古地貌对塔中地区鹰山组岩溶结构及分布的控制作用
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摘要
古地貌是控制塔中地区鹰山组岩溶储层发育的重要外部因素之一。在对地震剖面进行精细解释的基础上,采用地层趋势外延法对鹰山组沉积之后的古地貌进行了恢复,划分出岩溶地貌单元,并对不同地貌单元的岩溶剖面进行了解剖。结果表明:塔中地区鹰山组的岩溶结构具有表层洞穴发育型、隔层-渗流带发育型和渗流带-潜流带发育型等3种类型。岩溶古地貌单元的分布受区域构造带控制作用明显。其中,塔中10号断裂构造带是主要的岩溶高地,该构造带作为地下水的主要补给区,发育有大型溶蚀洞穴,这些溶蚀洞穴在地震剖面上通常表现为"串珠状"反射。塔中10号断裂带与塔中Ⅰ号断裂带之间为岩溶斜坡区,该构造带作为地下水体的侧向补给区,水流方向从垂向渗流为主变为水平潜流为主,是潜流带洞穴和裂缝最为发育的地区。古地貌的低洼地带是岩溶洼地的主要分布区,岩溶洼地几乎没有岩溶储层发育。这种从岩溶高地到岩溶斜坡再到岩溶洼地的古地貌格局,可以促进溶蚀性流体从高势区向低势区的自然运移,为岩溶储层的连片发育提供了良好的构造背景。
Paleogeomorphology is one of the important external factors for the development of karst reservoir of Yingshan Formation in Tazhong area. Based on fine interpretation of seismic section,stratigraphic trend extrapolation method was adopted to restore the geomorphology after the deposition of Yingshan Formation,the karst geomorphic units were divided and the karst sections of different geomorphic units were dissected. The results show that there are three types of karst profiles including surface caves,interlayer-vadose zones and vadose-phreaticzones induced from karst structures. The distribution of paleogeomorphology units is controlled by the structural belts to a great extent. Karst highland is located in the No. 10 fault belt primarily. It is the main recharge area of groundwater with developing large karst caves. The beaded reflections on the seismic profile are this kind of structure. There is karst slope area between No. 1 and No. 10 faulted belts. It is the lateral recharge area of groundwater. The direction of water flow is from vertical seepage to groundwater flow. Hyporheic zone caves and fractures mainly developed in this area. There are basically not karst reservoirs in the karst depression area. This geomorphic pattern promotes the natural migration of dissolution fluid from the high potential region to the low and provides favorable tectonic settings for continuous development of karst reservoir.
Paleogeomorphology is one of the important external factors for the development of karst reservoir of Yingshan Formation in Tazhong area. Based on fine interpretation of seismic section,stratigraphic trend extrapolation method was adopted to restore the geomorphology after the deposition of Yingshan Formation,the karst geomorphic units were divided and the karst sections of different geomorphic units were dissected. The results show that there are three types of karst profiles including surface caves,interlayer-vadose zones and vadose-phreaticzones induced from karst structures. The distribution of paleogeomorphology units is controlled by the structural belts to a great extent. Karst highland is located in the No. 10 fault belt primarily. It is the main recharge area of groundwater with developing large karst caves. The beaded reflections on the seismic profile are this kind of structure. There is karst slope area between No. 1 and No. 10 faulted belts. It is the lateral recharge area of groundwater. The direction of water flow is from vertical seepage to groundwater flow. Hyporheic zone caves and fractures mainly developed in this area. There are basically not karst reservoirs in the karst depression area. This geomorphic pattern promotes the natural migration of dissolution fluid from the high potential region to the low and provides favorable tectonic settings for continuous development of karst reservoir.
引文
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[9]滕团余,潘建国,张虎权,等.塔中地区碳酸盐岩储层综合预测技术分析.岩性油气藏,2010,22(4):14-19.TENG T Y,PAN J G,ZHANG H Q,et al.Prediction technique of carbonate reservoir in Tazhong area.Lithologic Reservoirs,2010,22(4):14-19.
[10]韩剑发,王红枫,张海祖,等.塔中地区北部斜坡带下奥陶统碳酸盐岩风化壳油气富集特征.石油与天然气地质,2008,29(2):167-173.HAN J F,WANG H F,ZHANG H Z,et al.Characteristics of hydrocarbon enrichment in the Lower Ordovician carbonate rock weathering crust on the northern slope zone of Tazhong area.Oil and Gas Geology,2008,29(2):167-173.
[11]吕修祥,张艳萍,焦伟伟,等.断裂活动对塔中地区鹰山组碳酸盐岩储集层的影响.新疆石油地质,2011,32(3):244-251.LYU X X,ZHANG Y P,JIAO W W,et al.Effect of fault activity on carbonate reservoir of Yingshan Formation in Tazhong area,Tarim Basin.Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2011,32(3):244-251.
[12]李传新,贾承造,李本亮,等.塔里木盆地塔中凸起北斜坡古生代断裂展布与构造演化.地质学报,2009,83(8):1065-1072.LI C X,JIA C Z,LI B L,et al.Distribution and tectonic evolution of the Paleozoic fault system,the north slope of Tazhong Uplift,Tarim Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica,2009,83(8):1065-1072.
[13]郑剑,林新,王振宇,等.塔中北斜坡地区奥陶系鹰山组储层差异性分析.岩性油气藏,2012,24(5):90-93.ZHENG J,LIN X,WANG Z Y,et al.Reservoir differences of the Ordovician Yingshan Formation in the northern slope of Tazhong.Lithologic Reservoirs,2012,24(5):90-93.
[14]李本亮,管树魏,李传新,等.塔里木盆地塔中低凸起古构造演化与变形特征.地质评论,2009,55(4):521-529.LI B L,GUAN S W,LI C X,et al.Paleo-tectonic evolution and deformation features of the lower uplift in the central Tarim Basin.Geological Review,2009,55(4):521-529.
[15]赵军,海川,张承森.测井储层描述在塔中Ⅰ号礁滩体中的应用.岩性油气藏,2008,20(2):87-90.ZHAO J,HAI C,ZHANG C S.Application of log data in reef flat reservoir description in Tazhong No.1 slope break.Lithologic Reservoirs,2008,20(2):87-90.
[16]孙东,王宏斌,雍学善,等.直径40 m溶洞距汇演顶界面不同距离时的地震响应.岩性油气藏,2011,23(1):94-98.SUN D,WANG H B,YONG X S,et al.Seismic response of40 m caves with different distances from limestone top boundary.Lithologic Reservoirs,2011,23(1):94-98.
[17]耿晓洁,林畅松,吴斌,等.塔中地区鹰山组溶洞型层特征及油气地质意义.东北石油大学学报,2016,40(6):36-43.GENG X J,LIN C S,WU B,et al.Features of paleo-cave reservoir and its petroleum geological significance of Yingshan Formation in Tazhong area.Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2016,40(6):36-43.
[2]邓兴梁,张庆玉,梁彬,等.塔中Ⅱ区奥陶系鹰山组岩溶古地貌恢复方法研究.中国岩溶,2015,34(2):154-157.DENG X L,ZHANG Q Y,LIANG B,et al.Reconstruction of karst paleogeomorphology for the Ordovician Yingshan Formation in the central Tarim Basin.Carsologica Sinica,2015,34(2):154-157.
[3]LIN C S,LI H,LIU J Y.Major unconformities,tectonostratigraphic frameword,and evolution of the superimposed Tarim Basin,Northwest China.Journal of Earth Science,2012,23(4):395-407.
[4]史江龙,李剑,李志生,等.塔里木盆地塔中隆起天然气地球化学特征及成因类型.东北石油大学学报,2016,40(4):19-26.SHI J L,LI J,LI Z S,et al.Geochemical character and genesis types of natural gas in the Tazhong uplift of Tarim Basin.Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2016,40(4):19-26.
[5]王振宇,杨柳明,马锋,等.塔中地区下奥陶统鹰山组白云岩成因研究.岩性油气藏,2012,24(1):21-25.WANG Z Y,YANG L M,MA F,et al.Origin of dolomite of Lower Ordovician Yingshan Formation in Tazhong area.Lithologic Reservoirs,2012,24(1):21-25.
[6]张仲培,王毅,云金表,等.塔里木盆地台盆区海西期地质事件及其油气成藏效应.大庆石油学院学报,2007,31(4):1-5.ZHANG Z P,WANG Y,YUN J B,et al.Hercynian geological events and effect of hydrocarbon accumulation in the platformbasin region of Tarim Basin.Journal of Daqing Petroleum Institute,2007,31(4):1-5.
[7]戴传瑞,邹伟宏,杨海军,等.轮古西潜山岩溶储层发育特征与评价.东北石油大学学报,2012,36(4):24-30.DAI C R,ZOU W H,YANG H J,et al.Develop features and evaluation of karst reservoirs in Lungu area.Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2012,36(4):24-30.
[8]ZENG H,LOUCKS R,JANSON X,et al.Three-dimensional seismic geomorphology and analysis of the Ordovician paleokarst drainage system in the central Tabei Uplift,northern Tarim Basin,western China.AAPG Bulletin,2011,95(12):2061-2083.
[9]滕团余,潘建国,张虎权,等.塔中地区碳酸盐岩储层综合预测技术分析.岩性油气藏,2010,22(4):14-19.TENG T Y,PAN J G,ZHANG H Q,et al.Prediction technique of carbonate reservoir in Tazhong area.Lithologic Reservoirs,2010,22(4):14-19.
[10]韩剑发,王红枫,张海祖,等.塔中地区北部斜坡带下奥陶统碳酸盐岩风化壳油气富集特征.石油与天然气地质,2008,29(2):167-173.HAN J F,WANG H F,ZHANG H Z,et al.Characteristics of hydrocarbon enrichment in the Lower Ordovician carbonate rock weathering crust on the northern slope zone of Tazhong area.Oil and Gas Geology,2008,29(2):167-173.
[11]吕修祥,张艳萍,焦伟伟,等.断裂活动对塔中地区鹰山组碳酸盐岩储集层的影响.新疆石油地质,2011,32(3):244-251.LYU X X,ZHANG Y P,JIAO W W,et al.Effect of fault activity on carbonate reservoir of Yingshan Formation in Tazhong area,Tarim Basin.Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2011,32(3):244-251.
[12]李传新,贾承造,李本亮,等.塔里木盆地塔中凸起北斜坡古生代断裂展布与构造演化.地质学报,2009,83(8):1065-1072.LI C X,JIA C Z,LI B L,et al.Distribution and tectonic evolution of the Paleozoic fault system,the north slope of Tazhong Uplift,Tarim Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica,2009,83(8):1065-1072.
[13]郑剑,林新,王振宇,等.塔中北斜坡地区奥陶系鹰山组储层差异性分析.岩性油气藏,2012,24(5):90-93.ZHENG J,LIN X,WANG Z Y,et al.Reservoir differences of the Ordovician Yingshan Formation in the northern slope of Tazhong.Lithologic Reservoirs,2012,24(5):90-93.
[14]李本亮,管树魏,李传新,等.塔里木盆地塔中低凸起古构造演化与变形特征.地质评论,2009,55(4):521-529.LI B L,GUAN S W,LI C X,et al.Paleo-tectonic evolution and deformation features of the lower uplift in the central Tarim Basin.Geological Review,2009,55(4):521-529.
[15]赵军,海川,张承森.测井储层描述在塔中Ⅰ号礁滩体中的应用.岩性油气藏,2008,20(2):87-90.ZHAO J,HAI C,ZHANG C S.Application of log data in reef flat reservoir description in Tazhong No.1 slope break.Lithologic Reservoirs,2008,20(2):87-90.
[16]孙东,王宏斌,雍学善,等.直径40 m溶洞距汇演顶界面不同距离时的地震响应.岩性油气藏,2011,23(1):94-98.SUN D,WANG H B,YONG X S,et al.Seismic response of40 m caves with different distances from limestone top boundary.Lithologic Reservoirs,2011,23(1):94-98.
[17]耿晓洁,林畅松,吴斌,等.塔中地区鹰山组溶洞型层特征及油气地质意义.东北石油大学学报,2016,40(6):36-43.GENG X J,LIN C S,WU B,et al.Features of paleo-cave reservoir and its petroleum geological significance of Yingshan Formation in Tazhong area.Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2016,40(6):36-43.