春季枯水期黑河水体理化性质的空间分布特征
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摘要
采用2017年4月黑河干流17个采样点的11个水物理化学指标数据,运用多元统计方法探讨春季枯水期黑河水体理化性质的空间分布特征。结果表明:黑河水体理化性质在空间分布上总体较好,但中游ρ(TN)介于2. 25～2. 65 mg·L~(-1)之间,超出了GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类标准。由聚类分析和判别分析得出水质采样点可以被划分为3组:组1为黑河的上游上段,组2为上游下段,组3为中游段,影响分类结果的指标为水温、TN浓度、TP浓度和COD。主成分分析表明,不同空间上引起水质变化的主导因子不同:组1主要体现为pH值、TP浓度、NH_4~+-N浓度和COD;其余指标如电导率、溶解性总固体浓度、盐度、TN浓度、DO浓度和NO_2~--N浓度则体现在组3中。综合主成分得分情况表明空间上河流水质在组2最优,组1次之,组3最差,说明春季枯水期黑河梯级水电开发对污染物的截留效应和阻隔效应在一定程度上改善了库区下游水质;而中游水质变差则与农业径流、生活污水和工业废水的排放密切相关。
The spatial distribution of water physicochemical properties is very important for the management and protection of water resources. Intuitive analysis,cluster analysis,discriminant analysis and principal analysis were used to analyze the water quality and the spatial distribution of water physicochemical properties of the Heihe River during the dry season,mainly based on 11 sampling data monitored at 17 different sites on the stream channel in April,2017. The results show that the water quality in the Heihe River is generally good and has strong self-purification capability,but the value of TN varies between 2. 25 and 2. 65 mg·L~(-1) in the middle reach,with the levels exceeding the Ⅴ class of national surface water environment standard. According to cluster and discriminant analysis,the samples were divided into 3 groups in spatial scale,of which the former two groups were sampled at the upper and lower stretch of the upper reach,respectively,while the third group sampled at the middle reach. The results reveal that WT,TN,TP and COD were the significant index. Principal component analysis showed that pH,TP,NH_4~+-N,COD were main factors controlling the water quality in the upper stretch of the upper reach(group 1),while EC,TDS,salinity,TN,DO and NO_2~--N were the main factors in the middle reach(group 3). The order of comprehensive scores for principal components indicated that the water quality in the lower stretch of the upper reach(group 2)is the best,followed by group 1,while group 3 is the worst.Our study indicate that the interception effect and blocking effect due to hydroelectric cascade exploitation on Heihe Rriver may take an active role in water quality improvement. Intensive human activities such as municipal sewage,agricultural irrigation and industrial sewage may be the main reason for the water body pollution in the middle reach.
The spatial distribution of water physicochemical properties is very important for the management and protection of water resources. Intuitive analysis,cluster analysis,discriminant analysis and principal analysis were used to analyze the water quality and the spatial distribution of water physicochemical properties of the Heihe River during the dry season,mainly based on 11 sampling data monitored at 17 different sites on the stream channel in April,2017. The results show that the water quality in the Heihe River is generally good and has strong self-purification capability,but the value of TN varies between 2. 25 and 2. 65 mg·L~(-1) in the middle reach,with the levels exceeding the Ⅴ class of national surface water environment standard. According to cluster and discriminant analysis,the samples were divided into 3 groups in spatial scale,of which the former two groups were sampled at the upper and lower stretch of the upper reach,respectively,while the third group sampled at the middle reach. The results reveal that WT,TN,TP and COD were the significant index. Principal component analysis showed that pH,TP,NH_4~+-N,COD were main factors controlling the water quality in the upper stretch of the upper reach(group 1),while EC,TDS,salinity,TN,DO and NO_2~--N were the main factors in the middle reach(group 3). The order of comprehensive scores for principal components indicated that the water quality in the lower stretch of the upper reach(group 2)is the best,followed by group 1,while group 3 is the worst.Our study indicate that the interception effect and blocking effect due to hydroelectric cascade exploitation on Heihe Rriver may take an active role in water quality improvement. Intensive human activities such as municipal sewage,agricultural irrigation and industrial sewage may be the main reason for the water body pollution in the middle reach.
引文
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[2]周嘉欣,丁永建,曾国雄,等.疏勒河上游地表水水化学主离子特征及其控制因素[J].环境科学,2014,35(9):3315-3324.[ZHOU Jia-xin,DING Yong-jian,ZENG Guo-xiong,et al. Major Ion Chemistry of Surface Water in the Upper Reach of Shule River Basin and the Possible Controls[J]. Environmental Science,2014,35(9):3315-3324.]
[3]王琼,姜德娟,于靖,等.小清河流域氮磷时空特征及影响因素的空间与多元统计分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2015,31(2):137-145.[WANG Qiong,JIANG De-juan,YU Jing,et al. Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Nitrogen and Phosphorus and Spatial and Multi-Variable Statistical Analysis of Its Impacting Factors in Xiaoqinghe Watershed[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2015,31(2):137-145.]
[4]任泽,杨顺益,汪兴中,等.洱海流域水质时空变化特征[J].生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(4):14-20.[REN Ze,YANG Shun-yi,WANG Xing-zhong,et al. Spatial and Temporal Variation of Water Quality of Erhai Basin[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2011,27(4):14-20.]
[5]于淼,魏源送,郑祥,等.温榆河水化学特征演变及其影响因素分析[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(1):1-8.[YU Miao,WEI Yuan-song,ZHENG Xiang,et al. Evolution of HydroChemical Characteristics of Wenyu River and Its Influencing Factors[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(1):1-8.]
[6]张亦涛,刘宏斌,王洪媛,等.农田施氮对水质和氮素流失的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(20):6664-6676.[ZHANG Yi-tao,LIU Hong-bin,WANG Hong-yuan,et al. A Bibliometric Analysis of Status and Trend of International Research on Field Nitrogen Application Effects on Nitrogen Losses and Water Quality[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(20):6664-6676.]
[7]李义禄,张玉虎,贾海峰,等.苏州古城区水体污染时空分异特征及污染源解析[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(4):1032-1044.[LI Yi-lu,ZHANG Yu-hu,JIA Hai-feng,et al. Spatio-Temporal Characteristics and Source Identification of Water Pollutants in Ancient Town of Suzhou[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(4):1032-1044.]
[8]丁永建,叶佰生,刘时银.祁连山中部地区40 a来气候变化及其对径流的影响[J].冰川冻土,2000,22(3):193-199.[DING Yong-jian,YE Bai-sheng,LIU Shi-yin. Impact of Clinate Change on the Alpine Streamflow During the Past 40 a in the Middle Part of the Qilian Mountains,Northwestern China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2000,22(3):193-199.]
[9]李占玲,徐宗学.黑河上游山区径流变化特征分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2012,26(9):51-56.[LI Zhan-ling,XU Zong-xue. Characteristics of Runoff Time Series for the Upper Reaches of Heihe River Basin[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2012,26(9):51-56.]
[10]程建忠,陆志翔,邹松兵,等.黑河干流上中游径流变化及其原因分析[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(1):123-129.[CHENG Jian-zhong,LU Zhi-xiang,ZOU Song-bing,et al. Variation of the Runoff in the Upper and Main Heihe River and Its Middle Reaches of the Causes[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,39(1):123-129.]
[11] CHEN J,J?NSSON P,TAMURA M,et al. A Simple Method for Reconstructing a High-Quality NDVI Time-Series Data Set Based on the Savitzky-Golay Filter[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment,2004,91(3/4):332-344.
[12]李丽娟,李海滨,王娟.澜沧江水文与水环境特征及其时空分异[J].地理科学,2002,22(1):49-56.[LI Li-juan,LI Hai-bin,WANG Juan. Analysis on Hydrological and Water Quality Character and Their Spatial and Temporal Distribution in Lancangjiang River[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2002,22(1):49-56.]
[13]何晓丽,吴艳宏,周俊,等.贡嘎山地区地表水化学特征及水环境质量评价[J].环境科学,2016,37(10):3798-3805.[HEXiao-li,WU Yan-hong,ZHOU Jun,et al. Hydro-Chemical Characteristics and Quality Assessment of Surface Water in Gongga Mountain Region[J]. EnvironmentScience,2016,37(10):3798-3805.]
[14]杨永宇,尹亮,刘畅,等.基于灰关联和BP神经网络法评价黑河流域水质[J].人民黄河,2017,39(6):58-62.[YANG Yong-yu,YIN Liang,LIU Chang,et al. Water Quality Assessment of Heihe River Basin Based on Grey Correlation Method and BP Neural Network[J]. Yellow River,2017,39(6):58-62.]
[15]宁应之,烟郑杰,孙静,等.黑河干流纤毛虫群落组成及其对水质的响应[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(5):1350-1356.[NING Ying-zhi,YAN Zheng-jie,SUN Jing,et al. Ciliate Community Characteristics and Bioassessment of Water Quality in the Heihe River Basin[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(5):1350-1356.]
[16]郝媛媛,孙国钧,张立勋,等.黑河流域浮游植物群落特征与环境因子的关系[J].湖泊科学,2014,26(1):121-130.[HAO Yuan-yuan,SUN Guo-jun,ZHANG Li-xun,et al. Relationship Between Community Characteristics of the Phytoplankton and Environmental Factors in Heihe River Basin[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2014,26(1):121-130.]
[17]刘蔚,王涛,高晓清,等.黑河流域水体化学特征及其演变规律[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(6):755-762.[LIU Wei,WANG Tao,GAO Xiao-qing,et al. Distribution and Evolution of Water Chemical Characteristics in Heihe River Basin[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2004,24(6):755-762.]
[18]郭巧玲,杨云松,畅祥生,等. 1957—2008年黑河流域径流年内分配变化[J].地理科学进展,2011,30(5):550-556.[GUO Qiao-1ing,YANG Yun-song,CHANG Xiang-sheng,et al. Annual Variation of Heihe River Runoff During 1957-2008[J].Progress in Geography,2011,30(5):550-556.]
[19]陈宗宇,万力,聂振龙,等.利用稳定同位素识别黑河流域地上水的补给来源[J].水文地质工程地质,2006,33(6):9-14.[CHEN Zong-yu,WAN Li,NIE Zhen-long,et al. Identification of Groundwater Recharge in the Heihe Basin Using Environmental Isotopes[J]. Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2006,33(6):9-14.]
[20]蓝永超,康尔泗,张济世,等.黑河流域水资源合理开发利用研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2002,38(5):108-114.[LAN Yong-chao,KANG Er-si,ZHANG Ji-shi,et al.Study on the Water Resources and Its Rational Development and Utilization in Heihe River Basin[J]. Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences),2002,38(5):108-114.]
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