automatic control system for egg electronic weighing and grading packaging production line[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(3):265-271.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]蔡宽麒,陈振斌,张家豪,等.基于PLC与胡克定律的椰子自动开孔机设计[J].食品与机械,2017,33(7):95-99.Cai Kuanqi,Chen Zhenbin,Zhang Jiahao,et al.The design of coconut automatic tapping machine base on PLC and Hooke law[J].Food and Machinery,2017,33(7):95-99.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]吴俭敏,张小超,金鑫,等.苗盘钵苗自动识别及控制装置的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(1):47-52.Wu Jianmin,Zhang Xiaochao,Jin Xin,et al.Design and experiment on transplanter pot seedling disk conveying and positioning control system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(1):47-52.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]倪有亮,金诚谦,刘基,等.全自动移栽机取送苗系统的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(23):10-19.Ni Youliang,Jin Chengqian,Liu Ji,et al.Design and experiment of system for picking up and delivering seedlings in automatic transplanter[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(23):10-19.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]石铁.全自动玉米秧苗移栽机的研制与试验[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(3):23-30.Shi Tie.Development and test of automatic corn seedling transplanter[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(3):23-30.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]杨相政,王保银,李喜宏,等.SO2间歇熏蒸对红地球葡萄贮藏品质的影响[J].中国果树,2014(1):25-28.
[21]郭建斌,牛红林,韩玉花,等.基于PLC的养殖场氨气生物氧化装置设计与试验[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(3):310-316.Guo Jianbin,Niu Honglin,Han Yuhua,et al.Design and experiment of farm ammonia bio-oxidation device based on PLC[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(3):310-316.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]廖建尚.基于物联网的温室大棚环境监控系统设计方法[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(11):233-243.Liao Jianshang.Design of agricultural greenhouse environment monitoring system based on internet of things[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(11):233-243.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]陈曦,何益.化工精馏塔的PLC温度控制系统设计[J].仪表技术与传感器,2011,11(11):77-79.Chen Xi,He Yi.Design of PLC temperature control system in chemical distillation[J].Instrumentation Technology and Sensors,2011,11(11):77-79.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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