复杂孔隙储层三维岩石物理模版
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摘要
复杂孔隙储层往往同时发育孔缝洞等多种孔隙类型,这种孔隙结构的复杂性使得岩石的速度与孔隙度之间的相关性很差.经典的二维岩石物理模版只研究弹性参数与孔隙度和饱和度之间的定量关系,而不考虑孔隙结构的影响,用这样的模版来预测复杂孔隙储层的物性参数时带来很大偏差.本文首先证明多重孔隙岩石的干骨架弹性参数可以用一个等效孔隙纵横比的单重孔隙岩石物理模型来模拟;进而基于等效介质岩石物理理论和Gassmann方程,建立一个全新的三维岩石物理模版,用它来建立复杂孔隙岩石的弹性性质与孔隙扁度及孔隙度和饱和度之间的定量关系;在此基础上,预测复杂储层的孔隙扁度、孔隙度以及孔隙中所包含的流体饱和度.实际测井和地震反演数据试验表明,三维岩石物理模版可有效提高复杂孔隙储层参数的预测精度.
Complex porous reservoirs typically host many kinds of pore types,such as cavities,pores and micro-cracks.Such complicated pore structure generally makes the correlation between velocity and porosity of the rock very poor.The classical two-dimensional rock physics template only studies the quantitative relationship between elastic properties and porosity and saturation,without considering pore structure.And it brings great deviation when using this template to predict the physical properties of porous reservoirs.To further address this issue,firstly,this paper proves that the elastic properties of dry-rock frame for multiple-porosity medium can be simulated equivalently by a single-porosity rock physics model with an effective pore aspect ratio.Then,by using effective medium theory and Gassmann equations,a new three-dimensional rock physics template(3 D RPT)is established,which can be used to characterize the relationship between elastic properties and reservoir parameters including pore aspect ratio,porosity and water saturation.On this basis of the 3 DRPT,the reservoir parameters of complex reservoirs are predicted from the known elastic properties.Tests on real logging and seismic inversion data show that the 3 DRPT can effectively improve the prediction accuracy of porous reservoir parameters.
Complex porous reservoirs typically host many kinds of pore types,such as cavities,pores and micro-cracks.Such complicated pore structure generally makes the correlation between velocity and porosity of the rock very poor.The classical two-dimensional rock physics template only studies the quantitative relationship between elastic properties and porosity and saturation,without considering pore structure.And it brings great deviation when using this template to predict the physical properties of porous reservoirs.To further address this issue,firstly,this paper proves that the elastic properties of dry-rock frame for multiple-porosity medium can be simulated equivalently by a single-porosity rock physics model with an effective pore aspect ratio.Then,by using effective medium theory and Gassmann equations,a new three-dimensional rock physics template(3 D RPT)is established,which can be used to characterize the relationship between elastic properties and reservoir parameters including pore aspect ratio,porosity and water saturation.On this basis of the 3 DRPT,the reservoir parameters of complex reservoirs are predicted from the known elastic properties.Tests on real logging and seismic inversion data show that the 3 DRPT can effectively improve the prediction accuracy of porous reservoir parameters.
引文
Adam L,Batzle M,Brevik I.2006.Gassmann′s fluid substitution and shear modulus variability in carbonates at laboratory seismic and ultrasonic frequencies.Geophysics,71(6):F173-F183.
Anselmetti F S,Eberli G P.1999.The velocity-deviation log:Atool to predict pore type and permeability trends in carbonate drill holes from sonic and porosity or density logs.AAPGBulletin,83(3):450-466.
Ba J,Yan X F,Chen Z Y,et al.2013.Rock physics model and gas saturation inversion for heterogeneous gas reservoirs.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),56(5):1696-1706,doi:10.6038/cjg20130527.
Ba J,Cao H,Carcione J M,et al.2013.Multiscale rock-physics templates for gas detection in carbonate reservoirs.J.Appl.Geophys.,93:77-82.
Ba J,Xu W H,Fu L Y,et al.2017.Rock anelasticity due to patchy saturation and fabric heterogeneity:A double double-porosity model of wave propagation.J.Geophys.Res.-Solid Earth,122(3):1949-1976.
Baechle G T,Colpaert A,Eberli G P,et al.2008.Effects of microporosity on sonic velocity in carbonate rocks.The Leading Edge,27(8):1012-1018.
Berryman J G,Pride S R,Wang H F.2002.A differential scheme for elastic properties of rocks with dry or saturated cracks.Geophys.J.Int.,151(2):597-611.
Biot M A.1956.Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluidsaturated porous solid.I.Low-frequency range.J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,28(2):168-178.
Chi X G,Han D H.2009.Lithology and fluid differentiation using a rock physics template.The Leading Edge,28(1):60-65.
Dong C H,Tang G Y,Wang S X,et al.2017.Numerical simulation and analysis for low-frequency rock physics measurements.J.Geophys.Eng.,14(5):1203-1214.
Dong H M,Sun J M,Lin Z Z,et al.2018.3Dpore-type digital rock modeling of natural gas hydrate for permafrost and numerical simulation of electrical properties.J.Geophys.Eng.,15(1):275-285.
Duan C S,Deng J X,Li Y,et al.2018.Effect of pore structure on the dispersion and attenuation of fluid-saturated tight sandstone.J.Geophys.Eng.,15(2):449-460.
Fabricius I L,Bchle G T,Eberli G P.2010.Elastic moduli of dry and water-saturated carbonates-Effect of depositional texture,porosity,and permeability.Geophysics,75(3):N65-N78.
Gassmann F.1951.Uber die elastizitat poroser medien.Vier.der Natur.Gesellschaft in Zurich,96:1-23.
Gupta S D,Chatterjee R,Farooqui M Y.2012.Rock physics template(RPT)analysis of well logs and seismic data for lithology and fluid classification in Cambay Basin.Int.J.Earth Sci.,101(5):1407-1426.
Kuster G T,Toks9z M N.1974.Velocity and attenuation of seismic waves in two-phase media,Part I.Theoretical considerations.Geophysics,39(5):587-606.
Li H B,Zhang J J.2010.Modulus ratio of dry rock based on differential effective-medium theory.Geophysics,75(2):N43-N50.
Li H B,Zhang J J.2011.Elastic moduli of dry rocks containing spheroidal pores based on differential effective medium theory.J.Appl.Geophys.,75(4):671-678.
Li H B,Zhang J J.2012.Analytical approximations of bulk and shear moduli for dry rock based on the differential effective medium theory.Geophys.Prospect.,60(2):281-292.
Li H B,Zhang J J,Yao F C.2013.Inversion of effective pore aspect ratios for porous rocks and its applications.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),56(2):608-615,doi:10.6038/cjg20130224.
Li H B,Zhang J J.2014.A differential effective medium model of multiple-porosity rock and its analytical approximations for dry rock.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),57(10):3422-3430,doi:10.6038/cjg20141028.
Mavko G,Mukerji T,Dvorkin J.1998.The Rock Physics Handbook:Tools for Seismic Analysis of Porous Media.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Norris A.1985.A differential scheme for the effective moduli of composites.Mech.Mater.,4(1):1-16.
Nur A,Simmons G.1969.The effect of saturation on velocity in low porosity rocks.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,7(2):183-193.
Odegaard E,Avseth P A.2004.Well log and seismic data analysis using rock physics templates.First Break,22(10):37-43.
Sayers C M.2008.The elastic properties of carbonates.The Leading Edge,27(8):1020-1024.
Takei Y.2002.Effect of pore geometry on Vp/Vs:From equilibrium geometry to crack.J.Geophys.Res.,107(B2):ECV 6-1-ECV 6-12.
Yin X Y,Zheng Y,Zong Z Y.2017.Research on the equivalence between digital core and rock physics models.J.Geophys.Eng.,14(3):666-674.
Zhang G Z,Chen J J,Chen H Z,et al.2015.Quantitative interpretation of Carbonate gas reservoir based on rock physics template.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition)(in Chinese),45(2):630-638.
Zhang Y,Toks9z M N.2012.Impact of the cracks lost in the imaging process on computing linear elastic properties from 3Dmicrotomographic images of Berea sandstone.Geophysics,77(2):R95-R104.
Zhou J G,Xu C C,Yao G S,et al.2015.Genesis and evolution of lower Cambrian Longwangmiao formation reservoirs,Sichuan Basin,SW China.Petroleum Exploration and Development(in Chinese),42(2):158-166.
巴晶,晏信飞,陈志勇等.2013.非均质天然气藏的岩石物理模型及含气饱和度反演.地球物理学报,56(5):1696-1706,doi:10.6038/cjg20130527.
李宏兵,张佳佳,姚逢昌.2013.岩石的等效孔隙纵横比反演及其应用.地球物理学报,56(2):608-615,doi:10.6038/cjg20130224.
李宏兵,张佳佳.2014.多重孔岩石微分等效介质模型及其干燥情形下的解析近似式.地球物理学报,57(10):3422-3430,doi:10.6038/cjg20141028.
张广智,陈娇娇,陈怀震等.2015.基于岩石物理模版的碳酸盐岩含气储层定量解释.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),45(2):630-638.
周进高,徐春春,姚根顺等.2015.四川盆地下寒武统龙王庙组储集层形成与演化.石油勘探与开发,42(2):158-166.
Anselmetti F S,Eberli G P.1999.The velocity-deviation log:Atool to predict pore type and permeability trends in carbonate drill holes from sonic and porosity or density logs.AAPGBulletin,83(3):450-466.
Ba J,Yan X F,Chen Z Y,et al.2013.Rock physics model and gas saturation inversion for heterogeneous gas reservoirs.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),56(5):1696-1706,doi:10.6038/cjg20130527.
Ba J,Cao H,Carcione J M,et al.2013.Multiscale rock-physics templates for gas detection in carbonate reservoirs.J.Appl.Geophys.,93:77-82.
Ba J,Xu W H,Fu L Y,et al.2017.Rock anelasticity due to patchy saturation and fabric heterogeneity:A double double-porosity model of wave propagation.J.Geophys.Res.-Solid Earth,122(3):1949-1976.
Baechle G T,Colpaert A,Eberli G P,et al.2008.Effects of microporosity on sonic velocity in carbonate rocks.The Leading Edge,27(8):1012-1018.
Berryman J G,Pride S R,Wang H F.2002.A differential scheme for elastic properties of rocks with dry or saturated cracks.Geophys.J.Int.,151(2):597-611.
Biot M A.1956.Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluidsaturated porous solid.I.Low-frequency range.J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,28(2):168-178.
Chi X G,Han D H.2009.Lithology and fluid differentiation using a rock physics template.The Leading Edge,28(1):60-65.
Dong C H,Tang G Y,Wang S X,et al.2017.Numerical simulation and analysis for low-frequency rock physics measurements.J.Geophys.Eng.,14(5):1203-1214.
Dong H M,Sun J M,Lin Z Z,et al.2018.3Dpore-type digital rock modeling of natural gas hydrate for permafrost and numerical simulation of electrical properties.J.Geophys.Eng.,15(1):275-285.
Duan C S,Deng J X,Li Y,et al.2018.Effect of pore structure on the dispersion and attenuation of fluid-saturated tight sandstone.J.Geophys.Eng.,15(2):449-460.
Fabricius I L,Bchle G T,Eberli G P.2010.Elastic moduli of dry and water-saturated carbonates-Effect of depositional texture,porosity,and permeability.Geophysics,75(3):N65-N78.
Gassmann F.1951.Uber die elastizitat poroser medien.Vier.der Natur.Gesellschaft in Zurich,96:1-23.
Gupta S D,Chatterjee R,Farooqui M Y.2012.Rock physics template(RPT)analysis of well logs and seismic data for lithology and fluid classification in Cambay Basin.Int.J.Earth Sci.,101(5):1407-1426.
Kuster G T,Toks9z M N.1974.Velocity and attenuation of seismic waves in two-phase media,Part I.Theoretical considerations.Geophysics,39(5):587-606.
Li H B,Zhang J J.2010.Modulus ratio of dry rock based on differential effective-medium theory.Geophysics,75(2):N43-N50.
Li H B,Zhang J J.2011.Elastic moduli of dry rocks containing spheroidal pores based on differential effective medium theory.J.Appl.Geophys.,75(4):671-678.
Li H B,Zhang J J.2012.Analytical approximations of bulk and shear moduli for dry rock based on the differential effective medium theory.Geophys.Prospect.,60(2):281-292.
Li H B,Zhang J J,Yao F C.2013.Inversion of effective pore aspect ratios for porous rocks and its applications.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),56(2):608-615,doi:10.6038/cjg20130224.
Li H B,Zhang J J.2014.A differential effective medium model of multiple-porosity rock and its analytical approximations for dry rock.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),57(10):3422-3430,doi:10.6038/cjg20141028.
Mavko G,Mukerji T,Dvorkin J.1998.The Rock Physics Handbook:Tools for Seismic Analysis of Porous Media.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Norris A.1985.A differential scheme for the effective moduli of composites.Mech.Mater.,4(1):1-16.
Nur A,Simmons G.1969.The effect of saturation on velocity in low porosity rocks.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,7(2):183-193.
Odegaard E,Avseth P A.2004.Well log and seismic data analysis using rock physics templates.First Break,22(10):37-43.
Sayers C M.2008.The elastic properties of carbonates.The Leading Edge,27(8):1020-1024.
Takei Y.2002.Effect of pore geometry on Vp/Vs:From equilibrium geometry to crack.J.Geophys.Res.,107(B2):ECV 6-1-ECV 6-12.
Yin X Y,Zheng Y,Zong Z Y.2017.Research on the equivalence between digital core and rock physics models.J.Geophys.Eng.,14(3):666-674.
Zhang G Z,Chen J J,Chen H Z,et al.2015.Quantitative interpretation of Carbonate gas reservoir based on rock physics template.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition)(in Chinese),45(2):630-638.
Zhang Y,Toks9z M N.2012.Impact of the cracks lost in the imaging process on computing linear elastic properties from 3Dmicrotomographic images of Berea sandstone.Geophysics,77(2):R95-R104.
Zhou J G,Xu C C,Yao G S,et al.2015.Genesis and evolution of lower Cambrian Longwangmiao formation reservoirs,Sichuan Basin,SW China.Petroleum Exploration and Development(in Chinese),42(2):158-166.
巴晶,晏信飞,陈志勇等.2013.非均质天然气藏的岩石物理模型及含气饱和度反演.地球物理学报,56(5):1696-1706,doi:10.6038/cjg20130527.
李宏兵,张佳佳,姚逢昌.2013.岩石的等效孔隙纵横比反演及其应用.地球物理学报,56(2):608-615,doi:10.6038/cjg20130224.
李宏兵,张佳佳.2014.多重孔岩石微分等效介质模型及其干燥情形下的解析近似式.地球物理学报,57(10):3422-3430,doi:10.6038/cjg20141028.
张广智,陈娇娇,陈怀震等.2015.基于岩石物理模版的碳酸盐岩含气储层定量解释.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),45(2):630-638.
周进高,徐春春,姚根顺等.2015.四川盆地下寒武统龙王庙组储集层形成与演化.石油勘探与开发,42(2):158-166.