城市舒适性的空间分布及影响因素
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摘要
城市舒适性反映城市发展与建设的综合水平,并直接影响居民生活质量.城市舒适性的评价指标包括自然环境、人工环境和社会环境.本研究采用综合测评法、空间格局法、因子与回归分析法.结果表明:(1)中国城市舒适性主要为中度,5个等级城市数量差异较大;(2)高舒适性与较高舒适性等级的城市主要集中在东部沿海地区、中西部地区、黄河中游附近地区.中舒适性等级的城市主要集中在中西部城市及其周边地区、个别省份的交界地带.较低和低舒适性等级位于省域边界.(3)城市舒适性呈地带性梯度,东西方向尤为明显;高舒适性、较高舒适性与中舒适性等级的城市呈集中化分布;地理因素通过和海岸边界之距等作用于舒适性,供给因素通过人均GDP、公共部门的雇员、第三产业产值比率作用于舒适性,需求因素通过游客接待规模、城市人均可支配收入作用于舒适性;地理因子中的地理环境差异决定了城市舒适性的空间格局,供给因子中表明城市舒适性水平由经济水平决定,需求因子中则通过舒适性投入度影响舒适性水平.
Urban comfort could reflect the comprehensive level of urban development and construction,thus directly affecting the life quality of city dwellers. The evaluation index system for urban comfort includes the natural environment,artificial environment and social environment. The study uses the following methods,i.e.the comprehensive evaluation method,spatial pattern method,and factor and regression analysis. The results show as follows:( 1) China mainly has moderate level of urban comfort,with 5 super cities having a great difference in this regard.( 2) The cities with a high or higher level of comfort are mainly located in the eastern coastal areas,the mid-western regions and the middle reaches of the Yellow River; the cities with a medium level of comfort lie in in the mid-western cities and their surrounding areas,and the boundaries of certain provinces; the cities with a low and lower level of comfort are situated in the provincial boundaries.( 3) There exist a zonal gradient in Chinese urban comfort,ranging from the east to the west; the cities with the highest,higher and moderate comfort levels are remarkably characterized by a clustered distribution; the urban comfort is affected by the geographical factors through the distance of coastal boundary,affected by the supply factors through per capita GDP,public sector employees and the ratio of tertiary industry output,and affected by the demand factors through the tourist reception scale and urban per capita disposable income.The geographical environment differences in the geographical factors determine the spatial pattern of urban comfort; the supply factors show that urban comfort level is determined by the economic level; the demand factors show that urban comfort level is affected by the correlative input.
Urban comfort could reflect the comprehensive level of urban development and construction,thus directly affecting the life quality of city dwellers. The evaluation index system for urban comfort includes the natural environment,artificial environment and social environment. The study uses the following methods,i.e.the comprehensive evaluation method,spatial pattern method,and factor and regression analysis. The results show as follows:( 1) China mainly has moderate level of urban comfort,with 5 super cities having a great difference in this regard.( 2) The cities with a high or higher level of comfort are mainly located in the eastern coastal areas,the mid-western regions and the middle reaches of the Yellow River; the cities with a medium level of comfort lie in in the mid-western cities and their surrounding areas,and the boundaries of certain provinces; the cities with a low and lower level of comfort are situated in the provincial boundaries.( 3) There exist a zonal gradient in Chinese urban comfort,ranging from the east to the west; the cities with the highest,higher and moderate comfort levels are remarkably characterized by a clustered distribution; the urban comfort is affected by the geographical factors through the distance of coastal boundary,affected by the supply factors through per capita GDP,public sector employees and the ratio of tertiary industry output,and affected by the demand factors through the tourist reception scale and urban per capita disposable income.The geographical environment differences in the geographical factors determine the spatial pattern of urban comfort; the supply factors show that urban comfort level is determined by the economic level; the demand factors show that urban comfort level is affected by the correlative input.
引文
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[2]KEMENY T,STORPER M.The sources of urban development:wages,housing,and amenity gaps across american cities[J].Journal of Regional Science,2012,52(1):85-108.
[3]CHESTER H,LISA A H.Measuring urban streetscapes for comfort:a review of approaches[J].The Professional Geographer,2016,68(1):149-158.
[4]STEPHEN M,WHEELER.Built landscapes of metropolitan regions:an international typology[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2015,81(3):167-190.
[5]BUCH T,HAMANN S,NIEBUHR A,et al.What makes cities attractive?The determinants of urban labor migration in germa-ny[J].Urban Studies,2014,51(9):1960-1978.
[6]MOHADESEH M,FAIZAH A.Determinants of livable streets in malaysia:a study of physical attributes of two streets in kuala lumpur[J].Urban Design International,2015,20(2):158-174.
[7]SHAUN T.Political tool or quality experience?urban livability and the singaporean state’s global city aspirations[J].Urban Geography,2014,35(6):916-937.
[8]BENJAMIN L,SAITLUANGA.Spatial pattern of urban livability in himalayan region:a case of aizawl city,india[J].Social Indicators Research,2014,117(2):541-559.
[9]湛东升,张文忠,余建辉,等.基于客观评价的北京城市宜居性空间特征及机制[J].地域研究与开发,2016,35(4):68-73,98.
[10]刘晶晶,黄璇璇,林德荣.城市宜居性与旅游发展关系研究——基于面板数据的分析[J].人文地理,2016,31(4):143-152.
[11]张志斌,巨继龙,陈志杰.兰州城市宜居性评价及其空间特征[J].生态学报,2014,34(21):6379-6389.
[12]刘星光,董晓峰,刘颜欣.中国主要城市宜居性发展的地域差异研究[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(6):1281-1290.